A Systematic Exploration of Kilonova Candidates from Neutron Star Mergers during the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

Rastinejad, Jillian C.; Paterson, Kerry; Fong, Wen-fai; Sand, David J.; Lundquist, Michael J.; Hosseinzadeh, Griffin; Christensen, E.; Daly, P. N.; Gibbs, Alex R.; Hall, Saarah; Shelly, F.; Yang, Sheng

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d34

Title: A Systematic Exploration of Kilonova Candidates from Neutron Star Mergers during the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

Journal Article · 04 March 2022 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d34 · OSTI ID:1983235

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^[2]; Christensen, E. ^[2]; Daly, P. N. ^[2];

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^[4]; Shelly, F. ^[2];

^[5]

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
W. M. Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI (United States)
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States); Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)

We present a comprehensive analysis of 653 optical candidate counterparts reported during the third gravitational-wave (GW) observing run. Our sample concentrates on candidates from the 15 events (published in GWTC-2, GWTC-3, or not retracted on GraceDB) that had a >1% chance of including a neutron star in order to assess their viability as true kilonovae. In particular, we leverage tools available in real time, including pre-merger detections and cross-matching with catalogs (i.e., point-source, variable-star, quasar and host-galaxy redshift data sets), to eliminate 65% of candidates in our sample. We further employ spectroscopic classifications, late-time detections, and light-curve behavior analyses and conclude that 66 candidates remain viable kilonovae. These candidates lack sufficient information to determine their classifications, and the majority would require luminosities greater than that of AT 2017gfo. Pre-merger detections in public photometric survey data and comparison of cataloged host-galaxy redshifts with the GW event distances are critical to incorporate into vetting procedures, as these tools eliminated >20% and >30% of candidates, respectively. We expect that such tools that leverage archival information will significantly reduce the strain on spectroscopic and photometric follow-up resources in future observing runs. Finally, we discuss the critical role prompt updates from GW astronomers to the EM community play in reducing the number of candidates requiring vetting.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)

Sponsoring Organization:: Heising-Simons Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1983235

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 927; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Diversity of Kilonova Light Curves Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab61f6	journal	February 2020
GROWTH on S190814bv: Deep Synoptic Limits on the Optical/Near-infrared Counterpart to a Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger Andreoni, Igor; Goldstein, Daniel A.; Kasliwal, Mansi M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a1b	journal	February 2020
Constraint on the Ejecta Mass for Black Hole–Neutron Star Merger Event Candidate S190814bv Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab8309	journal	April 2020
The Gravitational Wave Treasure Map: A Tool to Coordinate, Visualize, and Assess the Electromagnetic Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Events Wyatt, Samuel D.; Tohuvavohu, Aaron; Arcavi, Iair The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab855e	journal	May 2020
A Deep CFHT Optical Search for a Counterpart to the Possible Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger GW190814 Vieira, Nicholas; Ruan, John J.; Haggard, Daryl The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 895, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab917d	journal	June 2020
Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey Morgan, R.; Soares-Santos, M.; Annis, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abafaa	journal	September 2020
A DESGW Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the LIGO/Virgo Gravitational-wave Binary Neutron Star Merger Candidate S190510g Garcia, A.; Morgan, R.; Herner, K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb823	journal	November 2020
Constraining the Kilonova Rate with Zwicky Transient Facility Searches Independent of Gravitational Wave and Short Gamma-Ray Burst Triggers Andreoni, Igor; Kool, Erik C.; Carracedo, Ana Sagués The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 904, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbf4c	journal	November 2020
Kilonova Luminosity Function Constraints Based on Zwicky Transient Facility Searches for 13 Neutron Star Merger Triggers during O3 Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Anand, Shreya; Ahumada, Tomás The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc335	journal	December 2020
The Broadband Counterpart of the Short GRB 200522A at z = 0.5536: A Luminous Kilonova or a Collimated Outflow with a Reverse Shock? Fong, W.; Laskar, T.; Rastinejad, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc74a	journal	January 2021
Axisymmetric Radiative Transfer Models of Kilonovae Korobkin, Oleg; Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Fryer, Christopher L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 910, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe1b5	journal	April 2021
The JAGWAR Prowls LIGO/Virgo O3 Paper I: Radio Search of a Possible Multimessenger Counterpart of the Binary Black Hole Merger Candidate S191216ap Bhakta, D.; Mooley, K. P.; Corsi, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 911, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeaa8	journal	April 2021
Searches after Gravitational Waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): Observations and Analysis from Advanced LIGO/Virgo's Third Observing Run Paterson, K.; Lundquist, M. J.; Rastinejad, J. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 912, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeb71	journal	May 2021
Probing Kilonova Ejecta Properties Using a Catalog of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Observations Rastinejad, J. C.; Fong, W.; Kilpatrick, C. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 916, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac04b4	journal	August 2021
Fast-transient Searches in Real Time with ZTFReST: Identification of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and New Constraints on the Kilonova Rate Andreoni, Igor; Coughlin, Michael W.; Kool, Erik C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0bc7	journal	September 2021
The Gravity Collective: A Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger GW190814 Kilpatrick, Charles D.; Coulter, David A.; Arcavi, Iair The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac23c6	journal	December 2021
A Late-time Galaxy-targeted Search for the Radio Counterpart of GW190814 Alexander, K. D.; Schroeder, G.; Paterson, K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac281a	journal	December 2021
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog: Sixteenth Data Release Lyke, Brad W.; Higley, Alexandra N.; McLane, J. N. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 250, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aba623	journal	August 2020
The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck Valenti, Stefano; Sand, David, J.; Yang, Sheng The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8edf	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Villar, V. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8fc7	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. I. Discovery of the Optical Counterpart Using the Dark Energy Camera Soares-Santos, M.; Holz, D. E.; Annis, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9059	journal	October 2017
The Emergence of a Lanthanide-rich Kilonova Following the Merger of Two Neutron Stars Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; González-Fernández, C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa90b6	journal	October 2017
MASTER Optical Detection of the First LIGO/Virgo Neutron Star Binary Merger GW170817 Lipunov, V. M.; Gorbovskoy, E.; Kornilov, V. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa92c0	journal	November 2017
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications Villar, V. A.; Guillochon, J.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9c84	journal	December 2017
An Empirical Limit on the Kilonova Rate from the DLT40 One Day Cadence Supernova Survey Yang, Sheng; Valenti, Stefano; Cappellaro, Enrico The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa07d	journal	December 2017
Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational-wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR Hosseinzadeh, G.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Gomez, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab271c	journal	July 2019
GROWTH on S190426c: Real-time Search for a Counterpart to the Probable Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger using an Automated Difference Imaging Pipeline for DECam Goldstein, Daniel A.; Andreoni, Igor; Nugent, Peter E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3046	journal	August 2019
Searches after Gravitational Waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo’s Third Observing Run Lundquist, M. J.; Paterson, K.; Fong, W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab32f2	journal	August 2019
GROWTH on S190510g: DECam Observation Planning and Follow-up of a Distant Binary Neutron Star Merger Candidate Andreoni, Igor; Goldstein, Daniel A.; Anand, Shreya The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3399	journal	August 2019
A Galaxy-targeted Search for the Optical Counterpart of the Candidate NS–BH Merger S190814bv with Magellan Gomez, S.; Hosseinzadeh, G.; Cowperthwaite, P. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ad5	journal	October 2019
GROWTH on S190425z: Searching Thousands of Square Degrees to Identify an Optical or Infrared Counterpart to a Binary Neutron Star Merger with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Palomar Gattini-IR Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomás; Anand, Shreya The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ad8	journal	October 2019
An ASKAP Search for a Radio Counterpart to the First High-significance Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger LIGO/Virgo S190814bv Dobie, Dougal; Stewart, Adam; Murphy, Tara The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab59db	journal	December 2019
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M _⊙ Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f5	journal	March 2020
A Mildly Relativistic Outflow from the Energetic, Fast-rising Blue Optical Transient CSS161010 in a Dwarf Galaxy Coppejans, D. L.; Margutti, R.; Terreran, G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 895, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7	journal	May 2020
GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab960f	journal	June 2020
Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescences Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 915, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac082e	journal	June 2021
Constraints on the Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Neutron-star–Black-hole Merger GW200115 Dichiara, S.; Becerra, R. L.; Chase, E. A. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac4259	journal	December 2021

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