On the inconsistency of [C/Fe] abundances and the fractions of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars among various stellar surveys

Arentsen, Anke; Placco, Vinicius M.; Lee, Young Sun; Aguado, David S.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Starkenburg, Else; Yoon, Jinmi

doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2062

Title: On the inconsistency of [C/Fe] abundances and the fractions of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars among various stellar surveys

Journal Article · 22 July 2022 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2062 · OSTI ID:1982644

^[1]; Placco, Vinicius M. ^[2]; Lee, Young Sun ^[3]; Aguado, David S. ^[4];

^[5]; Starkenburg, Else ^[6];

^[7]

University of Strasbourg (France)
National Science Foundation, Tucson, AZ (United States). NOIRLab.
Chungnam National University, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)
University degli Studi di Firenze (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Firenze (Italy)
University of Strasbourg (France); Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Heidelberg (Germany)
University of Groningen (Netherlands)
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States); Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)

Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are a unique resource for Galactic archaeology because they probe the properties of the First Stars, early chemical evolution, and binary interactions at very low metallicity. Comparing the fractions and properties of CEMP stars in different Galactic environments can provide us with unique insights into the formation and evolution of the Milky Way halo and its building blocks. In this work, we investigate whether directly comparing fractions of CEMP stars from different literature samples of very metal-poor [Fe/H] < -2.0 stars is valid. We compiled published CEMP fractions and samples of Galactic halo stars from the past 25 years, and find that they are not all consistent with each other. Focusing on giant stars, we find significant differences between various surveys when comparing their trends of [Fe/H] versus [C/Fe] and their distributions of CEMP stars. To test the role of the analysis pipelines for low-resolution spectroscopic samples, we re-analysed giant stars from various surveys with the sspp and ferre pipelines. We found systematic differences in [C/Fe] of ~0.1-0.4 dex, partly independent of degeneracies with the stellar atmospheric parameters. These systematics are likely due to the different pipeline approaches, different assumptions in the employed synthetic grids, and/or the comparison of different evolutionary phases. We conclude that current biases in (the analysis of) very metal-poor samples limit the conclusions one can draw from comparing different surveys. We provide some recommendations and suggestions that will hopefully aid the community to unlock the full potential of CEMP stars for Galactic archaeology.

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Research Organization:: Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States); US Department of Energy (USDOE), Washington, DC (United States). Office of Science, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)

Sponsoring Organization:: Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; European Union’s Horizon 2020; Higher Education Funding Council for England; Japanese Monbukagakusho; Max Planck Society; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI ID:: 1982644

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 515; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Galactic Archeology with the AEGIS Survey: The Evolution of Carbon and Iron in the Galactic Halo Yoon, Jinmi; Beers, Timothy C.; Dietz, Sarah The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaccea	journal	July 2018
The R-Process Alliance: Spectroscopic Follow-up of Low-metallicity Star Candidates from the Best & Brightest Survey Placco, Vinicius M.; Santucci, Rafael M.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf3b9	journal	January 2019
Origin of the CEMP-no Group Morphology in the Milky Way Yoon, Jinmi; Beers, Timothy C.; Tian, Di The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1ead	journal	June 2019
The Most Metal-poor Stars. V. The CEMP-no Stars in 3D and Non-LTE Norris, John E.; Yong, David The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1f84	journal	July 2019
Chemical Cartography. II. The Assembly History of the Galactic Stellar Halo Traced by Carbon-enhanced Metal-poor Stars Lee, Young Sun; Beers, Timothy C.; Kim, Young Kwang The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4791	journal	November 2019
Detailed Abundances in the Ultra-faint Magellanic Satellites Carina II and III Ji, A. P.; Li, T. S.; Simon, J. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6213	journal	January 2020
Stellar Metallicities from SkyMapper Photometry I: A Study of the Tucana II Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Chiti, Anirudh; Frebel, Anna; Jerjen, Helmut The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6d72	journal	February 2020
Dynamical Relics of the Ancient Galactic Halo Yuan, Zhen; Myeong, G. C.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6ef7	journal	March 2020
Identification of a Group III CEMP-no Star in the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Canes Venatici I Yoon, Jinmi; Whitten, Devin D.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab7daf	journal	April 2020
The Photometric Metallicity and Carbon Distributions of the Milky Way’s Halo and Solar Neighborhood from S-PLUS Observations of SDSS Stripe 82 Whitten, Devin D.; Placco, Vinicius M.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 912, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abee7e	journal	May 2021
Targeting Bright Metal-poor Stars in the Disk and Halo Systems of the Galaxy Limberg, Guilherme; Santucci, Rafael M.; Rossi, Silvia The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 913, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeefe	journal	May 2021
Metal-poor Stars Observed with the Southern African Large Telescope II. An Extended Sample Zepeda, Joseph; Rasmussen, Kaitlin C.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 927, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3a79	journal	March 2022
Dynamically Tagged Groups of Metal-poor Stars from the Best and Brightest Survey Shank, Derek; Beers, Timothy C.; Placco, Vinicius M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac409a	journal	February 2022
Four-hundred Very Metal-poor Stars Studied with LAMOST and Subaru. II. Elemental Abundances Li, Haining; Aoki, Wako; Matsuno, Tadafumi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6514	journal	June 2022
Four-hundred Very Metal-poor Stars Studied with LAMOST and Subaru. I. Survey Design, Follow-up Program, and Binary Frequency Aoki, Wako; Li, Haining; Matsuno, Tadafumi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6515	journal	June 2022
A Catalog of 10,000 Very Metal-poor Stars from LAMOST DR3 Li, Haining; Tan, Kefeng; Zhao, Gang The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 238, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aada4a	journal	September 2018

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79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
abundances
chemically peculiar
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population II
spectroscopic
stars
techniques

Title: On the inconsistency of [C/Fe] abundances and the fractions of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars among various stellar surveys

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