Effect of hatch spacing and laser power on microstructure, texture, and thermomechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additively manufactured NiTi
Abstract
This study systematically evaluates the effects of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (L-PBF-AM) parameters (hatch spacing and laser power) on the thermomechanical behavior and microstructure of Ni50.8Ti49.2 shape memory alloy. The samples were fabricated with hatch spacings from 40 to 240 µm and laser powers of 50 and 100 W at a constant scanning speed of 125 mm/s, resulting in parts with volumetric energy density levels from 55 to 666 J/mm3 and two sets of linear energy densities of 0.4 and 0.8 J/mm. The results showed a reduced melt pool size and discontinuity of scan tracks with decreased laser power. Additionally, the porosity level was increased with larger hatch spacing and lower laser power. More notably, the transformation temperatures increased, and the critical stress, recoverable strain, and functional stability of samples improved with lower hatch spacing, where the recovery ratio of up to 90% was observed, regardless of the employed laser power. This study also discussed the relationship between the fabrication process and texture formation in the L-PBF-AM process. In conclusion, the advantage of L-PBF-AM was revealed in tailoring the microstructure from highly textured samples in [1 1 1] or [0 0 1] direction when hatch spacing lower thanmore »
- Authors:
-
- University of Louisville, KY (United States)
- University of Toledo, OH (United States)
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (United States)
- University of Texas, Arlington, TX (United States)
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Fayetteville, AR (United States)
- University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1977524
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1844288
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0001258
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Optics and Laser Technology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 149; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0030-3992
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Optics; Physics; Shape Memory Alloys; NiTi; Additive Manufacturing; Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Effect of Process Parameters; Texture
Citation Formats
Saghaian, Sayed Ehsan, Nematollahi, Mohammadreza, Toker, Guher, Hinojos, Alejandro, Moghaddam, Narges Shayesteh, Saedi, Soheil, Lu, Charles Y., Mahtabi, Mohammad Javad, Mills, Michael J., Elahinia, Mohammad, and Karaca, Haluk E.. Effect of hatch spacing and laser power on microstructure, texture, and thermomechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additively manufactured NiTi. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107680.
Saghaian, Sayed Ehsan, Nematollahi, Mohammadreza, Toker, Guher, Hinojos, Alejandro, Moghaddam, Narges Shayesteh, Saedi, Soheil, Lu, Charles Y., Mahtabi, Mohammad Javad, Mills, Michael J., Elahinia, Mohammad, & Karaca, Haluk E.. Effect of hatch spacing and laser power on microstructure, texture, and thermomechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additively manufactured NiTi. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107680
Saghaian, Sayed Ehsan, Nematollahi, Mohammadreza, Toker, Guher, Hinojos, Alejandro, Moghaddam, Narges Shayesteh, Saedi, Soheil, Lu, Charles Y., Mahtabi, Mohammad Javad, Mills, Michael J., Elahinia, Mohammad, and Karaca, Haluk E.. Thu .
"Effect of hatch spacing and laser power on microstructure, texture, and thermomechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additively manufactured NiTi". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107680. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1977524.
@article{osti_1977524,
title = {Effect of hatch spacing and laser power on microstructure, texture, and thermomechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additively manufactured NiTi},
author = {Saghaian, Sayed Ehsan and Nematollahi, Mohammadreza and Toker, Guher and Hinojos, Alejandro and Moghaddam, Narges Shayesteh and Saedi, Soheil and Lu, Charles Y. and Mahtabi, Mohammad Javad and Mills, Michael J. and Elahinia, Mohammad and Karaca, Haluk E.},
abstractNote = {This study systematically evaluates the effects of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (L-PBF-AM) parameters (hatch spacing and laser power) on the thermomechanical behavior and microstructure of Ni50.8Ti49.2 shape memory alloy. The samples were fabricated with hatch spacings from 40 to 240 µm and laser powers of 50 and 100 W at a constant scanning speed of 125 mm/s, resulting in parts with volumetric energy density levels from 55 to 666 J/mm3 and two sets of linear energy densities of 0.4 and 0.8 J/mm. The results showed a reduced melt pool size and discontinuity of scan tracks with decreased laser power. Additionally, the porosity level was increased with larger hatch spacing and lower laser power. More notably, the transformation temperatures increased, and the critical stress, recoverable strain, and functional stability of samples improved with lower hatch spacing, where the recovery ratio of up to 90% was observed, regardless of the employed laser power. This study also discussed the relationship between the fabrication process and texture formation in the L-PBF-AM process. In conclusion, the advantage of L-PBF-AM was revealed in tailoring the microstructure from highly textured samples in [1 1 1] or [0 0 1] direction when hatch spacing lower than laser beam focused was employed, to the appearance of equiaxed solidification front with island grains and random orientations.},
doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107680},
journal = {Optics and Laser Technology},
number = C,
volume = 149,
place = {United States},
year = {2021},
month = {11}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Assessing the morphology of selective laser melted NiTi-scaffolds for a three-dimensional quantification of the one-way shape memory effect
conference, April 2013
- Bormann, Therese; de Wild, Michael; Beckmann, Felix
- SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, SPIE Proceedings
Effect of Hatch Spacing on Melt Pool and As-built Quality During Selective Laser Melting of Stainless Steel: Modeling and Experimental Approaches
journal, December 2018
- Dong, Zhichao; Liu, Yabo; Wen, Weibin
- Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 1
Finite Element Simulation and Additive Manufacturing of Stiffness-Matched NiTi Fixation Hardware for Mandibular Reconstruction Surgery
journal, December 2016
- Jahadakbar, Ahmadreza; Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
- Bioengineering, Vol. 3, Issue 4
Metals for bone implants. Part 1. Powder metallurgy and implant rendering
journal, October 2014
- Andani, Mohsen Taheri; Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Haberland, Christoph
- Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 10, Issue 10
Shape memory response of porous NiTi shape memory alloys fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, March 2018
- Saedi, Soheil; Saghaian, Sayed E.; Jahadakbar, Ahmadreza
- Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 29, Issue 4
Tailoring Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters for NiTi Implants
journal, July 2012
- Bormann, Therese; Schumacher, Ralf; Müller, Bert
- Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 21, Issue 12
Compressive response of NiTi single crystals
journal, August 2000
- Sehitoglu, H.; Karaman, I.; Anderson, R.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 48, Issue 13
A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V
journal, May 2010
- Thijs, Lore; Verhaeghe, Frederik; Craeghs, Tom
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 9
Bioactive Ti metal analogous to human cancellous bone: Fabrication by selective laser melting and chemical treatments
journal, March 2011
- Pattanayak, Deepak K.; Fukuda, A.; Matsushita, T.
- Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 7, Issue 3
Microstructure and corrosion behavior of laser processed NiTi alloy
journal, December 2015
- Marattukalam, Jithin J.; Singh, Amit Kumar; Datta, Susmit
- Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol. 57
Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing
journal, January 2007
- Kruth, J. -P.; Levy, G.; Klocke, F.
- CIRP Annals, Vol. 56, Issue 2
Shape memory and pseudoelastic behavior of 51.5%Ni–Ti single crystals in solutionized and overaged state
journal, October 2001
- Sehitoglu, H.; Jun, J.; Zhang, X.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 49, Issue 17
NiTi intermetallic by mixing, milling and interdiffusing elemental components
journal, March 1989
- Morris, D. G.; Morris, M. A.
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 110
Additive Manufacturing of Shape Memory Devices and Pseudoelastic Components
conference, February 2014
- Haberland, Christoph; Elahinia, Mohammad; Walker, Jason
- ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Volume 1: Development and Characterization of Multifunctional Materials; Modeling, Simulation and Control of Adaptive Systems; Integrated System Design and Implementation
Metallic Fixation of Mandibular Segmental Defects: Graft Immobilization and Orofacial Functional Maintenance
journal, January 2016
- Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Jahadakbar, Ahmadreza; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open, Vol. 4, Issue 9
Microstructure Characteristics of Inconel 625 Superalloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting
journal, September 2015
- Li, Shuai; Wei, Qingsong; Shi, Yusheng
- Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 9
Effect of SLM Parameters on Transformation Temperatures of Shape Memory Nickel Titanium Parts: Effect of SLM Parameters on Transformation Temperatures of NiTi
journal, March 2014
- Dadbakhsh, Sasan; Speirs, Mathew; Kruth, Jean-Pierre
- Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 9
Effects of aging on the shape memory behavior of Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 single crystals
journal, April 2015
- Saghaian, S. M.; Karaca, H. E.; Tobe, H.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 87
Superior creep strength of a nickel-based superalloy produced by selective laser melting
journal, September 2016
- Pröbstle, M.; Neumeier, S.; Hopfenmüller, J.
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 674
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, corrosion, and shape memory characteristics of laser deposited NiTi alloy
journal, May 2018
- Marattukalam, Jithin J.; Balla, Vamsi K.; Das, Mitun
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 744
Selective laser melting of pure molybdenum: Evolution of defect and crystallographic texture with process parameters
journal, June 2020
- Higashi, Masaya; Ozaki, Tomomichi
- Materials & Design, Vol. 191
Anisotropic tensile and actuation properties of NiTi fabricated with selective laser melting
journal, May 2018
- Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Saghaian, Sayed Ehsan; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 724
Rapid solidification
journal, January 1982
- Mehrabian, R.
- International Metals Reviews, Vol. 27, Issue 1
Effects of size and geometry on the thermomechanical properties of additively manufactured NiTi shape memory alloy
journal, April 2020
- Farjam, Nazanin; Nematollahi, Mohammadreza; Andani, Mohsen Taheri
- The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 107, Issue 7-8
Thermodynamic study of the low-temperature phase B19′ and the martensitic transformation in near-equiatomic Ti-Ni shape memory alloys
journal, March 1997
- Tang, Weijia
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 28, Issue 3
Crystallographic Features of Microstructure in Maraging Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
journal, June 2018
- Takata, Naoki; Nishida, Ryoya; Suzuki, Asuka
- Metals, Vol. 8, Issue 6
Spatial Control of Functional Response in 4D-Printed Active Metallic Structures
journal, April 2017
- Ma, Ji; Franco, Brian; Tapia, Gustavo
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Influence of SLM on shape memory and compression behaviour of NiTi scaffolds
journal, January 2015
- Dadbakhsh, Sasan; Speirs, Mathew; Kruth, Jean-Pierre
- CIRP Annals, Vol. 64, Issue 1
Structure and giant inverse magnetocaloric effect of epitaxial Ni-Co-Mn-Al films
journal, May 2015
- Teichert, N.; Kucza, D.; Yildirim, O.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 91, Issue 18
Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting
journal, November 2015
- Yan, Chunze; Hao, Liang; Hussein, Ahmed
- Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 51
A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities
journal, April 2014
- Mohd Jani, Jaronie; Leary, Martin; Subic, Aleksandar
- Materials & Design (1980-2015), Vol. 56
Effect of hatch length on the development of microstructure, texture and residual stresses in selective laser melted superalloy Inconel 718
journal, November 2017
- Nadammal, Naresh; Cabeza, Sandra; Mishurova, Tatiana
- Materials & Design, Vol. 134
Building orientation-structure-property in laser powder bed fusion of NiTi shape memory alloy
journal, August 2021
- Nematollahi, Mohammadreza; Saghaian, Sayed Ehsan; Safaei, Keyvan
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 873
Structure, martensitic transformations and mechanical behaviour of NiTi shape memory alloy produced by wire arc additive manufacturing
journal, January 2021
- Resnina, N.; Palani, I. A.; Belyaev, S.
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 851
Superelastic response and damping capacity of ultrahigh-strength [111]-oriented NiTiHfPd single crystals
journal, September 2012
- Karaca, H. E.; Acar, E.; Basaran, B.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 67, Issue 5
Manufacturing and processing of NiTi implants: A review
journal, June 2012
- Elahinia, Mohammad H.; Hashemi, Mahdi; Tabesh, Majid
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 57, Issue 5
A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the temperature field during laser melting of metal powders in additive layer manufacturing
journal, October 2009
- Roberts, I. A.; Wang, C. J.; Esterlein, R.
- International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 49, Issue 12-13
Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, March 2012
- Amato, K. N.; Gaytan, S. M.; Murr, L. E.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 60, Issue 5
Molten pool characteristics of a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy for directed energy deposition
journal, October 2021
- Gao, Shiming; Feng, Yuncong; Wang, Jianjian
- Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 142
The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing
journal, March 2016
- Sames, W. J.; List, F. A.; Pannala, S.
- International Materials Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue 5
Differences in microstructure and properties between selective laser melting and traditional manufacturing for fabrication of metal parts: A review
journal, June 2015
- Song, Bo; Zhao, Xiao; Li, Shuai
- Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 10, Issue 2
Influence of carbon on martensitic phase transformations in NiTi shape memory alloys
journal, February 2007
- Frenzel, J.; Zhang, Z.; Somsen, Ch.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 4
Manufacturing of individual biodegradable bone substitute implants using selective laser melting technique
journal, April 2011
- Lindner, Markus; Hoeges, Simon; Meiners, Wilhelm
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 97A, Issue 4
Correlation between solidification parameters and weld microstructures
journal, January 1989
- David, S. A.; Vitek, J. M.
- International Materials Reviews, Vol. 34, Issue 1
Advances in Selective Laser Melting of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy Part Production
journal, March 2019
- Chekotu, Josiah; Groarke, Robert; O’Toole, Kevin
- Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 5
Shape memory behavior of NiTiHf alloys fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, March 2020
- Toker, Guher P.; Nematollahi, Mohammadreza; Saghaian, Sayed E.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 178
Effect of processing parameters on the densification, microstructure and crystallographic texture during the laser powder bed fusion of pure tungsten
journal, January 2019
- Sidambe, A. T.; Tian, Y.; Prangnell, P. B.
- International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 78
Fabrication of NiTi through additive manufacturing: A review
journal, October 2016
- Elahinia, Mohammad; Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Taheri Andani, Mohsen
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 83
Porous NiTi for bone implants: A review
journal, July 2008
- Bansiddhi, A.; Sargeant, T. D.; Stupp, S. I.
- Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 4, Issue 4
On the development of high quality NiTi shape memory and pseudoelastic parts by additive manufacturing
journal, September 2014
- Haberland, Christoph; Elahinia, Mohammad; Walker, Jason M.
- Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 23, Issue 10
Thermomechanical characterization of Ni-rich NiTi fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, February 2016
- Saedi, Soheil; Turabi, Ali Sadi; Andani, Mohsen Taheri
- Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 25, Issue 3
Effect of scanning strategy on texture formation in Ni-25 at.%Mo alloys fabricated by selective laser melting
journal, February 2018
- Sun, Shi-Hai; Hagihara, Koji; Nakano, Takayoshi
- Materials & Design, Vol. 140
Selective electron beam melting of NiTi: Microstructure, phase transformation and mechanical properties
journal, January 2019
- Zhou, Quan; Hayat, Muhammad Dilawer; Chen, Gang
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 744
Spatial characteristics of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy fabricated by continuous directed energy deposition
journal, November 2021
- Gao, Shiming; Weng, Fei; Bodunde, Ojo Philip
- Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 71
Strong morphological and crystallographic texture and resulting yield strength anisotropy in selective laser melted tantalum
journal, July 2013
- Thijs, Lore; Montero Sistiaga, Maria Luz; Wauthle, Ruben
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 12
Laser Powder Bed Fusion of NiTiHf High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloy: Effect of Process Parameters on the Thermomechanical Behavior
journal, November 2020
- Nematollahi, Mohammadreza; Toker, Guher P.; Safaei, Keyvan
- Metals, Vol. 10, Issue 11
Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of Inconel 718 superalloy parts: Densification, microstructure and properties
journal, February 2014
- Jia, Qingbo; Gu, Dongdong
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 585
Laser metal deposition and selective laser melting of Fe–28 at.% Al
journal, July 2014
- Rolink, Gesa; Vogt, Sabrina; Senčekova, Lucia
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 29, Issue 17
Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-rich TiNi lattice structures: Process optimisation, geometrical integrity, and phase transformations
journal, June 2019
- Tan, Chaolin; Li, Sheng; Essa, Khamis
- International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 141
Controlling martensitic transformation characteristics in defect-free NiTi shape memory alloys fabricated using laser powder bed fusion and a process optimization framework
journal, August 2021
- Xue, L.; Atli, K. C.; Picak, S.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 215
Achieving superelasticity in additively manufactured NiTi in compression without post-process heat treatment
journal, January 2019
- Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Saedi, Soheil; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
The influence of heat treatment on the thermomechanical response of Ni-rich NiTi alloys manufactured by selective laser melting
journal, August 2016
- Saedi, Soheil; Turabi, Ali Sadi; Taheri Andani, Mohsen
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 677
Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications
journal, January 2009
- Murr, L. E.; Quinones, S. A.; Gaytan, S. M.
- Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility
journal, October 2017
- Wang, Y. Morris; Voisin, Thomas; McKeown, Joseph T.
- Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 1
On the effects of selective laser melting process parameters on microstructure and thermomechanical response of Ni-rich NiTi
journal, February 2018
- Saedi, Soheil; Shayesteh Moghaddam, Narges; Amerinatanzi, Amirhesam
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 144
Spatial characterization of the thermal-induced phase transformation throughout as-deposited additive manufactured NiTi bulk builds
journal, May 2015
- Hamilton, Reginald F.; Palmer, Todd A.; Bimber, Beth A.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 101
Balling behavior of stainless steel and nickel powder during selective laser melting process
journal, August 2011
- Li, Ruidi; Liu, Jinhui; Shi, Yusheng
- The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 59, Issue 9-12
Microstructure of selective laser melted nickel–titanium
journal, August 2014
- Bormann, Therese; Müller, Bert; Schinhammer, Michael
- Materials Characterization, Vol. 94
Torsional behavior and microstructure characterization of additively manufactured NiTi shape memory alloy tubes
journal, January 2021
- Safaei, Keyvan; Nematollahi, Mohammadreza; Bayati, Parisa
- Engineering Structures, Vol. 226
Material Characterization of NiTi Based Memory Alloys Fabricated by the Laser Direct Metal Deposition Process
journal, December 2005
- Malukhin, K.; Ehmann, K.
- Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 128, Issue 3
High strength NiTiHf shape memory alloys with tailorable properties
journal, August 2017
- Saghaian, S. M.; Karaca, H. E.; Tobe, H.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 134
Three Dimensional Printing of Stiffness-tuned, Nitinol Skeletal Fixation Hardware with an Example of Mandibular Segmental Defect Repair
journal, January 2016
- Moghaddam, Narges Shayesteh; Skoracki, Roman; Miller, Michael
- Procedia CIRP, Vol. 49
Investigations on NiTi shape memory alloy thin wall structures through laser marking assisted wire arc based additive manufacturing
journal, June 2021
- Singh, Shalini; Resnina, N.; Belyaev, S.
- Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 66