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Title: Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis

Journal Article · · Coordination Chemistry Reviews
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [2]
  1. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States); OSTI
  2. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Tetrapyrrole macrocycles are central to photosynthesis yet a single macrocycle does not carry out photosynthesis; rather, assemblies of tetrapyrrole macrocycles work in concert in antenna complexes, reaction centers, and electron-transport chains to harvest sunlight, funnel excited-state energy and separate charge for biological use. A longstanding theme in artificial photosynthesis has been to construct covalently linked “arrays” of metalated and free base tetrapyrrole macrocycles for fundamental studies of such processes, which entail excited-state and ground-state interactions. Among linkers in arrays chemistry, the 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-disubstituted phenylene unit has proved very attractive owing to the resulting short distance, defined architecture, and appropriate extent of electronic coupling of adjacent macrocycles to give rapid electron and/or energy transfer while largely retaining desired spectral features. Eight distinct strategies to construct phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays are identified in a review with comprehensive coverage since inception in the early 1970s through mid-year 2021. The arrays predominantly incorporate porphyrins with very few chlorins and bacteriochlorins, reflecting historic availability of synthetic methods for macrocycle formation. Of the eight strategies, only two appear applicable to (bacterio)chlorins. While studies in artificial photosynthesis have largely fueled this field, applications in catalysis have also been examined. Altogether >400 arrays are covered. The review delves into synthesis and molecular design, sketches photophysical properties, and suggests unrealized opportunities in arrays chemistry.

Research Organization:
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division (CSGB)
Grant/Contract Number:
FG02-05ER15661
OSTI ID:
1976916
Journal Information:
Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Journal Name: Coordination Chemistry Reviews Journal Issue: C Vol. 456; ISSN 0010-8545
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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  • Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, Vol. 05, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/jpp.387
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Rational Syntheses of Porphyrins Bearing up to Four Different Meso Substituents journal September 2000
Synthesis of Ethyne-Linked or Butadiyne-Linked Porphyrin Arrays Using Mild, Copper-Free, Pd-Mediated Coupling Reactions journal August 1995
Investigation of the synthesis of ortho-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins journal February 1989
Factors controlling the reactivity of a ligninase model based on the association of potassium monopersulfate to manganese and iron porphyrin complexes journal October 1989
Synthesis and atropisomer separation of porphyrins containing functionalization at the 5,15-meso positions: application to the synthesis of binuclear ligand systems journal November 1981
Synthesis of new functional acenaphthylene derivatives. 2. Regioselective electrophilic substitution of silylated acenaphthenes and acenaphthylenes journal April 1982
A convenient synthesis of a "gable"-type porphyrin journal July 1986
Rothemund and Adler-Longo reactions revisited: synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrins under equilibrium conditions journal March 1987
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Light-Harvesting Arrays Comprised of a Porphyrin Bearing Multiple Perylene-Monoimide Accessory Pigments journal September 2002
Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Regioisomerically Pure Oxochlorins journal October 2002
A Tin-Complexation Strategy for Use with Diverse Acylation Methods in the Preparation of 1,9-Diacyldipyrromethanes journal January 2004
Hexameric and Pentameric Slipped-Cofacial Dimers:  Toward an Artificial Light-Harvesting Complex journal April 2005
Synthesis of Swallowtail-Substituted Multiporphyrin Rods journal August 2004
Swallowtail Porphyrins:  Synthesis, Characterization and Incorporation into Porphyrin Dyads journal May 2004
Alkylthio Unit as an α-Pyrrole Protecting Group for Use in Dipyrromethane Synthesis journal February 2006
Masked Imidazolyl−Dipyrromethanes in the Synthesis of Imidazole-Substituted Porphyrins journal November 2006
Regioselective 15-Bromination and Functionalization of a Stable Synthetic Bacteriochlorin journal July 2007
A trans-AB-Bacteriochlorin Building Block journal November 2011
Synthesis of a Series of Zinc(II)/Freebase Porphyrin Dimers and Trimers with Programmable Sequences from a Common Key Molecule journal November 2014
Expanded Scope of Synthetic Bacteriochlorins via Improved Acid Catalysis Conditions and Diverse Dihydrodipyrrin-Acetals journal February 2010
Synthesis of Linear Amphipathic Porphyrin Dimers and Trimers:  An Approach to Bilayer Lipid Membrane Spanning Porphyrin Arrays journal January 1996
Synthesis of β-Linked Diporphyrins and Their Homo- and Hetero-Bimetallic Complexes journal January 1998
Refined Synthesis of 5-Substituted Dipyrromethanes journal January 1999
Investigation of Conditions Giving Minimal Scrambling in the Synthesis of trans -Porphyrins from Dipyrromethanes and Aldehydes journal April 1999
Cross-Conjugated Bis(porphryin)s:  Synthesis, Electrochemical Behavior, Mixed Valency, and Biradical Dication Formation journal November 1999
Thiol-Derivatized Porphyrins for Attachment to Electroactive Surfaces journal November 1999
Rational Synthesis of Meso-Substituted Porphyrins Bearing One Nitrogen Heterocyclic Group journal April 2000
Photoexcitations of Covalently Bridged Zinc Porphyrin Oligomers: Frenkel versus Wannier−Mott Type Excitons journal January 2001
Excited-State Energy Transfer Processes in Phenylene- and Biphenylene-Linked and Directly-Linked Zinc(II) and Free-Base Hybrid Diporphyrins journal April 2001
Intramolecular Energy Transfer in S 1 - and S 2 -States of Porphyrin Trimers journal May 2001
Photophysical Properties of Directly Linked Linear Porphyrin Arrays journal October 2003
Photophysical Properties of Phenylethyne-Linked Porphyrin and Oxochlorin Dyads journal May 2004
Giant Multiporphyrin Arrays as Artificial Light-Harvesting Antennas journal May 2004
Excitation Energy Migration in A Dodecameric Porphyrin Wheel journal April 2005
Effect of Conformational Heterogeneity on Excitation Energy Transfer Efficiency in Directly meso − meso Linked Zn(II) Porphyrin Arrays journal May 2005
Mechanisms, Pathways, and Dynamics of Excited-State Energy Flow in Self-Assembled Wheel-and-Spoke Light-Harvesting Architectures journal September 2006
Effects of Multiple Pathways on Excited-State Energy Flow in Self-Assembled Wheel-and-Spoke Light-Harvesting Architectures journal September 2006
Perturbation of Electronic States and Energy Relaxation Dynamics in a Series of Phenylene Bridged ZnII Porphyrin Dimers journal September 2007
Ligand-Field Dependence of the Excited State Dynamics of Hangman Bisporphyrin Dyad Complexes journal June 2007
A Hexagonal Prismatic Porphyrin Array:  Synthesis, STM Detection, and Efficient Energy Hopping in Near-Infrared Region journal July 2007
Role of Noncoplanar Conformation in Facilitating Ground State Hole Transfer in Oxidized Porphyrin Dyads journal September 2012
Electronic Structure of Covalently Linked Zinc Bacteriochlorin Molecular Arrays: Insights into Molecular Design for NIR Light Harvesting journal October 2014
Extending the Short and Long Wavelength Limits of Bacteriochlorin Near-Infrared Absorption via Dioxo- and Bisimide-Functionalization journal March 2015
Coherence Length Determination of meso − meso Linked Porphyrin Arrays Based on Forward−Backward Pair Trajectory Analysis journal May 2008
Optical Resolution and Diameter-Based Enrichment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Simultaneous Recognition of Their Helicity and Diameter with Chiral Monoporphyrin journal May 2009
Excited-State Energy Flow in Phenylene-Linked Multiporphyrin Arrays journal May 2009
Structural Dependence on Excitation Energy Migration Processes in Artificial Light Harvesting Cyclic Zinc(II) Porphyrin Arrays journal October 2009
Revisiting the Laser Dye Styryl-13 As a Reference Near-Infrared Fluorophore: Implications for the Photoluminescence Quantum Yields of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes journal August 2009
Complexation and Interchromophoric Interactions in Self-Organized Porphyrin and Chlorin Triads journal January 1996
Molecular Dynamics of Covalently-Linked Multi-porphyrin Arrays journal January 1996
Energy-Transfer Modeling for the Rational Design of Multiporphyrin Light-Harvesting Arrays journal May 1998
Excited-State Energy Transfer and Ground-State Hole/Electron Hopping in p -Phenylene-Linked Porphyrin Dimers journal November 1998
Evidence for π−π Interactions in the S 1 State of Zinc Porphyrin Dimers Revealed by Picosecond Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy journal October 1999
Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in Gable-Type Copper(II) Porphyrin−Free Base Porphyrin Dimers:  Evidence of Through-Bond Exchange Interaction journal June 2000
Direct Visualization of Electronic Asymmetry within a Phenyl-Linked Porphyrin Dimer journal March 2014
o -(Bromomethyl)-Substituted Tetraarylporphyrin Building Blocks journal June 2000
N-Confused Porphyrin-Bearing m eso -Perfluorophenyl Groups:  A Potential Agent That Forms Stable Square-Planar Complexes with Cu(II) and Ag(III) journal March 2003
Proofs of Macrocyclization of Gable Porphyrins as Mimics of Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes journal November 2003
meso -Porphyrinyl-Substituted Porphyrin and Expanded Porphyrins journal September 2004
A Scalable Synthesis of Meso-Substituted Dipyrromethanes journal November 2003
Refined Synthesis of 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin, a Deceptively Simple Precursor to Hydroporphyrins journal September 2005
Nearly Chromatography-Free Synthesis of the A 3 B-Porphyrin 5-(4-Hydroxymethylphenyl)-10,15,20-tri- p -tolylporphinatozinc(II) journal February 2006
Light-driven production of ATP catalysed by F0F1-ATP synthase in an artificial photosynthetic membrane journal April 1998
Optically active single-walled carbon nanotubes journal May 2007
Synthesis of perylene–porphyrin building blocks and rod-like oligomers for light-harvesting applications journal January 2002
Synthesis and chromophoric interactions of an ‘ortho-gable-porphyrin.’ a novel tetraphenylporphyrin dimer journal January 1989
Synthesis of a β-linked porphyrin dimer and some homo-, and hetero-bimetallic complexes journal January 1994
Importance of Mn–Mn separation and their relative arrangement on the development of high catalase activity in manganese porphyrin dimer catalysts journal January 1994
Conjugated porphyrin arrays: synthesis, properties and applications for functional materials journal January 2015
Efficient electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction with a molecular cofacial iron porphyrin dimer journal January 2015
Direct observation of structural properties and fluorescent trapping sites in macrocyclic porphyrin arrays at the single-molecule level journal January 2016
Real-space characterization of hydroxyphenyl porphyrin derivatives designed for single-molecule devices journal January 2015
Intramolecular energy transfer dynamics in differently linked zinc porphyrin–dithiaporphyrin dyads journal January 2015
Photophysical comparisons of PEGylated porphyrins, chlorins and bacteriochlorins in water journal January 2016
Synthesis and photophysical characterization of bacteriochlorins equipped with integral swallowtail substituents journal January 2017
Total synthesis campaigns toward chlorophylls and related natural hydroporphyrins – diverse macrocycles, unrealized opportunities journal January 2018
Aqueous solubilization of hydrophobic tetrapyrrole macrocycles by attachment to an amphiphilic single-chain nanoparticle (SCNP) journal January 2020
A perspective on the redox properties of tetrapyrrole macrocycles journal January 2021
ENDOR studies of π-electron delocalization in covalently linked porphyrin dimers. Model systems for the primary donor in photosynthesis? journal January 1990
805. A general route to ββ′-substituted pyrrole intermediates for porphyrin synthesis journal January 1952
Effects of central metal ion (Mg, Zn) and solvent on singlet excited-state energy flow in porphyrin-based nanostructures journal January 1997
Nonplanar porphyrins and their significance in proteins journal January 1998
Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life journal January 2000
Investigation of porphyrin-forming reactions. Part 3. The origin of scrambling in dipyrromethane + aldehyde condensations yielding trans-A2B2-tetraarylporphyrins
  • Geier III, G. Richard; Littler, Benjamin J.; Lindsey, Jonathan S.
  • Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/b009098k
journal January 2001
Investigation of porphyrin-forming reactions. Part 4. Examination of the reaction course in syntheses of porphyrins via dipyrromethanecarbinols †
  • Geier III, G. Richard; Littler, Benjamin J.; Lindsey, Jonathan S.
  • Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/b009101o
journal January 2001
Synthesis of a porphyrin-labelled carboranyl phosphate diester: a potential new drug for boron neutron capture therapy of cancer journal July 2002
Hydrophobic environment of gable-type bisporphyrin receptors in water promotes binding of amines and oligopeptides journal July 2002
Cyclic porphyrin arrays as artificial photosynthetic antenna: synthesis and excitation energy transfer journal January 2007
Artificial photosynthetic systems: assemblies of slipped cofacial porphyrins and phthalocyanines showing strong electronic coupling journal January 2007
Anion responsive dyad system of porphyrin and N-confused porphyrin journal January 2009
Stirring the porphyrin alphabet soup—functionalization reactions for porphyrins journal January 2011
Tapping the near-infrared spectral region with bacteriochlorin arrays journal January 2011
De novo synthesis and properties of analogues of the self-assembling chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls journal January 2011
5-Substituted dipyrranes: synthesis and reactivity journal January 2012
Excitation energy transfer in multiporphyrin arrays with cyclic architectures: towards artificial light-harvesting antenna complexes journal January 2012
Preferential extraction of left- or right-handed single-walled carbon nanotubes by use of chiral diporphyrin nanotweezers journal January 2012
Engineering conjugation in para-phenylene-bridged porphyrin tapes journal January 2012
A new synthesis of pyrroles from nitroalkenes journal January 1985
Rigid, laterally-bridged bis-porphyrin system journal January 1987
Gable porphyrin metal complex as a double recognition model journal January 1990
First example of a chloroperoxidase-type chlorination of dimedone using a supported manganese porphyrin catalyst journal January 1990
Is the special pair structure a good strategy for the kinetics during the last step of the energy transfer with the nearest antenna? A chemical model approach journal January 2013
Visualization of nonemissive triplet species of Zn( ii ) porphyrins through Cu( ii ) porphyrin emission via the reservoir mechanism in a porphyrin macroring journal January 2018
864. The synthesis of tri- and tetra-alkylpyrroles journal January 1958
373. Pyrroles and related compounds. Part III. Syntheses of porphyrins from pyrromethanes and pyrromethenes journal January 1964
306. Corroles. Part I. Synthesis journal January 1965
Syntheses and reactions of hydridorhodium(III) octaethylporphyrin and rhodium(II) octaethylporphyrin dimer journal January 1982
Metallotetrabenzoporphyrins. New phosphorescent probes for oxygen measurements journal January 1995
Synthesis of 1,4-phenylene-bridged linear porphyrin arrays journal January 1996
Structure of the plant photosystem I journal February 2018
Borylated Thiaporphyrin Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Phenyl-Bridged Porphyrin Dyads journal December 2009
Electrophilic Substitution of Organosilicon Compounds- Applications to Organic Synthesis journal January 1979
Synthesis of β,β′-(Phenylene)diporphyrins journal January 2001
Discrete Giant Porphyrin Arrays: Challenges to Molecular Size, Length and the Extent of Electronic π-Conjugation journal January 2001
Fluorescence Polarization of Some Porphyrins journal November 1962
Intramolecular and intermolecular energy transfers in donor-acceptor linear porphyrin arrays journal August 2006
The third-order nonlinear optical properties of porphyrin oligomers journal April 1997
Photoinduced charge transfer in Zn(II) and Au(III)-ligated symmetric and asymmetric bacteriochlorin dyads: A computational study journal October 2020
The fluorescence quantum yield parameter in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)—Meaning, misperception, and molecular design journal March 2021
Luminescence of ytterbium in binuclear bis(porphyrin) complexes journal January 2002
The Spectroscopy of the Porphyrins journal January 1963
Porphyrin–quinone compounds as synthetic models of the reaction centre in photosynthesis journal June 1989
Synthesis of molecular complexes based on porphyrins for the investigation of the energy transfer and primary charge separation in photosynthesis journal October 1993
Synthesis of chlorins, bacteriochlorins and their tetraaza analogues journal July 2016
Efficient Synthesis of Novel Porphyrin Dimers with Versatile Linkers via Bis(dipyrromethanes) in an Excellent Mixed-Solvent journal January 2013
The chemistry of pyrrolic compounds. IX. The synthesis of 5,5'-diformyldipyrrylketones and their derivatives journal January 1970
The chemistry of pyrrolic compounds. XIX. Reactions of pyrrolic compounds with orthoformates journal January 1972
The chemistry of pyrrolic compounds. XLIII. Synthesis of the fifteen isomers of protoporphyrin journal January 1980
Energy transfer: a spectroscopic ruler. journal August 1967
Interfacial Photoreactions and Chemical Capacitance in Lipid Bilayers journal April 1974
Covalently linked chlorophyll a dimer: A biomimetic model of special pair chlorophyll journal December 1976
A simple light-driven transmembrane proton pump. journal October 1996
Time-resolved EPR study of exciton hopping in porphyrin dimers in their photoexcited triplet state journal April 1993
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Dipyrromethanes. A Review journal May 2014
Kinetic Study on the Successive Four-Step Reduction of Cyt c3 journal November 1983
The Hill equation revisited: uses and misuses. journal September 1997
The design and synthesis of artificial photosynthetic antennas, reaction centres and membranes journal October 2002
Fourfold alkyl wrapping of a copper(II) porphyrin thwarts macrocycle π–π stacking in a compact supramolecular package journal June 2020
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF EXCITONS IN CHLOROPHYLL a PHOTOSYSTEMS ON A PICOSECOND TIMESCALE journal February 1980
Synthetic Models for Photosynthesis journal June 1988
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Across Lipid Bilayers Containing Magnesium Octaethylporphyrin journal May 1989
Effects of Substituents on Synthetic Analogs of Chlorophylls. Part 2: Redox Properties, Optical Spectra and Electronic Structure journal September 2007
Synthesis and Excited-state Photodynamics of a Chlorin–Bacteriochlorin Dyad—Through-space Versus Through-bond Energy Transfer in Tetrapyrrole Arrays journal May 2008
Examination of Chlorin-Bacteriochlorin Energy-transfer Dyads as Prototypes for Near-infrared Molecular Imaging Probes † journal September 2008
Probing Ground-state Hole Transfer Between Equivalent, Electrochemically Inaccessible States in Multiporphyrin Arrays Using Time-resolved Optical Spectroscopy journal May 2009
Structure of plant photosystem I−light harvesting complex I supercomplex at 2.4 Å resolution journal June 2021
Molecular Electronic Tuning of Photosensitizers to Enhance Photodynamic Therapy: Synthetic Dicyanobacteriochlorins as a Case Study journal January 2013
Database of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of >300 Common Compounds for use in PhotochemCAD journal February 2018
Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues journal November 2020
Förster’s resonance excitation transfer theory: not just a formula journal January 2012
Einstein coefficients, cross sections, f values, dipole moments, and all that journal November 1982
Engineering Crystal Symmetry and Polar Order in Molecular Host Frameworks journal November 2001
Mimicking Photosynthesis journal April 1989
Highly conjugated, acetylenyl bridged porphyrins: new models for light-harvesting antenna systems journal May 1994
Photoinduced electron transfer in meso-nitrophenyl-substituted porphyrins and their chemical dimers journal February 2000
Relaxation processes in self-assembling triads based on porphyrin Zn-heterodimers journal December 2009
Effect of extra liganding on spectral and kinetic characteristics and on quenching of excited states of multiporphyrin complexes by molecular oxygen journal February 2011
Porphyrin-ethynyl arrays: Synthesis, design, and application journal July 2009
Synthesis of covalently-linked dimeric porphyrins journal June 1978
Exciton and electron interaction in covalently-linked dimeric porphyrins journal June 1978
Charles Soret. A short biographya: On the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of his death journal November 2004
4 Tetrapyrrole–Nanocarbon Hybrids: Self-Assembly and Photoinduced Electron Transfer book March 2010
5 Photophysical Properties of Various Directly Linked Porphyrin Arrays book March 2010
Straightforward route to trans - A 2 B -corroles bearing substituents with basic nitrogen atoms journal February 2002
Acidolysis of intermediates used in the preparation of core-modified porphyrinic macrocycles journal March 2002
Perhalogenated porphyrins as a sink of excitation energy in porphyrin heterodimers journal October 2002
Synthesis and electrochemical investigation of covalently linked porphyrin dimers containing a β-brominated subunit.: Crystal structure of H 2 [ tripp - tpp ( Br 8 )] H 2 journal September 2003
Structure and excited state properties of multiporphyrin arrays formed by supramolecular design journal November 2003
The small stones of Coimbra in the huge tetrapyrrolic chemistry building journal April 2009
Meso - meso phenyl bridged unsymmetrical porphyrin dyads: synthesis, spectral, electrochemical and photophysical properties journal January 2011
Bis- and trisporphyrin bio-inspired models for bacterial antennas and photosystems journal November 2011
Self-organization principles in the formation of multiporphyrin complexes and "semiconductor quantum dot-porphyrin" nanoassemblies journal January 2014
Evidence for reverse pathways and equilibrium in singlet energy transfers between an artificial special pair and an antenna journal August 2013
Meso -1,4-phenylene bridged nickel norcorrole dimer journal January 2020
Bioconjugatable synthetic chlorins rendered water-soluble with three PEG-12 groups via click chemistry journal January 2020
The Primary Processes of Photo-Synthesis in Plants journal June 1960
Anti-HIV Activities of Anionic Metalloporphyrins and Related Compounds journal April 1997
In Vitro Photosynthesis journal January 1976
Exploration of Giant Functional Porphyrin Arrays journal January 2015
A Synthesis of Unsymmetric Porphyrin Dimers journal October 1989
Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of Selectively Metallated Diporphyrins with Electron-Accepting Moieties journal October 1991
Synthesis and Characterization of Doubly-Strapped Porphyrins journal February 1992
Synthesis and Intramolecular Charge Separation of Fixed-Distance Triads Consisting of Zinc Porphyrin, Metal-Free Porphyrin, and Electron-Accepting Diimide Moiety journal December 1993
Investigation of Spin-Correlated Ion Pairs in Distance-Fixed Triads by Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance journal August 1995
Sequential Electron Transfer Leading to Long-Lived Charge Separated State in a Porphyrin–Oxochlorin–Pyromellitdimide Triad journal January 1995
Syntheses of 5-Aryl- and 5,15-Diaryl-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-Octaethylporphines journal January 1978
Synthesis of Octaalkyl- and Octaarylporphyrins from Nitroalkenes journal September 1988
Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted Dimeric Porphyrins Unsymmetrically Linked with Quinone journal December 1989
Doubly-Strapped Porphyrins as Useful Building Blocks for Selectively Metallated Oligoporphyrins journal October 1991
Synthesis of Quinone-linked Porphyrin Dimer, Trimer, and Tetramer As Models for Photosynthetic Reaction Center journal March 1991
Catalytic Activity of m -Phenylene- and 2,6-Pyridinediyl-linked Manganese Porphyrin Dimers. Role of Nitrogen Bases on the Development of Catalase Activity journal July 1992
Preparation of Porphyrins Having Phenylboronic Acid Groups journal June 1993
An Efficient Synthesis of Linear Porphyrin Arrays journal September 1993
Synthesis of 1,2-Phenylene-Bridged Diporphyrin Linked with Porphyrin Monomer and Its Intramolecular Singlet-Singlet Excitation Energy Transfer journal January 1993
An Efficient One-Pot Synthetic Procedure of Multiple Porphyrin-Cyclization journal June 1993
Imidazolate-mediated Antiferromagnetic Coupling between Fe(III) Ions in Rigidly-linked Porphyrin Dimers and Trimers journal September 1994
Electrocatalytic Four-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen by 1,2-Phenylene-Bridged Dicobalt Diporphyrins journal April 1995
Charge Separation in Zinc Diporphyrin-Zinc Porphyrin-Pyromellitimide-Quinone Tetrads journal July 1995
Optical Resolution of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Molecular Recognition with Chiral Diporphyrin Nanotweezers journal October 2010
Nomenclature of tetrapyrroles (Recommendations 1986) journal January 1987
A chemical approach toward photosynthetic reaction center journal January 1990
A chemical approach towards photosynthetic reaction center (2) journal January 1994
A chemical approach towards the photosynthetic reaction center journal January 1997
Mimicking bacterial photosynthesis journal November 1998
Crystal Structure of 1,9-Dibromo-5-phenyldipyrrin, Tetrapyrrole Synthesis Derivative and Free Base Ligand of BODIPY Building Blocks journal January 2020
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Hydroporphyrins journal October 2007
Covalently Linked Free-Base and Metallo-Bis-Porphyrins: Chemistry and Diversity journal May 2015
Energy Transfer Mechanisms and the Molecular Exciton Model for Molecular Aggregates journal September 1963
A Candidate for Multitopic Probes for Ligand Discovery in Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry journal June 2019
Current Advances in the Synthesis of Valuable Dipyrromethane Scaffolds: Classic and New Methods journal November 2019
Design, Synthesis, and Utility of Defined Molecular Scaffolds journal July 2021
Covalently Linked Dimeric Porphyrins journal January 1981

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Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Bacteriochlorin
Chlorin
Electron/hole transfer
FRET
Light-harvesting
Photophysics
Porphyrin
Rational synthesis