Tuning the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Observing Strategy for Solar System Science

Schwamb, Megan E.; Jones, R. Lynne; Yoachim, Peter; Volk, Kathryn; Dorsey, Rosemary C.; Opitom, Cyrielle; Greenstreet, Sarah; Lister, Tim; Snodgrass, Colin; Bolin, Bryce T.; Inno, Laura; Bannister, Michele T.; Eggl, Siegfried; Solontoi, Michael; Kelley, Michael S. P.; Jurić, Mario; Lin 林, Hsing Wen 省文; Ragozzine, Darin; Bernardinelli, Pedro H.; Chesley, Steven R.; Daylan, Tansu; Ďurech, Josef; Fraser, Wesley C.; Granvik, Mikael; Knight, Matthew M.; Lisse, Carey M.; Malhotra, Renu; Oldroyd, William J.; Thirouin, Audrey; Ye 叶, Quanzhi 泉志

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acc173

Title: Tuning the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Observing Strategy for Solar System Science

Journal Article · 22 May 2023 · The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acc173 · OSTI ID:1974832

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Abstract The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is expected to start the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) in early to mid-2025. This multiband wide-field synoptic survey will transform our view of the solar system, with the discovery and monitoring of over five million small bodies. The final survey strategy chosen for LSST has direct implications on the discoverability and characterization of solar system minor planets and passing interstellar objects. Creating an inventory of the solar system is one of the four main LSST science drivers. The LSST observing cadence is a complex optimization problem that must balance the priorities and needs of all the key LSST science areas. To design the best LSST survey strategy, a series of operation simulations using the Rubin Observatory scheduler have been generated to explore the various options for tuning observing parameters and prioritizations. We explore the impact of the various simulated LSST observing strategies on studying the solar system’s small body reservoirs. We examine what are the best observing scenarios and review what are the important considerations for maximizing LSST solar system science. In general, most of the LSST cadence simulations produce ±5% or less variations in our chosen key metrics, but a subset of the simulations significantly hinder science returns with much larger losses in the discovery and light-curve metrics.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: LSSTC Enabling Science Grants Program; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE

Contributing Organization:: LSST Solar System Science Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1974832

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 266; ISSN 0067-0049

Publisher:: American Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Characterization of the Nucleus, Morphology, and Activity of Interstellar Comet 2I/Borisov by Optical and Near-infrared GROWTH, Apache Point, IRTF, ZTF, and Keck Observations Bolin, Bryce T.; Lisse, Carey M.; Kasliwal, Mansi M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9305	journal	June 2020
Giant-planet Influence on the Collective Gravity of a Primordial Scattered Disk Zderic, Alexander; Madigan, Ann-Marie The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab962f	journal	July 2020
Anisotropy of Long-period Comets Explained by Their Formation Process Higuchi, Arika The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba94d	journal	August 2020
Mitigation of LEO Satellite Brightness and Trail Effects on the Rubin Observatory LSST Tyson, J. Anthony; Ivezić, Željko; Bradshaw, Andrew The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abba3e	journal	October 2020
Establishing Earth’s Minimoon Population through Characterization of Asteroid 2020 CD₃ Fedorets, Grigori; Micheli, Marco; Jedicke, Robert The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abc3bc	journal	November 2020
Outer Solar System Perihelion Gap Formation through Interactions with a Hypothetical Distant Giant Planet Oldroyd, William J.; Trujillo, Chadwick A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 162, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abfb6f	journal	July 2021
The Orbit of Planet Nine Brown, Michael E.; Batygin, Konstantin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 162, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac2056	journal	October 2021
Sifting through the Static: Moving Object Detection in Difference Images Smotherman, Hayden; Connolly, Andrew J.; Kalmbach, J. Bryce The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 162, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac22ff	journal	November 2021
A Search for Planet Nine using the Zwicky Transient Facility Public Archive Brown, Michael E.; Batygin, Konstantin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac32dd	journal	January 2022
Visibility Predictions for Near-future Satellite Megaconstellations: Latitudes near 50° Will Experience the Worst Light Pollution Lawler, Samantha M.; Boley, Aaron C.; Rein, Hanno The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac341b	journal	December 2021
Limits on the Detection of Planet Nine in the Dark Energy Survey Belyakov, Matthew; Bernardinelli, Pedro H.; Brown, Michael E. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac5c56	journal	April 2022
Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Abareshi, B.; Aguilar, J.; Ahlen, S. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 164, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac882b	journal	October 2022
A Deep and Wide Twilight Survey for Asteroids Interior to Earth and Venus Sheppard, Scott S.; Tholen, David J.; Pokorný, Petr The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 164, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac8cff	journal	September 2022
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products Ivezić, Željko; Kahn, Steven M.; Tyson, J. Anthony The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c	journal	March 2019
Constraints on the Occurrence of ‘Oumuamua-Like Objects Levine, W. Garrett; Cabot, Samuel H. C.; Seligman, Darryl The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 922, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1fe6	journal	November 2021
The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package* The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 935, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74	journal	August 2022
OSSOS. VII. 800+ Trans-Neptunian Objects—The Complete Data Release Bannister, Michele T.; Gladman, Brett J.; Kavelaars, J. J. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 236, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aab77a	journal	May 2018
Searching for Super-fast Rotators Using the Pan-STARRS 1 Chang, Chan-Kao; Lin, Hsing-Wen; Ip, Wing-Huen The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 241, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab01fe	journal	February 2019
The LSST DESC DC2 Simulated Sky Survey Abolfathi, Bela; Alonso, David; Armstrong, Robert The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 253, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abd62c	journal	March 2021
A Search of the Full Six Years of the Dark Energy Survey for Outer Solar System Objects Bernardinelli, Pedro H.; Bernstein, Gary M.; Sako, Masao The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 258, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac3914	journal	February 2022
Optimizing Cadences with Realistic Light-curve Filtering for Serendipitous Kilonova Discovery with Vera Rubin Observatory Andreoni, Igor; Coughlin, Michael W.; Almualla, Mouza The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 258, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac3bae	journal	December 2021
Preparing to Discover the Unknown with Rubin LSST: Time Domain Li, Xiaolong; Ragosta, Fabio; Clarkson, William I. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 258, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac3bca	journal	December 2021
Optimization of the Observing Cadence for the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: A Pioneering Process of Community-focused Experimental Design Bianco, Federica B.; Ivezić, Željko; Jones, R. Lynne The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 258, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac3e72	journal	December 2021
Give Me a Few Hours: Exploring Short Timescales in Rubin Observatory Cadence Simulations Bellm, Eric C.; Burke, Colin J.; Coughlin, Michael W. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 258, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac4602	journal	January 2022
The Impact of Observing Strategy on Cosmological Constraints with LSST Lochner, Michelle; Scolnic, Dan; Almoubayyed, Husni The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 259, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac5033	journal	April 2022
Observational Constraints on the Orbit and Location of Planet nine in the Outer Solar System Brown, Michael E.; Batygin, Konstantin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 824, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/824/2/L23	journal	June 2016
The Splitting of Double-component Active Asteroid P/2016 J1 (PANSTARRS) Moreno, F.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Novaković, B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 837, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa6036	journal	February 2017
Implications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) Trilling, David E.; Robinson, Tyler; Roegge, Alissa The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9989	journal	November 2017
The Low Earth Orbit Satellite Population and Impacts of the SpaceX Starlink Constellation McDowell, Jonathan C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8016	journal	April 2020
Characterization of Temporarily Captured Minimoon 2020 CD₃by Keck Time-resolved Spectrophotometry Bolin, Bryce T.; Fremling, Christoffer; Holt, Timothy R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 900, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abae69	journal	September 2020
Precovery Observations Confirm the Capture Time of Asteroid 2020 CD3 as Earth’s Minimoon Naidu, Shantanu P.; Micheli, Marco; Farnocchia, Davide The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 913, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abf836	journal	May 2021
The Large Superfast Rotators Discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility Chang, Chan-Kao; Yeh, Ting-Shuo; Tan, HanJie The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 932, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6e5e	journal	June 2022
Discovery of the First Known Asteroid Confined within the Orbit of Venus Ip, Wing-Huen; Masci, Frank J.; Ye, Quanzhi The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 935, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac8470	journal	August 2022
A Rogue Planet Helps to Populate the Distant Kuiper Belt Huang, Yukun; Gladman, Brett; Beaudoin, Matthew The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 938, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9480	journal	October 2022
Satellite Constellation Avoidance with the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time Hu, Jinghan Alina; Rawls, Meredith L.; Yoachim, Peter The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 941, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aca592	journal	December 2022
Year 1 of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST): Recommendations for Template Production to Enable Solar System Small Body Transient and Time Domain Science Schwamb, Megan E.; Jurić, Mario; Bolin, Bryce T. Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac090f	journal	June 2021
How to Become a Mini-moon: Some Hints from 2022 NX₁ de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac8809	journal	August 2022
Impact of Satellite Constellations on Optical Astronomy and Recommendations Toward Mitigations Vol. 52, Issue 2, Vol. 52, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.346793b8	journal	August 2020
SATCON2: Executive Summary Hall, Jeffrey; Walker, Constance; Rawls, Meredith Bulletin of the AAS https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.4554c01f	journal	November 2021
Testing the Isotropy of the Dark Energy Survey’s Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects Bernardinelli, Pedro H.; Bernstein, Gary M.; Sako, Masao The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ab9d80	journal	July 2020
No Evidence for Orbital Clustering in the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects Napier, K. J.; Gerdes, D. W.; Lin, Hsing Wen The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abe53e	journal	March 2021
FOSSIL. I. The Spin Rate Limit of Jupiter Trojans Chang, Chan-Kao; Chen, Ying-Tung; Fraser, Wesley C. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac13a4	journal	September 2021
The Population of Interstellar Objects Detectable with the LSST and Accessible for In Situ Rendezvous with Various Mission Designs Hoover, Devin J.; Seligman, Darryl Z.; Payne, Matthew J. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac58fe	journal	March 2022
pandas-dev/pandas: Pandas https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509134	software	January 2024
Survey Strategy and Cadence Choices for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Jones, R. Lynne; Yoachim, Peter; Ivezic, Zeljko Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4048838	text	January 2020
Dark and Quiet Skies II Working Group Reports Walker, Connie (editor); Benvenuti, Piero (editor) Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5874725	report	January 2022
Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society: Report and recommendations Group, Dark Sky Oases Working; Group, Optical Astronomy Working; Group, Bioenvironment Working Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5898785	report	January 2022

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