Wet compaction to a blue nugget: a critical phase in galaxy evolution

Lapiner, Sharon; Dekel, Avishai; Freundlich, Jonathan; Ginzburg, Omri; Jiang, Fangzhou; Kretschmer, Michael; Tacchella, Sandro; Ceverino, Daniel; Primack, Joel

doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1263

Title: Wet compaction to a blue nugget: a critical phase in galaxy evolution

Journal Article · 26 April 2023 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1263 · OSTI ID:1973288

; Dekel, Avishai;

; Ginzburg, Omri;

;

; Primack, Joel

ABSTRACT We utilize high-resolution cosmological simulations to reveal that high-redshift galaxies tend to undergo a robust ‘wet compaction’ event when near a ‘golden’ stellar mass of $$\sim \!\!10^{10}\, \rm M_\odot$$ . This is a gaseous shrinkage to a compact star-forming phase, a ‘blue nugget’ (BN), followed by central quenching of star formation to a compact passive stellar bulge, a ‘red nugget’ (RN), and a buildup of an extended gaseous disc and ring. Such nuggets are observed at cosmic noon and seed today’s early-type galaxies. The compaction is triggered by a drastic loss of angular momentum due to, e.g. wet mergers, counter-rotating cold streams, or violent disc instability. The BN phase marks drastic transitions in the galaxy structural, compositional, and kinematic properties. The transitions are from star forming to quenched inside-out, from diffuse to compact with an extended disc or ring and a stellar envelope, from dark matter to baryon central dominance, from prolate to oblate stellar shape, from pressure to rotation support, from low to high metallicity, and from supernova to AGN feedback. The central black hole growth, first suppressed by supernova feedback when below the golden mass, is boosted by the compaction, and the black hole keeps growing once the halo is massive enough to lock in the supernova ejecta.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 1973288

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 522; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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THE ASSEMBLY OF MILKY-WAY-LIKE GALAXIES SINCE z ∼ 2.5 van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Leja, Joel; Nelson, Erica June The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 771, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/771/2/L35	journal	June 2013
CLEAR: The Evolution of Spatially Resolved Star Formation in Galaxies between 0.5 ≲ z ≲ 1.7 Using Hα Emission Line Maps Matharu, Jasleen; Papovich, Casey; Simons, Raymond C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 937, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8471	journal	September 2022
THE FMOS-COSMOS SURVEY OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z ∼ 1.6. II. THE MASS-METALLICITY RELATION AND THE DEPENDENCE ON STAR FORMATION RATE AND DUST EXTINCTION Zahid, H. J.; Kashino, D.; Silverman, J. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 792, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/75	journal	August 2014
Gasdynamics and Starbursts in Major Mergers Mihos, J. Christopher; Hernquist, Lars The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 464 https://doi.org/10.1086/177353	journal	June 1996
Dissecting Nearby Galaxies with piXedfit. I. Spatially Resolved Properties of Stars, Dust, and Gas as Revealed by Panchromatic SED Fitting The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac439a	journal	February 2022
Connection between Stellar Mass Distributions within Galaxies and Quenching Since z = 2 Mosleh, Moein; Tacchella, Sandro; Renzini, Alvio The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 837, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa5f14	journal	February 2017
Starbursts in and out of the star-formation main sequence Elbaz, D.; Leiton, R.; Nagar, N. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 616 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732370	journal	August 2018
The Evolution of the Star-Forming Interstellar Medium Across Cosmic Time Tacconi, Linda J.; Genzel, Reinhard; Sternberg, Amiel Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141034	journal	August 2020
The Horizon-AGN simulation: morphological diversity of galaxies promoted by AGN feedback Dubois, Yohan; Peirani, Sébastien; Pichon, Christophe Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 463, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2265	journal	September 2016
emerge – an empirical model for the formation of galaxies since z ∼ 10 Moster, Benjamin P.; Naab, Thorsten; White, Simon D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty655	journal	March 2018
Coincidence between morphology and star formation activity through cosmic time: the impact of the bulge growth Dimauro, Paola; Daddi, Emanuele; Shankar, Francesco Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 513, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac884	journal	April 2022
Four phases of angular-momentum buildup in high-z galaxies: from cosmic-web streams through an extended ring to disc and bulge Danovich, Mark; Dekel, Avishai; Hahn, Oliver Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 449, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv270	journal	March 2015
Geometry of Star-Forming Galaxies from Sdss, 3d-Hst, and Candels van der Wel, A.; Chang, Yu-Yen; Bell, E. F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 792, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/792/1/L6	journal	August 2014
Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback Habouzit, Mélanie; Volonteri, Marta; Dubois, Yohan Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 468, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx666	journal	March 2017
Cluster and field elliptical galaxies atz~ 1.3 Saracco, P.; Gargiulo, A.; Ciocca, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 597 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628866	journal	January 2017
An analytic solution for the minimal bathtub toy model: challenges in the star formation history of high-z galaxies Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1427	journal	September 2014
THE MOSDEF SURVEY: MASS, METALLICITY, AND STAR-FORMATION RATE AT z ∼ 2.3 Sanders, Ryan L.; Shapley, Alice E.; Kriek, Mariska The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 799, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/138	journal	January 2015
On the Evolution of the Central Density of Quiescent Galaxies Tacchella, Sandro; Carollo, C. Marcella; Faber, S. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 844, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa7cfb	journal	July 2017
Angular momentum growth in protogalaxies White, S. D. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 286 https://doi.org/10.1086/162573	journal	November 1984
A LARGE POPULATION OF MASSIVE COMPACT POST-STARBURST GALAXIES AT z > 1: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SIZE EVOLUTION AND QUENCHING MECHANISM OF QUIESCENT GALAXIES Whitaker, Katherine E.; Kriek, Mariska; van Dokkum, Pieter G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 745, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/179	journal	January 2012
A link Between star Formation Quenching and Inner Stellar mass Density in Sloan Digital sky Survey Central Galaxies Fang, Jerome J.; Faber, S. M.; Koo, David C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 776, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/63	journal	September 2013
Rotation Curves in z ∼ 1–2 Star-forming Disks: Evidence for Cored Dark Matter Distributions Genzel, R.; Price, S. H.; Übler, H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 902, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb0ea	journal	October 2020
THE EVOLUTION OF METALLICITY AND METALLICITY GRADIENTS FROM z = 2.7 TO 0.6 WITH KMOS ^3D Wuyts, Eva; Wisnioski, Emily; Fossati, Matteo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 827, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/827/1/74	journal	August 2016
CANDELS: THE PROGENITORS OF COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2 Barro, Guillermo; Faber, S. M.; Pérez-González, Pablo G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 765, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/765/2/104	journal	February 2013
SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z ∼ 2 UV‐selected Galaxies: Rotation Curves and Dynamical Evolution Forster Schreiber, N. M.; Genzel, R.; Lehnert, M. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 645, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/504403	journal	July 2006
On the lack of Evolution in Galaxy star Formation Efficiency Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 762, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/762/2/L31	journal	December 2012
THE SINS/ z C-SINF SURVEY OF z ∼ 2 GALAXY KINEMATICS: EVIDENCE FOR GRAVITATIONAL QUENCHING Genzel, R.; Förster Schreiber, N. M.; Lang, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 785, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/75	journal	March 2014
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Morphological Quenching of star Formation: Making Early-Type Galaxies red Martig, Marie; Bournaud, Frédéric; Teyssier, Romain The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 707, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/250	journal	November 2009
Submillimetre compactness as a critical dimension to understand the main sequence of star-forming galaxies Puglisi, Annagrazia; Daddi, Emanuele; Valentino, Francesco Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 508, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2914	journal	October 2021
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Stellar feedback in galaxies and the origin of galaxy-scale winds: Stellar feedback and galactic winds Hopkins, Philip F.; Quataert, Eliot; Murray, Norman Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 421, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20593.x	journal	March 2012
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Compaction and quenching of high-z galaxies in cosmological simulations: blue and red nuggets Zolotov, Adi; Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv740	journal	May 2015
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AMAZE: I. The evolution of the mass–metallicity relation at Maiolino, R.; Nagao, T.; Grazian, A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 488, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809678	journal	July 2008
PHIBSS2: survey design and z = 0.5 – 0.8 results: Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation Freundlich, J.; Combes, F.; Tacconi, L. J. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732223	journal	February 2019

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