Overview of the DESI Milky Way Survey

Cooper, Andrew P.; Koposov, Sergey E.; Allende Prieto, Carlos; Manser, Christopher J.; Kizhuprakkat, Namitha; Myers, Adam D.; Dey, Arjun; Gänsicke, Boris T.; Li, Ting S.; Rockosi, Constance; Valluri, Monica; Najita, Joan; Deason, Alis; Raichoor, Anand; Wang, M. -Y.; Ting, Y. -S.; Kim, Bokyoung; Carrillo, Andreia; Wang, Wenting; Beraldo e Silva, Leandro; Han, Jiwon Jesse; Ding, Jiani; Sánchez-Conde, Miguel; Aguilar, Jessica N.; Ahlen, Steven; Bailey, Stephen; Belokurov, Vasily; Brooks, David; Cunha, Katia; Dawson, Kyle; de la Macorra, Axel; Doel, Peter; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Fagrelius, Parker; Fanning, Kevin; Font-Ribera, Andreu; Forero-Romero, Jaime E.; Gaztañaga, Enrique; A Gontcho, Satya Gontcho; Guy, Julien; Honscheid, Klaus; Kehoe, Robert; Kisner, Theodore; Kremin, Anthony; Landriau, Martin; Levi, Michael E.; Martini, Paul; Meisner, Aaron M.; Miquel, Ramon; Moustakas, John; Nie, Jundan J. D.; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Percival, Will J.; Poppett, Claire; Prada, Francisco; Rehemtulla, Nabeel; Schlafly, Edward; Schlegel, David; Schubnell, Michael; Sharples, Ray M.; Tarlé, Gregory; Wechsler, Risa H.; Weinberg, David H.; Zhou, Zhimin; Zou, Hu

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb3c0

Title: Overview of the DESI Milky Way Survey

Journal Article · 18 April 2023 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb3c0 · OSTI ID:1970424

;

; Kizhuprakkat, Namitha; Myers, Adam D.;

;

; Wang, M. -Y.;

;

; Wang, Wenting;

Abstract We describe the Milky Way Survey (MWS) that will be undertaken with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) on the Mayall 4 m telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory. Over the next 5 yr DESI MWS will observe approximately seven million stars at Galactic latitudes ∣ b ∣ > 20°, with an inclusive target selection scheme focused on the thick disk and stellar halo. MWS will also include several high-completeness samples of rare stellar types, including white dwarfs, low-mass stars within 100 pc of the Sun, and horizontal branch stars. We summarize the potential of DESI to advance understanding of the Galactic structure and stellar evolution. We introduce the final definitions of the main MWS target classes and estimate the number of stars in each class that will be observed. We describe our pipelines for deriving radial velocities, atmospheric parameters, and chemical abundances. We use ≃500,000 spectra of unique stellar targets from the DESI Survey Validation program (SV) to demonstrate that our pipelines can measure radial velocities to ≃1 km s ⁻¹ and [Fe/H] accurate to ≃0.2 dex for typical stars in our main sample. We find the stellar parameter distributions from ≈100 deg ² of SV observations with ≳90% completeness on our main sample are in good agreement with expectations from mock catalogs and previous surveys.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1970424

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 947; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: American Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Aspcap: the Apogee Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundances Pipeline García Pérez, Ana E.; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Holtzman, Jon A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 151, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/144	journal	May 2016
The Rotation and Galactic Kinematics of mid m Dwarfs in the Solar Neighborhood Newton, Elisabeth R.; Irwin, Jonathan; Charbonneau, David The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 821, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/93	journal	April 2016
Mesa Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (Mist). i. Solar-Scaled Models Choi, Jieun; Dotter, Aaron; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 823, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/102	journal	May 2016
Spectroscopic Determination of Masses (and Implied Ages) for red Giants Ness, M.; Hogg, David W.; Rix, H. -W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 823, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/114	journal	May 2016
Mesa Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (Mist) 0: Methods for the Construction of Stellar Isochrones Dotter, Aaron The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 222, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/222/1/8	journal	January 2016
Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe Blanton, Michael R.; Bershady, Matthew A.; Abolfathi, Bela The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa7567	journal	June 2017
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) Majewski, Steven R.; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Frinchaboy, Peter M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa784d	journal	August 2017
Deep Full-sky Coadds from Three Years of WISE and NEOWISE Observations Meisner, A. M.; Lang, D.; Schlegel, D. J. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa894e	journal	September 2017
The Solar Neighborhood XLIV: RECONS Discoveries within 10 parsecs Henry, Todd J.; Jao, Wei-Chun; Winters, Jennifer G. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aac262	journal	June 2018
Binary Companions of Evolved Stars in APOGEE DR14: Search Method and Catalog of ∼5000 Companions Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aac387	journal	June 2018
The Rotational Evolution of Young, Binary M Dwarfs Stauffer, John; Rebull, Luisa M.; Cody, Ann Marie The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae9ec	journal	November 2018
Anisotropy of the Milky Way’s Stellar Halo Using K Giants from LAMOST and Gaia Bird, Sarah A.; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Liu, Chao The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aafd2e	journal	February 2019
Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Dey, Arjun; Schlegel, David J.; Lang, Dustin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d	journal	April 2019
Exploring the Age-dependent Properties of M and L Dwarfs Using Gaia and SDSS Kiman, Rocio; Schmidt, Sarah J.; Angus, Ruth The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab1753	journal	May 2019
Spectrophotometric Parallaxes with Linear Models: Accurate Distances for Luminous Red-giant Stars Hogg, David W.; Eilers, Anna-Christina; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab398c	journal	September 2019
Kinematics of the Palomar 5 Stellar Stream from RR Lyrae Stars Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Mateu, Cecilia; Iorio, Giuliano The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab4cef	journal	November 2019
Exploring the Evolution of Stellar Rotation Using Galactic Kinematics Angus, Ruth; Beane, Angus; Price-Whelan, Adrian M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab91b2	journal	July 2020
The Sixth Data Release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (Rave). II. Stellar Atmospheric Parameters, Chemical Abundances, and Distances Steinmetz, Matthias; Guiglion, Guillaume; McMillan, Paul J. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ab8	journal	July 2020
The Sixth Data Release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE). I. Survey Description, Spectra, and Radial Velocities Steinmetz, Matthias; Matijevič, Gal; Enke, Harry The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ab9	journal	July 2020
APOGEE Data and Spectral Analysis from SDSS Data Release 16: Seven Years of Observations Including First Results from APOGEE-South Jönsson, Henrik; Holtzman, Jon A.; Prieto, Carlos Allende The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba592	journal	August 2020
Discovery of Extended Tidal Tails around the Globular Cluster Palomar 13 Shipp, Nora; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Tavangar, Kiyan The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abbd3a	journal	November 2020
Second Data Release of the All-sky NOIRLab Source Catalog Nidever, David L.; Dey, Arjun; Fasbender, Katie The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 161, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abd6e1	journal	March 2021
Discovery of 16 New Members of the Solar Neighborhood Using Proper Motions from CatWISE2020 Kota, Tarun; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Caselden, Dan The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac4713	journal	February 2022
Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Abareshi, B.; Aguilar, J.; Ahlen, S. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 164, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac882b	journal	October 2022
The Robotic Multiobject Focal Plane System of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Silber, Joseph Harry; Fagrelius, Parker; Fanning, Kevin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 165, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac9ab1	journal	December 2022
The Target-selection Pipeline for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Myers, Adam D.; Moustakas, John; Bailey, Stephen The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aca5f9	journal	January 2023
Target Selection and Validation of DESI Luminous Red Galaxies Zhou, Rongpu; Dey, Biprateep; Newman, Jeffrey A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aca5fb	journal	January 2023
Target Selection and Validation of DESI Emission Line Galaxies Raichoor, A.; Moustakas, J.; Newman, Jeffrey A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 165, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acb213	journal	February 2023
Beta Dips in the Gaia Era: Simulation Predictions of the Galactic Velocity Anisotropy Parameter ( β ) for Stellar Halos Loebman, Sarah R.; Valluri, Monica; Hattori, Kohei The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa0d6	journal	February 2018
Globular Clusters in a Cosmological N -body Simulation Carlberg, Raymond G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac88a	journal	July 2018
The White Dwarf Initial–Final Mass Relation for Progenitor Stars from 0.85 to 7.5 M ⊙ Cummings, Jeffrey D.; Kalirai, Jason S.; Tremblay, P. -E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 866, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadfd6	journal	October 2018
The Information Content in Cold Stellar Streams Bonaca, Ana; Hogg, David W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae4da	journal	November 2018
Identifying Sagittarius Stream Stars by Their APOGEE Chemical Abundance Signatures Hasselquist, Sten; Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Holtzman, Jon A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafdac	journal	February 2019
Constraining Metallicity-dependent Mixing and Extra Mixing Using [C/N] in Alpha-rich Field Giants Shetrone, Matthew; Tayar, Jamie; Johnson, Jennifer A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaff66	journal	February 2019
The Streams of the Gaping Abyss: A Population of Entangled Stellar Streams Surrounding the Inner Galaxy Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Malhan, Khyati; Martin, Nicolas F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0080	journal	February 2019
Chemical Abundances of Main-sequence, Turnoff, Subgiant, and Red Giant Stars from APOGEE Spectra. II. Atomic Diffusion in M67 Stars Souto, Diogo; Prieto, C. Allende; Cunha, Katia The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0b43	journal	March 2019
The Vertical Motion History of Disk Stars throughout the Galaxy Ting, Yuan-Sen; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1ea5	journal	June 2019
HALO7D II: The Halo Velocity Ellipsoid and Velocity Anisotropy with Distant Main-sequence Stars Cunningham, Emily C.; Deason, Alis J.; Sanderson, Robyn E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab24cd	journal	July 2019
The Spur and the Gap in GD-1: Dynamical Evidence for a Dark Substructure in the Milky Way Halo Bonaca, Ana; Hogg, David W.; Price-Whelan, Adrian M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2873	journal	July 2019
Hunting for the Dark Matter Wake Induced by the Large Magellanic Cloud Garavito-Camargo, Nicolas; Besla, Gurtina; Laporte, Chervin F. P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab32eb	journal	October 2019
Mapping the Stellar Halo with the H3 Spectroscopic Survey Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana; Cargile, Phillip The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab38b8	journal	September 2019
Stellar Metallicities from SkyMapper Photometry I: A Study of the Tucana II Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Chiti, Anirudh; Frebel, Anna; Jerjen, Helmut The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6d72	journal	February 2020
Constraining the Milky Way Mass Profile with Phase-space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies Li, Zhao-Zhou; Qian, Yong-Zhong; Han, Jiaxin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab84f0	journal	April 2020
Chemically Peculiar A and F Stars with Enhanced s-process and Iron-peak Elements: Stellar Radiative Acceleration at Work Xiang, Mao-Sheng; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ting, Yuan-Sen The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 898, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a5	journal	July 2020
Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure Naidu, Rohan P.; Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4	journal	September 2020
Broken into Pieces: ATLAS and Aliqa Uma as One Single Stream Li, Ting S.; Koposov, Sergey E.; Erkal, Denis The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 911, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeb18	journal	April 2021
I Spy Transits and Pulsations: Empirical Variability in White Dwarfs Using Gaia and the Zwicky Transient Facility Guidry, Joseph A.; Vanderbosch, Zachary P.; Hermes, J. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 912, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abee68	journal	May 2021
New Candidate Extreme T Subdwarfs from the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project Meisner, Aaron M.; Schneider, Adam C.; Burgasser, Adam J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 915, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac013c	journal	July 2021
Testing for Dark Matter in the Outskirts of Globular Clusters Carlberg, Raymond G.; Grillmair, Carl J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 922, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac289f	journal	November 2021
Measuring the Mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Stellar Streams Observed by S ⁵ Shipp, Nora; Erkal, Denis; Drlica-Wagner, Alex The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2e93	journal	December 2021
S ⁵ : The Orbital and Chemical Properties of One Dozen Stellar Streams Li, Ting S.; Ji, Alexander P.; Pace, Andrew B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 928, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac46d3	journal	March 2022
A Tilt in the Dark Matter Halo of the Galaxy Han, Jiwon Jesse; Naidu, Rohan P.; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 934, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac795f	journal	July 2022
DESI Observations of the Andromeda Galaxy: Revealing the Immigration History of Our Nearest Neighbor Dey, Arjun; Najita, Joan R.; Koposov, Sergey E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 944, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca5f8	journal	February 2023
Target Selection and Validation of DESI Quasars Chaussidon, Edmond; Yèche, Christophe; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 944, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb3c2	journal	February 2023
White Dwarf Rotation as a Function of Mass and a Dichotomy of Mode Line Widths: Kepler Observations of 27 Pulsating DA White Dwarfs through K2 Campaign 8 Hermes, J. J.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Kawaler, Steven D. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 232, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa8bb5	journal	October 2017
Preliminary Trigonometric Parallaxes of 184 Late-T and Y Dwarfs and an Analysis of the Field Substellar Mass Function into the “Planetary” Mass Regime Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Martin, Emily C.; Smart, Richard L. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 240, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aaf6af	journal	January 2019
Abundance Estimates for 16 Elements in 6 Million Stars from LAMOST DR5 Low-Resolution Spectra Xiang, Maosheng; Ting, Yuan-Sen; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 245, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab5364	journal	December 2019
Forecasting Chemical Abundance Precision for Extragalactic Stellar Archaeology Sandford, Nathan R.; Weisz, Daniel R.; Ting, Yuan-Sen The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 249, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab9cb0	journal	July 2020
Data-driven Spectroscopic Estimates of Absolute Magnitude, Distance, and Binarity: Method and Catalog of 16,002 O- and B-type Stars from LAMOST Xiang, Maosheng; Rix, Hans-Walter; Ting, Yuan-Sen The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 253, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abd6ba	journal	March 2021
SEGUE-2: Old Milky Way Stars Near and Far Rockosi, Constance M.; Sun Lee, Young; Morrison, Heather L. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 259, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac5323	journal	April 2022
Measuring 14 Elemental Abundances with R = 1800 LAMOST Spectra Ting, Yuan-Sen; Rix, Hans-Walter; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 849, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa921c	journal	October 2017
Apocenter Pile-up: Origin of the Stellar Halo Density Break Deason, Alis J.; Belokurov, Vasily; Koposov, Sergey E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad0ee	journal	July 2018
Off the Beaten Path: Gaia Reveals GD-1 Stars outside of the Main Stream Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Bonaca, Ana The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad7b5	journal	August 2018
Preliminary Target Selection for the DESI Quasar (QSO) Sample Yèche, Christophe; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Claveau, Charles-Antoine Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abc01a	journal	October 2020
Preliminary Target Selection for the DESI Emission Line Galaxy (ELG) Sample Raichoor, Anand; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Karim, Tanveer Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abc078	journal	October 2020
Preliminary Target Selection for the DESI Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) Sample Zhou, Rongpu; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Dawson, Kyle S. Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abc0f4	journal	October 2020
Preliminary Target Selection for the DESI Milky Way Survey (MWS) Prieto, Carlos Allende; Cooper, Andrew P.; Dey, Arjun Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abc1dc	journal	October 2020
Preliminary Target Selection for the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) Ruiz-Macias, Omar; Zarrouk, Pauline; Cole, Shaun Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abc25a	journal	October 2020

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