Astrovirology: how viruses enhance our understanding of life in the Universe

Trubl, Gareth; Stedman, Kenneth M.; Bywaters, Kathryn F.; Matula, Emily E.; Sommers, Pacifica; Roux, Simon; Merino, Nancy; Yin, John; Kaelber, Jason T.; Avila-Herrera, Aram; Johnson, Peter Anto; Johnson, John Christy; Borges, Schuyler; Weber, Peter K.; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Boston, Penelope J.

doi:10.1017/S1473550423000058

Title: Astrovirology: how viruses enhance our understanding of life in the Universe

Journal Article · 05 April 2023 · International Journal of Astrobiology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550423000058 · OSTI ID:1968533

; Stedman, Kenneth M.; Bywaters, Kathryn F.; Matula, Emily E.; Sommers, Pacifica; Roux, Simon;

; Yin, John;

; Avila-Herrera, Aram; Johnson, Peter Anto; Johnson, John Christy; Borges, Schuyler;

; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer;

Abstract Viruses are the most numerically abundant biological entities on Earth. As ubiquitous replicators of molecular information and agents of community change, viruses have potent effects on the life on Earth, and may play a critical role in human spaceflight, for life-detection missions to other planetary bodies and planetary protection. However, major knowledge gaps constrain our understanding of the Earth's virosphere: (1) the role viruses play in biogeochemical cycles, (2) the origin(s) of viruses and (3) the involvement of viruses in the evolution, distribution and persistence of life. As viruses are the only replicators that span all known types of nucleic acids, an expanded experimental and theoretical toolbox built for Earth's viruses will be pivotal for detecting and understanding life on Earth and beyond. Only by filling in these knowledge and technical gaps we will obtain an inclusive assessment of how to distinguish and detect life on other planetary surfaces. Meanwhile, space exploration requires life-support systems for the needs of humans, plants and their microbial inhabitants. Viral effects on microbes and plants are essential for Earth's biosphere and human health, but virus–host interactions in spaceflight are poorly understood. Viral relationships with their hosts respond to environmental changes in complex ways which are difficult to predict by extrapolating from Earth-based proxies. These relationships should be studied in space to fully understand how spaceflight will modulate viral impacts on human health and life-support systems, including microbiomes. In this review, we address key questions that must be examined to incorporate viruses into Earth system models, life-support systems and life detection. Tackling these questions will benefit our efforts to develop planetary protection protocols and further our understanding of viruses in astrobiology.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Institutes of Health (NIH); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1968533

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-839210; PII: S1473550423000058

Journal Information:: International Journal of Astrobiology, Journal Name: International Journal of Astrobiology Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 22; ISSN 1473-5504

Publisher:: Cambridge University Press (CUP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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