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Title: Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3

Journal Article · · Physical Review. X
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We report on the population properties of compact binary mergers inferred from gravitational-wave observations of these systems during the first three LIGO-Virgo observing runs. The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 3 (GWTC-3) contains signals consistent with three classes of binary mergers: binary black hole, binary neutron star, and neutron star–black hole mergers. We infer the binary neutron star merger rate to be between 10 and 1700 Gpc 3 yr 1 and the neutron star–black hole merger rate to be between 7.8 and 140 Gpc 3 yr 1 , assuming a constant rate density in the comoving frame and taking the union of 90% credible intervals for methods used in this work. We infer the binary black hole merger rate, allowing for evolution with redshift, to be between 17.9 and 44 Gpc 3 yr 1 at a fiducial redshift ( z = 0.2 ). The rate of binary black hole mergers is observed to increase with redshift at a rate proportional to ( 1 + z ) κ with κ = 2. 9 1.8 + 1.7 for z 1 . Using both binary neutron star and neutron star–black hole binaries, we obtain a broad, relatively flat neutron star mass distribution extending from 1.2 0.2 + 0.1 to 2.0 0.3 + 0.3 M . We confidently determine that the merger rate as a function of mass sharply declines after the expected maximum neutron star mass, but cannot yet confirm or rule out the existence of a lower mass gap between neutron stars and black holes. We also find the binary black hole mass distribution has localized over- and underdensities relative to a power-law distribution, with peaks emerging at chirp masses of 8.3 0.5 + 0.3 and 27.9 1.8 + 1.9 M . While we continue to find that the mass distribution of a binary’s more massive component strongly decreases as a function of primary mass, we observe no evidence of a strongly suppressed merger rate above approximately 60 M , which would indicate the presence of a upper mass gap. Observed black hole spins are small, with half of spin magnitudes below χ i 0.25 . While the majority of spins are preferentially aligned with the orbital angular momentum, we infer evidence of antialigned spins among the binary population. We observe an increase in spin magnitude for systems with more unequal-mass ratio. We also observe evidence of misalignment of spins relative to the orbital angular momentum. Published by the American Physical Society 2023

Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
OSTI ID:
1963979
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2424565
Journal Information:
Physical Review. X, Journal Name: Physical Review. X Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 13; ISSN PRXHAE; ISSN 2160-3308
Publisher:
American Physical SocietyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral journal October 2017
When can Gravitational-Wave Observations Distinguish Between Black Holes and Neutron Stars? journal March 2013
Maximum black hole mass across cosmic time journal March 2021
Gamma-ray bursts as collimated jets from neutron star/black hole mergers journal January 1993
Gravitational-wave detection rates for compact binaries formed in isolation: LIGO/Virgo O3 and beyond journal September 2019
The impact of mass-transfer physics on the observable properties of field binary black hole populations journal March 2021
Precessional dynamics of black hole triples: binary mergers with near-zero effective spin journal July 2018
Chirp mass and spin of binary black holes from first star remnants journal September 2020
The impact of fallback on the compact remnants and chemical yields of core-collapse supernovae journal May 2020
A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary journal April 2013
3-OGC: Catalog of Gravitational Waves from Compact-binary Mergers journal November 2021
Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei journal November 2019
Picky Partners: The Pairing of Component Masses in Binary Black Hole Mergers journal March 2020
Flexible and fast estimation of binary merger population distributions with an adaptive kernel density estimator journal June 2022
Search for intermediate-mass black hole binaries in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo journal March 2022
Fingerprints of Binary Black Hole Formation Channels Encoded in the Mass and Spin of Merger Remnants journal May 2020
Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Mass Ejection, Electromagnetic Counterparts, and Nucleosynthesis journal December 2018
The Impact of Pair-instability Mass Loss on the Binary Black Hole Mass Distribution journal September 2019
Mass-gap Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei journal February 2021
Where Are LIGO’s Big Black Holes? journal December 2017
Multimessenger constraints on the neutron-star equation of state and the Hubble constant journal December 2020
Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817 journal November 2017
Distinguishing Compact Binary Population Synthesis Models Using Gravitational wave Observations of Coalescing Binary Black Holes journal August 2015
Final Compact Remnants in Core-collapse Supernovae from 20 to 40 M : The Lower Mass Gap journal February 2021
The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star journal October 1996
Exoplanet Population Inference and the Abundance of Earth Analogs from Noisy, Incomplete Catalogs journal October 2014
Progenitors of gravitational wave mergers: binary evolution with the stellar grid-based code ComBinE journal August 2018
GW150914: First results from the search for binary black hole coalescence with Advanced LIGO journal June 2016
Black Hole Coagulation: Modeling Hierarchical Mergers in Black Hole Populations journal April 2020
GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State journal October 2018
Binary Black Hole Population Properties Inferred from the First and Second Observing Runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo journal September 2019
A Triple Origin for the Heavy and Low-spin Binary Black Holes Detected by LIGO/VIRGO journal August 2018
Multi-messenger Bayesian parameter inference of a binary neutron-star merger journal August 2019
Merger rate of black hole binaries from globular clusters: Theoretical error bars and comparison to gravitational wave data from GWTC-2 journal December 2020
Black Hole Spin Evolution: Implications for Short‐Hard Gamma‐Ray Bursts and Gravitational Wave Detection journal July 2008
Illuminating Black hole Binary Formation Channels with Spins in Advanced ligo journal November 2016
Binary population synthesis with probabilistic remnant mass and kick prescriptions journal October 2020
Digging the population of compact binary mergers out of the noise journal January 2019
Population Properties of Gravitational-wave Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers journal April 2022
Hyper-Eddington accretion flows on to massive black holes journal April 2016
Misaligned spin and orbital axes cause the anomalous precession of DI Herculis journal September 2009
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger journal February 2016
Accuracy of inference on the physics of binary evolution from gravitational-wave observations journal April 2018
Using Spin to Understand the Formation of LIGO and Virgo’s Black Holes journal February 2018
Distinguishing spin-aligned and isotropic black hole populations with gravitational waves journal August 2017
The Mass Distribution of Stellar Black Holes journal May 1998
Spin misalignment of black hole binaries from young star clusters: implications for the origin of gravitational waves events journal April 2021
Estimation of the sensitive volume for gravitational-wave source populations using weighted Monte Carlo integration journal June 2018
Monte Carlo simulations of black hole mergers in AGN discs: Low χeff mergers and predictions for LIGO journal April 2020
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M journal March 2020
Determining the population properties of spinning black holes journal July 2017
Merging binary black holes formed through chemically homogeneous evolution in short-period stellar binaries journal February 2016
Binary black hole mergers from globular clusters: the impact of globular cluster properties journal August 2018
A new route towards merging massive black holes journal March 2016
The mass gap, the spin gap, and the origin of merging binary black holes journal August 2020
Heavy Double Neutron Stars: Birth, Midlife, and Death journal March 2021
Who Ordered That? Unequal-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers Have Larger Effective Spins journal November 2021
Sub-threshold Binary Neutron Star Search in Advanced LIGO’s First Observing Run journal June 2019
Mass and Rate of Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in Young, Globular and Nuclear Star Clusters journal September 2021
The Cosmic Merger Rate Density Evolution of Compact Binaries Formed in Young Star Clusters and in Isolated Binaries journal August 2020
Constraint on the maximum mass of neutron stars using GW170817 event journal July 2019
The Black hole mass Distribution in the Galaxy journal December 2010
Search for Eccentric Binary Black Hole Mergers with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo during Their First and Second Observing Runs journal September 2019
GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs journal September 2019
The Most Massive Binary Black Hole Detections and the Identification of Population Outliers journal March 2020
Redshift Evolution of the Black Hole Merger Rate from Globular Clusters journal October 2018
Formation of binary black holes similar to GW190521 with a total mass of ∼150 M⊙ from Population III binary star evolution journal December 2020
Parameter estimation for compact binaries with ground-based gravitational-wave observations using the LALInference software library journal February 2015
Very massive stars, pair-instability supernovae and intermediate-mass black holes with the sevn code journal June 2017
Addressing the spin question in gravitational-wave searches: Waveform templates for inspiralling compact binaries with nonprecessing spins journal October 2011
Slowing the spins of stellar cores journal February 2019
On the formation history of Galactic double neutron stars journal September 2018
The impact of star formation and gamma-ray burst rates at high redshift on cosmic chemical evolution and reionization journal January 2015
The Most Ordinary Formation of the Most Unusual Double Black Hole Merger journal December 2020
Black Holes in the Early Universe journal August 1974
Hierarchical Inference of Binary Neutron Star Mass Distribution and Equation of State with Gravitational Waves journal February 2022
The Time Delay Distribution and Formation Metallicity of LIGO-Virgo’s Binary Black Holes journal June 2021
Evidence for a maximum mass cut-off in the neutron star mass distribution and constraints on the equation of state journal April 2018
Probabilistic programming in Python using PyMC3 journal January 2016
Poking Holes: Looking for Gaps in LIGO/Virgo’s Black Hole Population journal May 2021
GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object journal June 2020
Gravitational-wave population inference at past time infinity journal January 2022
Gravitational-wave astrophysics with effective-spin measurements: Asymmetries and selection biases journal October 2018
The evolution and explosion of massive stars journal November 2002
The Mass Distribution of Neutron Stars in Gravitational-wave Binaries journal November 2021
Binary black hole mergers from LIGO/Virgo O1 and O2: Population inference combining confident and marginal events journal December 2020
Fast evaluation of multidetector consistency for real-time gravitational wave searches journal January 2020
Source properties of the lowest signal-to-noise-ratio binary black hole detections journal November 2020
The effect of pair-instability mass loss on black-hole mergers journal October 2016
Remnant baryon mass in neutron star-black hole mergers: Predictions for binary neutron star mimickers and rapidly spinning black holes journal October 2018
Black Hole and Neutron Star Binary Mergers in Triple Systems. II. Merger Eccentricity and Spin–Orbit Misalignment journal August 2019
Spin Evolution of Stellar-mass Black Hole Binaries in Active Galactic Nuclei journal August 2020
Understanding How Fast Black Holes Spin by Analyzing Data from the Second Gravitational-wave Catalogue journal March 2022
The effect of spin mismodelling on gravitational-wave measurements of the binary neutron star mass distribution journal February 2022
High eccentricities and high masses characterize gravitational-wave captures in galactic nuclei as seen by Earth-based detectors journal July 2021
Assessing gravitational-wave binary black hole candidates with Bayesian odds journal December 2021
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA journal September 2020
Masses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars journal September 2016
Hierarchical black hole mergers in multiple systems: constrain the formation of GW190412-, GW190814-, and GW190521-like events journal January 2021
Bayesian modeling of the nuclear equation of state for neutron star tidal deformabilities and GW170817 journal November 2019