Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region

Ball, Adam; Secondo, Ray; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Fomra, Dhruv; Ding, Kai; Avrutin, Vitaly; Özgür, Ümit; Kinsey, Nathaniel

doi:10.1088/2515-7647/acbdd7

Title: Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region

Journal Article · 05 March 2023 · JPhys Photonics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/acbdd7 · OSTI ID:1960082

; Secondo, Ray; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Fomra, Dhruv;

; Avrutin, Vitaly; Özgür, Ümit; Kinsey, Nathaniel

Abstract Strong nonlinear materials have been sought after for decades for applications in telecommunications, sensing, and quantum optics. Gallium-doped zinc oxide is a II–VI transparent conducting oxide that shows promising nonlinearities similar to indium tin oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide for the telecommunications band. Here we explore its nonlinearities in the epsilon near zero (ENZ) region and show n _2,eff values on the order of 4.5 × 10 ⁻³ cm ² GW ⁻¹ for IR pumping on 200–300 nm thin films. Measuring nonlinear changes in transmission and reflection with a white light source probe in the near-IR while exciting in the near-IR provides data in both time and wavelength. Three films varying in thickness, optical loss, and ENZ crossover wavelength are numerically modeled and compared to experimental data showing agreement for both dispersion and temporal relaxation. In addition, we discuss optimal excitation and probing wavelengths occur around ENZ for thick films but are red-shifted for thin films where our model provides an additional degree of freedom to explore. Obtaining accurate nonlinear measurements is a difficult and time-consuming task where our method in this paper provides experimental and modeled data to the community for an ENZ material of interest.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1960082

Journal Information:: JPhys Photonics, Journal Name: JPhys Photonics Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 5; ISSN 2515-7647

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (56)

Broadband, High‐Speed, and Large‐Amplitude Dynamic Optical Switching with Yttrium‐Doped Cadmium Oxide Saha, Soham; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Shank, Joshua Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908377	journal	December 2019
Atomic Layer Engineering of Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Ultrathin Films with Controllable Field Enhancement Gurung, Sudip; Anopchenko, Aleksei; Bej, Subhajit Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000844	journal	June 2020
Fast and Slow Nonlinearities in Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Materials Khurgin, Jacob B.; Clerici, Matteo; Kinsey, Nathaniel Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202000291	journal	December 2020
InGaN based light emitting diodes with Ga doped ZnO as transparent conducting oxide: InGaN based LEDs with Ga doped ZnO as transparent conducting oxide Li, X.; Liu, H. Y.; Liu, S. physica status solidi (a), Vol. 207, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201026053	journal	June 2010
Understanding all-optical switching at the epsilon-near-zero point: a tutorial review Fruhling, Colton; Ozlu, Mustafa Goksu; Saha, Soham Applied Physics B, Vol. 128, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-022-07756-4	journal	January 2022
Synthesis and optelectronic characterization of gallium doped zinc oxide transparent electrodes Hirata, G. A.; McKittrick, J.; Cheeks, T. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 288, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(96)08862-1	journal	November 1996
Highly stable transparent and conducting gallium-doped zinc oxide thin films for photovoltaic applications Fortunato, E.; Raniero, L.; Silva, L. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 92, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.07.009	journal	December 2008
Transparent conducting oxides for electrode applications in light emitting and absorbing devices Liu, Huiyong; Avrutin, V.; Izyumskaya, N. Superlattices and Microstructures, Vol. 48, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2010.08.011	journal	November 2010
Transparent conducting oxide films for thin film silicon photovoltaics Beyer, W.; Hüpkes, J.; Stiebig, H. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 516, Issue 2-4, p. 147-154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.08.110	journal	December 2007
Adiabatic Frequency Conversion Using a Time-Varying Epsilon-Near-Zero Metasurface Pang, Kai; Alam, M. Zahirul; Zhou, Yiyu Nano Letters, Vol. 21, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00550	journal	July 2021
Large Optical Nonlinearity of Dielectric Nanocavity-Assisted Mie Resonances Strongly Coupled to an Epsilon-near-Zero Mode Wang, Kuidong; Liu, Ai-Yin; Hsiao, Hui-Hsin Nano Letters, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03876	journal	January 2022
Gate-Tunable Conducting Oxide Metasurfaces Huang, Yao-Wei; Lee, Ho Wai Howard; Sokhoyan, Ruzan Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00555	journal	August 2016
Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Responses of Layered Epsilon-near-Zero Metamaterials at Visible Frequencies Suresh, Sisira; Reshef, Orad; Alam, M. Zahirul ACS Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01178	journal	December 2020
Photon Acceleration Using a Time-Varying Epsilon-near-Zero Metasurface Liu, Cong; Alam, M. Zahirul; Pang, Kai ACS Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01929	journal	February 2021
Epsilon-Near-Zero Si Slot-Waveguide Modulator Liu, Xiaoge; Zang, Kai; Kang, Ju-Hyung ACS Photonics, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00945	journal	October 2018
Controlling hybrid nonlinearities in transparent conducting oxides via two-colour excitation Clerici, M.; Kinsey, N.; DeVault, C. Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15829	journal	June 2017
Broadband frequency translation through time refraction in an epsilon-near-zero material Zhou, Yiyu; Alam, M. Zahirul; Karimi, Mohammad Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15682-2	journal	May 2020
All-optical switching of an epsilon-near-zero plasmon resonance in indium tin oxide Bohn, Justus; Luk, Ting Shan; Tollerton, Craig Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21332-y	journal	February 2021
Large optical nonlinearity of nanoantennas coupled to an epsilon-near-zero material Alam, M. Zahirul; Schulz, Sebastian A.; Upham, Jeremy Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-017-0089-9	journal	January 2018
Near-zero-index materials for photonics Kinsey, Nathaniel; DeVault, Clayton; Boltasseva, Alexandra Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0133-0	journal	September 2019
Electrically Tunable Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) Metafilm Absorbers Park, Junghyun; Kang, Ju-Hyung; Liu, Xiaoge Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15754	journal	November 2015
Insituinvestigation of the optoelectronic properties of transparent conducting oxide/amorphous silicon interfaces Drevillon, B.; Kumar, Satyendra; Roca i. Cabarrocas, P. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 54, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.101511	journal	May 1989
Gallium-doped zinc oxide films as transparent electrodes for organic solar cell applications Bhosle, V.; Prater, J. T.; Yang, Fan Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2750410	journal	July 2007
A real time ellipsometry study of the growth of amorphous silicon on transparent conducting oxides Kumar, Satyendra; Drevillon, B. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 65, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.342694	journal	April 1989
Transparent conducting oxide electro-optic modulators on silicon platforms: A comprehensive study based on the drift-diffusion semiconductor model Sinatkas, Georgios; Pitilakis, Alexandros; Zografopoulos, Dimitrios C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973896	journal	January 2017
Deterministic modeling of hybrid nonlinear effects in epsilon-near-zero thin films Secondo, R.; Ball, A.; Diroll, B. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077116	journal	January 2022
Transparent conducting oxides for active hybrid metamaterial devices Abb, Martina; Sepúlveda, Borja; Chong, Harold M. H. Journal of Optics, Vol. 14, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/14/11/114007	journal	July 2012
Post-2000 nonlinear optical materials and measurements: Data tables and best practices Vermeulen, Nathalie; Espinosa, Daniel; Ball, Adam Journal of Physics: Photonics https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac9e2f	journal	October 2022
Effect of two-beam coupling in strong-field optical pump-probe experiments Wahlstrand, J. K.; Odhner, J. H.; McCole, E. T. Physical Review A, Vol. 87, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.053801	journal	May 2013
Hot electron dynamics in ultrafast multilayer epsilon-near-zero metamaterials Rashed, Alireza R.; Yildiz, Bilge Can; Ayyagari, Surya R. Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.165301	journal	April 2020
Coherent perfect absorption in epsilon-near-zero metamaterials Feng, Simin; Halterman, Klaus Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.165103	journal	October 2012
ZnO as a Tunable Metal: New Types of Surface Plasmon Polaritons Kalusniak, S.; Sadofev, S.; Henneberger, F. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.137401	journal	April 2014
Optical Time Reversal from Time-Dependent Epsilon-Near-Zero Media Vezzoli, Stefano; Bruno, Vincenzo; DeVault, Clayton Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.043902	journal	January 2018
Nonlinear Optics at Low Light Levels Harris, S. E.; Hau, Lene Vestergaard Physical Review Letters, Vol. 82, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4611	journal	June 1999
Optical Properties of Gallium-Doped Zinc Oxide—A Low-Loss Plasmonic Material: First-Principles Theory and Experiment Kim, Jongbum; Naik, Gururaj V.; Gavrilenko, Alexander V. Physical Review X, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.3.041037	journal	December 2013
Digital Plasmonic Absorption Modulator Exploiting Epsilon-Near-Zero in Transparent Conducting Oxides Koch, U.; Hoessbacher, C.; Niegemann, J. IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2518861	journal	February 2016
Large optical nonlinearity of indium tin oxide in its epsilon-near-zero region Alam, M. Z.; De Leon, I.; Boyd, R. W. Science, Vol. 352, Issue 6287 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aae0330	journal	April 2016
Nonlinear Optical Phenomena and Materials Byer, R. L. Annual Review of Materials Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.04.080174.001051	journal	August 1974
Slow light in various media: a tutorial Khurgin, Jacob B. Advances in Optics and Photonics, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.2.000287	journal	January 2010
Transparent conducting oxides: from all-dielectric plasmonics to a new paradigm in integrated photonics Jaffray, Wallace; Saha, Soham; Shalaev, Vladimir M. Advances in Optics and Photonics, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.448391	journal	May 2022
Optical isolation with epsilon-near-zero metamaterials Davoyan, Arthur R.; Mahmoud, Ahmed M.; Engheta, Nader Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.003279	journal	February 2013
Optimizing epsilon-near-zero based plasmon assisted modulators through surface-to-volume ratio Sojib, Mohammad; Fomra, Dhruv; Avrutin, Vitaliy Optics Express, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.457063	journal	May 2022
Enhanced third-harmonic generation in Si-compatible epsilon-near-zero indium tin oxide nanolayers Capretti, Antonio; Wang, Yu; Engheta, Nader Optics Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.001500	journal	January 2015
Two-beam coupling by a hot electron nonlinearity Paul, J.; Miscuglio, M.; Gui, Y. Optics Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.413649	journal	January 2021
Absorptive loss and band non-parabolicity as a physical origin of large nonlinearity in epsilon-near-zero materials Secondo, Ray; Khurgin, Jacob; Kinsey, Nathaniel Optical Materials Express, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.394111	journal	January 2020
Al:ZnO as a platform for near-zero-index photonics: enhancing the doping efficiency of atomic layer deposition Fomra, D.; Ding, K.; Avrutin, V. Optical Materials Express, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.409347	journal	January 2020
Extremely large nondegenerate nonlinear index and phase shift in epsilon-near-zero materials [Invited] Benis, Sepehr; Munera, Natalia; Faryadras, Sanaz Optical Materials Express, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.464846	journal	September 2022
Degenerate optical nonlinear enhancement in epsilon-near-zero transparent conducting oxides Carnemolla, Enrico Giuseppe; Caspani, Lucia; DeVault, Clayton Optical Materials Express, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.8.003392	journal	January 2018
Reliable modeling of ultrathin alternative plasmonic materials using spectroscopic ellipsometry [Invited] Secondo, R.; Fomra, D.; Izyumskaya, N. Optical Materials Express, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.9.000760	journal	January 2019
Epsilon-near-zero Al-doped ZnO for ultrafast switching at telecom wavelengths Kinsey, N.; DeVault, C.; Kim, J. Optica, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.2.000616	journal	January 2015
Adiabatic frequency shifting in epsilon-near-zero materials: the role of group velocity Khurgin, Jacob B.; Clerici, Matteo; Bruno, Vincenzo Optica, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.374788	journal	January 2020
Spatiotemporal refraction of light in an epsilon-near-zero indium tin oxide layer: frequency shifting effects arising from interfaces Bohn, Justus; Luk, Ting Shan; Horsley, Simon Optica, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.436324	journal	December 2021
Transparent conducting oxides for electro-optical plasmonic modulators Babicheva, Viktoriia E.; Boltasseva, Alexandra; Lavrinenko, Andrei V. Nanophotonics, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0004	journal	June 2015
Indium-Tin-Oxide for High-performance Electro-optic Modulation Ma, Zhizhen; Li, Zhuoran; Liu, Ke Nanophotonics, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0006	journal	January 2015
Tunable indium tin oxide for metamaterial perfect absorbers and nonlinear devices Smith, Evan M.; Hendrickson, Joshua R.; Cleary, Justin W. MRS Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2020.62	journal	December 2020
Broad Frequency Shift of Parametric Processes in Epsilon-Near-Zero Time-Varying Media Bruno, Vincenzo; Vezzoli, Stefano; DeVault, Clayton Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041318	journal	February 2020

Similar Records

Dynamical Control of Broadband Coherent Absorption in ENZ Films

Journal Article · 2020 · Micromachines · OSTI ID:1803152

Bruno, Vincenzo; Vezzoli, Stefano; DeVault, Clayton; +5 more

Tailoring the Thickness‐Dependent Optical Properties of Conducting Nitrides and Oxides for Epsilon‐Near‐Zero‐Enhanced Photonic Applications

Journal Article · 2022 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1882966

Saha, Soham; Ozlu, Mustafa Goksu; Chowdhury, Sarah N.; +5 more

Engineering the temporal dynamics of all-optical switching with fast and slow materials

Journal Article · 2023 · Nature Communications · OSTI ID:2001335

Saha, Soham; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Ozlu, Mustafa Goksu; +8 more

Title: Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region

Citation Formats

References (56)

Similar Records

Related Subjects