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Title: Nucleosynthesis and observation of the heaviest elements

Journal Article · · European Physical Journal. A, Hadrons and Nuclei (Online)

Abstract The rapid neutron capture or ‘ r process’ of nucleosynthesis is believed to be responsible for the production of approximately half the natural abundance of heavy elements found on the periodic table above iron (with proton number $$Z=26$$ Z = 26 ) and all of the heavy elements above bismuth ( $$Z=83$$ Z = 83 ). In the course of creating the actinides and potentially superheavies, the r process must necessarily synthesize superheavy nuclei (those with extreme proton numbers, neutron numbers or both) far from isotopes accessible in the laboratory. Many questions about this process remain unanswered, such as ‘where in nature may this process occur?’ and ‘what are the heaviest species created by this process?’ In this review, we survey at a high level the nuclear properties relevant for the heaviest elements thought to be created in the r process. We provide a synopsis of the production and destruction mechanisms of these heavy species, in particular the actinides and superheavies, and discuss these heavy elements in relation to the astrophysical r process. We review the observational evidence of actinides found in the Solar system and in metal-poor stars and comment on the prospective of observing heavy-element production in explosive astrophysical events. Finally, we discuss the possibility that future observations and laboratory experiments will provide new information in understanding the production of the heaviest elements.

Research Organization:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Grant/Contract Number:
89233218CNA000001
OSTI ID:
1957690
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-23-21295; 28; PII: 927
Journal Information:
European Physical Journal. A, Hadrons and Nuclei (Online), Journal Name: European Physical Journal. A, Hadrons and Nuclei (Online) Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 59; ISSN 1434-601X
Publisher:
Springer NatureCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English

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Synthesis and decay properties of superheavy elements journal January 2006
First Spark Spectrum of Thorium—Classification and Zeeman Effect Data of Th II journal June 1942
Discovery of the element with atomic number Z = 118 completing the 7th row of the periodic table (IUPAC Technical Report) journal February 2016
Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report) journal February 2016
The Synthesis of New Neutron-Rich Heavy Nuclei journal March 2019
Nuclear Fission Dynamics: Past, Present, Needs, and Future journal March 2020
Microscopic Theory for Spontaneous Fission journal October 2020
A Brief Overview of Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers journal July 2020
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE WEAK, MAIN, AND FISSION-RECYCLING r -PROCESS journal January 2016
Charge Spectrum of Heavy and Superheavy Components of Galactic Cosmic Rays: Results of the Olimpiya Experiment journal September 2016
THE LINK BETWEEN RARE-EARTH PEAK FORMATION AND THE ASTROPHYSICAL SITE OF THE R PROCESS journal December 2016
The Origin of the Heaviest Metals in most Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies journal January 2017
RAVE J203843.2–002333: The First Highly R-process-enhanced Star Identified in the RAVE Survey journal July 2017
The Odd Isotope Fractions of Barium in the Strongly r-process-enhanced (r-II) Stars journal February 2018
The Origin of r -process Elements in the Milky Way journal March 2018
From Actinides to Zinc: Using the Full Abundance Pattern of the Brightest Star in Reticulum II to Distinguish between Different r -process Sites journal April 2018
The R -process Alliance: First Release from the Southern Search for R -process-enhanced Stars in the Galactic Halo journal May 2018
Stochastic Chemical Evolution of Galactic Subhalos and the Origin of r -process Elements journal September 2018
The R -Process Alliance: First Release from the Northern Search for r -process-enhanced Metal-poor Stars in the Galactic Halo journal November 2018
β -delayed Fission in r -process Nucleosynthesis journal December 2018
Actinide Production in the Neutron-rich Ejecta of a Neutron Star Merger journal December 2018
Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Mass Ejection, Electromagnetic Counterparts, and Nucleosynthesis journal December 2018
Probing the Production of Actinides under Different r-process Conditions journal July 2019
Actinide-rich and Actinide-poor r -process-enhanced Metal-poor Stars Do Not Require Separate r -process Progenitors journal August 2019
Gamma Rays from Kilonova: A Potential Probe of r -process Nucleosynthesis journal February 2020
Full Transport General Relativistic Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics for Nucleosynthesis in Collapsars journal October 2020
Modeling Kilonova Light Curves: Dependence on Nuclear Inputs journal January 2021
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Predictions of Neutron-rich Lanthanide Properties as a Probe of r -process Dynamics journal February 2021
Kilonovae Across the Nuclear Physics Landscape: The Impact of Nuclear Physics Uncertainties on r-process-powered Emission journal September 2021
r-Process Radioisotopes from Near-Earth Supernovae and Kilonovae journal December 2021
Isochronic Evolution and the Radioactive Decay of r-process Nuclei journal April 2022
Influence of Spontaneous Fission Rates on the r-process Nucleosynthesis journal June 2022
Gamma-Ray Diagnostics of r-process Nucleosynthesis in the Remnants of Galactic Binary Neutron-star Mergers journal July 2022
Constraining Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-driven Winds: Observations, Simulations, and Nuclear Physics journal August 2022
JINAbase—A Database for Chemical Abundances of Metal-poor Stars journal October 2018
The R-process Alliance: A Nearly Complete R-process Abundance Template Derived from Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the R-process-enhanced Metal-poor Star HD 222925* journal June 2022
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger journal October 2017
The R -Process Alliance: 2MASS J09544277+5246414, the Most Actinide-enhanced R -II Star Known journal June 2018
Californium-254 and Kilonova Light Curves journal August 2018
Viscous-dynamical Ejecta from Binary Neutron Star Mergers journal December 2018
Monte-Carlo Neutrino Transport in Neutron Star Merger Simulations journal October 2020
MeV Gamma Rays from Fission: A Distinct Signature of Actinide Production in Neutron Star Mergers journal October 2020
Radiogenic Heating and Its Influence on Rocky Planet Dynamos and Habitability journal November 2020
Astromers in the Radioactive Decay of r-process Nuclei journal May 2021
Black-hole–Neutron-star Mergers Are Unlikely Multimessenger Sources journal December 2021
The BRIKEN Project: Extensive Measurements of $\beta $-delayed Neutron Emitters for the Astrophysical r Process journal January 2018