Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits

Cardani, L.; Colantoni, I.; Cruciani, A.; De Dominicis, F.; D’Imperio, G.; Laubenstein, M.; Mariani, A.; Pagnanini, L.; Pirro, S.; Tomei, C.; Casali, N.; Ferroni, F.; Frolov, D.; Gironi, L.; Grassellino, A.; Junker, M.; Kopas, C.; Lachman, E.; McRae, C. R. H.; Mutus, J.; Nastasi, M.; Pappas, D. P.; Pilipenko, R.; Sisti, M.; Pettinacci, V.; Romanenko, A.; Van Zanten, D.; Vignati, M.; Withrow, J. D.; Zhelev, N. Z.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11199-2

Title: Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits

Journal Article · 30 January 2023 · European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11199-2 · OSTI ID:1922865

; Colantoni, I.; Cruciani, A.; De Dominicis, F.; D’Imperio, G.; Laubenstein, M.; Mariani, A.; Pagnanini, L.; Pirro, S.; Tomei, C.; Casali, N.; Ferroni, F.; Frolov, D.; Gironi, L.; Grassellino, A.; Junker, M.; Kopas, C.; Lachman, E.; McRae, C. R. H.; Mutus, J. more »

Abstract Radioactivity was recently discovered as a source of decoherence and correlated errors for the real-world implementation of superconducting quantum processors. In this work, we measure levels of radioactivity present in a typical laboratory environment (from muons, neutrons, and $$$$\gamma $$$$ $γ$ -rays emitted by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes) and in the most commonly used materials for the assembly and operation of state-of-the-art superconducting qubits. We present a GEANT-4 based simulation to predict the rate of impacts and the amount of energy released in a qubit chip from each of the mentioned sources. We finally propose mitigation strategies for the operation of next-generation qubits in a radio-pure environment.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: CNR, INO, Pisa; Central Florida U.; Colorado U.; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Gran Sasso; INFN, Aquila; INFN, Milan Bicocca; INFN, Rome; Milan Bicocca U.; NIST, Boulder; Northwestern U.; Queen's U., Kingston; Rigetti Computing; Rome U.; Rome U., Tor Vergata

Sponsoring Organization:: US Department of Energy; USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359

OSTI ID:: 1922865

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB-22-903-SQMS-TD; 94; PII: 11199

Journal Information:: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields (Online), Journal Name: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields (Online) Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 83; ISSN 1434-6052

Publisher:: Springer Science + Business MediaCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

References (52)

Geant4—a simulation toolkit Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8	journal	July 2003
Statistical analysis of low-level material screening measurements via gamma-spectroscopy Heisel, M.; Kaether, F.; Simgen, H. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 67, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.01.028	journal	May 2009
ACTIVIA: Calculation of isotope production cross-sections and yields Back, J. J.; Ramachers, Y. A. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 586, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.008	journal	February 2008
Low energy neutron background in deep underground laboratories Best, Andreas; Görres, Joachim; Junker, Matthias Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 812 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.12.034	journal	March 2016
Development of an alpha-particle imaging detector based on a low radioactivity micro-time-projection chamber Ito, H.; Hashimoto, T.; Miuchi, K. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 953 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163050	journal	February 2020
DIAMON: A portable, real-time and direction-aware neutron spectrometer for field characterization and dosimetry Pola, Andrea; Rastelli, Dario; Treccani, Matteo Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164078	journal	July 2020
TRIGA reactor absolute neutron flux measurement using activated isotopes Borio di Tigliole, A.; Cammi, A.; Chiesa, D. Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2013.10.001	journal	January 2014
Absolute spectrum and charge ratio of cosmic ray muons in the energy region from 0.2 GeV to 100 GeV at 600 m above sea level De Pascale, M. P.; Morselli, A.; Picozza, P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 98, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA02672	journal	March 1993
Coherent suppression of electromagnetic dissipation due to superconducting quasiparticles Pop, Ioan M.; Geerlings, Kurtis; Catelani, Gianluigi Nature, Vol. 508, Issue 7496 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13017	journal	April 2014
Evidence for interacting two-level systems from the 1/f noise of a superconducting resonator Burnett, J.; Faoro, L.; Wisby, I. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5119	journal	June 2014
Reducing the impact of radioactivity on quantum circuits in a deep-underground facility Cardani, L.; Valenti, F.; Casali, N. Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23032-z	journal	May 2021
Electric field spectroscopy of material defects in transmon qubits Lisenfeld, Jürgen; Bilmes, Alexander; Megrant, Anthony npj Quantum Information, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0224-1	journal	November 2019
Saving superconducting quantum processors from decay and correlated errors generated by gamma and cosmic rays Martinis, John M. npj Quantum Information, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00431-0	journal	June 2021
Entanglement across separate silicon dies in a modular superconducting qubit device Gold, Alysson; Paquette, J. P.; Stockklauser, Anna npj Quantum Information, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00484-1	journal	September 2021
Granular aluminium as a superconducting material for high-impedance quantum circuits Grünhaupt, Lukas; Spiecker, Martin; Gusenkova, Daria Nature Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0350-3	journal	April 2019
Resolving catastrophic error bursts from cosmic rays in large arrays of superconducting qubits McEwen, Matt; Faoro, Lara; Arya, Kunal Nature Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01432-8	journal	December 2021
Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor Arute, Frank; Arya, Kunal; Babbush, Ryan Nature, Vol. 574, Issue 7779 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5	journal	October 2019
Impact of ionizing radiation on superconducting qubit coherence Vepsäläinen, Antti P.; Karamlou, Amir H.; Orrell, John L. Nature, Vol. 584, Issue 7822 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2619-8	journal	August 2020
Correlated charge noise and relaxation errors in superconducting qubits Wilen, C. D.; Abdullah, S.; Kurinsky, N. A. Nature, Vol. 594, Issue 7863 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03557-5	journal	June 2021
Resolving the positions of defects in superconducting quantum bits Bilmes, Alexander; Megrant, Anthony; Klimov, Paul Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59749-y	journal	February 2020
Phonon traps reduce the quasiparticle density in superconducting circuits Henriques, Fabio; Valenti, Francesco; Charpentier, Thibault Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5124967	journal	November 2019
Materials loss measurements using superconducting microwave resonators McRae, C. R. H.; Wang, H.; Gao, J. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0017378	journal	September 2020
Reproducible coherence characterization of superconducting quantum devices McRae, Corey Rae H.; Stiehl, Gregory M.; Wang, Haozhi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0060370	journal	September 2021
Operating in a deep underground facility improves the locking of gradiometric fluxonium qubits at the sweet spots Gusenkova, Daria; Valenti, Francesco; Spiecker, Martin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0075909	journal	January 2022
Towards understanding two-level-systems in amorphous solids: insights from quantum circuits Müller, Clemens; Cole, Jared H.; Lisenfeld, Jürgen Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 82, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab3a7e	journal	October 2019
Performance of the EDELWEISS-III experiment for direct dark matter searches Armengaud, E.; Arnaud, Q.; Augier, C. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 12, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/08/P08010	journal	August 2017
Development of a compact muon veto for the Nucleus experiment Wagner, V.; Rogly, R.; Erhart, A. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 17, Issue 05 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/t05020	journal	May 2022
Sensor-Assisted Fault Mitigation in Quantum Computation Orrell, John L.; Loer, Ben Physical Review Applied, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.16.024025	journal	August 2021
Strong reduction of quasiparticle fluctuations in a superconductor due to decoupling of the quasiparticle number and lifetime de Rooij, Steven A. H.; Baselmans, Jochem J. A.; Murugesan, Vignesh Physical Review B, Vol. 104, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.L180506	journal	November 2021
Vertical muon intensity measured with MACRO at the Gran Sasso laboratory Ambrosio, M.; Antolini, R.; Auriemma, G. Physical Review D, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.52.3793	journal	October 1995
Muon “depth-intensity” relation measured by the LVD underground experiment and cosmic-ray muon spectrum at sea level Aglietta, M.; Alpat, B.; Alyea, E. D. Physical Review D, Vol. 58, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.58.092005	journal	October 1998
Direct Identification of Dilute Surface Spins on Al 2 O 3 : Origin of Flux Noise in Quantum Circuits de Graaf, S. E.; Adamyan, A. A.; Lindström, T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.057703	journal	January 2017
Fluctuations of Energy-Relaxation Times in Superconducting Qubits Klimov, P. V.; Kelly, J.; Chen, Z. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.090502	journal	August 2018
Decoherence in Josephson Qubits from Dielectric Loss Martinis, John M.; Cooper, K. B.; McDermott, R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.210503	journal	November 2005
Operating a passive on-chip superconducting circulator: Device control and quasiparticle effects Le, Dat Thanh; Müller, Clemens; Navarathna, Rohit Physical Review Research, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.043211	journal	December 2021
Relaxation and frequency shifts induced by quasiparticles in superconducting qubits Catelani, G.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Devoret, M. H. Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.84.064517	journal	August 2011
Phonon-mediated quasiparticle poisoning of superconducting microwave resonators Patel, U.; Pechenezhskiy, Ivan V.; Plourde, B. L. T. Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.96.220501	journal	December 2017
Design and characterization of a phonon-mediated cryogenic particle detector with an eV-scale threshold and 100 keV-scale dynamic range Ren, R.; Bathurst, C.; Chang, Y. Y. Physical Review D, Vol. 104, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.104.032010	journal	August 2021
Non-Poissonian Quantum Jumps of a Fluxonium Qubit due to Quasiparticle Excitations Vool, U.; Pop, I. M.; Sliwa, K. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.113.247001	journal	December 2014
Strong Quantum Computational Advantage Using a Superconducting Quantum Processor Wu, Yulin; Bao, Wan-Su; Cao, Sirui Physical Review Letters, Vol. 127, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.127.180501	journal	October 2021
Soft Errors in Advanced Computer Systems Baumann, R. IEEE Design and Test of Computers, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MDT.2005.69	journal	May 2005
Measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons on the ground Gordon, M. S.; Goldhagen, P.; Rodbell, K. P. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2004.839134	journal	December 2004
Cosmogenic activation of xenon and copper Baudis, Laura; Kish, Alexander; Piastra, Francesco The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 75, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3711-3	journal	October 2015
Material radioassay and selection for the XENON1T dark matter experiment Aprile, E.; Aalbers, J.; Agostini, F. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 77, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5329-0	journal	December 2017
Search for double $$\beta $$-decay modes of $$^{64}$$Zn using purified zinc Bellini, F.; Beretta, M.; Cardani, L. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 81, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08918-y	journal	February 2021
Monte Carlo simulation of particle detector data stream Beretta, M.; Biassoni, M.; Gironi, L. The European Physical Journal Plus, Vol. 136, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-01068-2	journal	January 2021
Cosmogenic activation of materials Cebrián, Susana International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 32, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X17430060	journal	October 2017
Low Background Radiation Detection Techniques and Mitigation of Radioactive Backgrounds Laubenstein, Matthias; Lawson, Ian Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2020.577734	journal	November 2020
US Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter 2017: Community Report Battaglieri, Marco; Belloni, Alberto; Chou, Aaron arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1707.04591	preprint	January 2017
Distributed quantum error correction for chip-level catastrophic errors Xu, Qian; Seif, Alireza; Yan, Haoxiong arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2203.16488	text	January 2022
One hundred second bit-flip time in a two-photon dissipative oscillator Berdou, C.; Murani, A.; Reglade, U. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2204.09128	preprint	January 2022
TLS Dynamics in a Superconducting Qubit Due to Background Ionizing Radiation Thorbeck, Ted; Eddins, Andrew; Lauer, Isaac arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2210.04780	preprint	January 2022

Similar Records

Background evaluations for the chiral magnetic effect with normalized correlators using a multiphase transport model

Journal Article · 2020 · European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields · OSTI ID:1634842

Choudhury, Subikash; Wang, Gang; He, Wanbing; +2 more

Status of the Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab

Journal Article · 2019 · SciPost Physics Proceedings · OSTI ID:1495515

Driutti, Anna

The Simulation and Design of an On-Chip Superconducting Millimetre Filter-Bank Spectrometer

Journal Article · 2022 · Journal of Low Temperature Physics · OSTI ID:1899627

Robson, G.; Anderson, A. J.; Barry, P. S.; +2 more

Related Subjects

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Title: Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits

Citation Formats

References (52)

Similar Records

Related Subjects