Title: Water-assisted mechanical testing of polymeric thin-films

Journal Article · · Journal of Polymer Science
ORCiD logo [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2]
  1. Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (United States); a. School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
  2. Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (United States)

Thin films with a nanometer-scale thickness are of great interest to both scientific and industrial communities due to their numerous applications and unique behaviors different from the bulk. However, the understanding of thin-film mechanics is still greatly hampered due to their intrinsic fragility and the lack of commercially available experimental instruments. In this review, we first discuss the progression of thin-film mechanical testing methods based on the supporting substrate: film-on-solid substrate method, film-on-water tensile tests, and water-assisted free-standing tensile tests. By comparing past studies on a model polymer, polystyrene, the effect of different substrates and confinement effect on the thin-film mechanics is evaluated. These techniques have generated fruitful scientific knowledge in the field of organic semiconductors for the understanding of structure–mechanical property relationships. Here, we end this review by providing our perspective for their bright prospects in much broader applications and materials of interest.

Research Organization:
Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (United States); University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0019361
OSTI ID:
1922153
Journal Information:
Journal of Polymer Science, Journal Name: Journal of Polymer Science Journal Issue: 7 Vol. 60; ISSN 2642-4150
Publisher:
WileyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (145)

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Bending of Inorganic Electronic Materials on Plastic Substrates journal September 2008
Inducing Elasticity through Oligo-Siloxane Crosslinks for Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconducting Polymers journal August 2016
Effect of Nonconjugated Spacers on Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers for Stretchable Transistors journal September 2018
An Intrinsically Stretchable High‐Performance Polymer Semiconductor with Low Crystallinity journal September 2019
Tacky Elastomers to Enable Tear‐Resistant and Autonomous Self‐Healing Semiconductor Composites journal May 2020
Toward the Prediction and Control of Glass Transition Temperature for Donor–Acceptor Polymers journal May 2020
Molecular Origin of Strain‐Induced Chain Alignment in PDPP‐Based Semiconducting Polymeric Thin Films journal March 2021
Enhanced Stiffness of Amorphous Polymer Surfaces under Confinement of Localized Contact Loads journal September 2007
Surface Wrinkling: A Versatile Platform for Measuring Thin-Film Properties journal September 2010
Conducting Polymer Dough for Deformable Electronics journal October 2015
In-Plane Deformation Mechanics for Highly Stretchable Electronics journal December 2016
Mechanical Properties in Metal-Organic Frameworks: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges for Device Functionality and Technological Applications journal November 2017
Camphor-Enabled Transfer and Mechanical Testing of Centimeter-Scale Ultrathin Films journal May 2018
Connecting the Mechanical and Conductive Properties of Conjugated Polymers journal December 2017
Stretchable Polymer Semiconductors for Plastic Electronics journal January 2018
The Critical Role of Electron‐Donating Thiophene Groups on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Polymers journal March 2019
Balancing Mechanical Stability and Ultrahigh Porosity in Crystalline Framework Materials journal October 2018
Glass Transition Phenomenon for Conjugated Polymers journal April 2019
Probing the Viscoelastic Property of Pseudo Free-Standing Conjugated Polymeric Thin Films journal May 2018
Rupture of rubber. I. Characteristic energy for tearing journal March 1953
Rupture of rubber. II. The strain concentration at an incision journal October 1955
Above, below, and in-between the two glass transitions of ultrathin free-standing polystyrene films: Thermal expansion coefficient and physical aging journal November 2014
Entanglements in P3HT and their influence on thin-film mechanical properties: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations journal April 2015
On the extreme depth dependence of the hardness of PDMS rubber: A problem of false surface detection journal August 2016
Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of confined amorphous polymers journal October 2017
Apparent depth-dependent modulus and hardness of polymers by nanoindentation: Investigation of surface detection error and pressure effects journal December 2017
Challenge and Solution of Characterizing Glass Transition Temperature for Conjugated Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry journal August 2019
Inherent flaw size and fracture energy of polystyrene journal October 1971
In-situ tensile testing of nano-scale specimens in SEM and TEM journal March 2002
Micro- and nanoscale tensile testing of materials journal March 2009
Measurement of mechanical properties by ultra-low load indentation journal September 1998
Tensile testing of free-standing Cu, Ag and Al thin films and Ag/Cu multilayers journal July 2000
A review on mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials—Graphene and beyond journal May 2017
Glass transition and chain mobility in thin polymer films journal October 2005
Structure-Mechanical Stability Relations of Metal-Organic Frameworks via Machine Learning journal July 2019
Molecular packing control enables excellent performance and mechanical property of blade-cast all-polymer solar cells journal May 2019
Impact of molecular mass on the elastic modulus of thin polystyrene films journal August 2010
Stress-strain measurement of ultra-thin polystyrene films: Film thickness and molecular weight dependence of crazing stress journal August 2017
Indentation testing of polystyrene through the glass transition journal October 2006
Tensile testing of freestanding polymer thin films with non-standard geometries journal November 2020
The impact of molecular weight on microstructure and charge transport in semicrystalline polymer semiconductors–poly(3-hexylthiophene), a model study journal December 2013
Toward mechanically robust and intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells: Evolution of photovoltaic properties with tensile strain journal December 2012
Skin-Inspired Electronics: An Emerging Paradigm journal April 2018
Tuning the Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Semiconductor by Modulating Hydrogen Bonding Interactions journal June 2020
Beyond Stretchability: Strength, Toughness, and Elastic Range in Semiconducting Polymers journal August 2020
Mechanical Properties of a Library of Low-Band-Gap Polymers journal March 2016
Mechanical Properties of Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Films: Role of Nanomorphology of Composite Films journal April 2017
Quantifying the Fracture Behavior of Brittle and Ductile Thin Films of Semiconducting Polymers journal November 2017
Tuning the Cross-Linker Crystallinity of a Stretchable Polymer Semiconductor journal November 2018
Importance of Critical Molecular Weight of Semicrystalline n-Type Polymers for Mechanically Robust, Efficient Electroactive Thin Films journal April 2019
The Importance of Entanglements in Optimizing the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells journal June 2019
Mechanical Properties of Organic Semiconductors for Stretchable, Highly Flexible, and Mechanically Robust Electronics journal March 2017
Impact of Backbone Rigidity on the Thermomechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers with Conjugation Break Spacers journal July 2020
Decoupling Poly(3-alkylthiophenes)’ Backbone and Side-Chain Conformation by Selective Deuteration and Neutron Scattering journal December 2020
Effect of Interfaces on the Glass Transition of Supported and Freestanding Polymer Thin Films journal June 2015
Tuning Mechanical and Optoelectrical Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through Systematic Regioregularity Control journal June 2015
Directly Measuring the Complete Stress–Strain Response of Ultrathin Polymer Films journal September 2015
50th Anniversary Perspective : Putting the Squeeze on Polymers: A Perspective on Polymer Thin Films and Interfaces journal May 2017
Glass Transition Temperature of Conjugated Polymers by Oscillatory Shear Rheometry journal June 2017
Correlating Crack Onset Strain and Cohesive Fracture Energy in Polymer Semiconductor Films journal October 2017
Confinement Effect on Strain Localizations in Glassy Polymer Films journal May 2018
Stretchable and Degradable Semiconducting Block Copolymers journal July 2018
Local Chain Alignment via Nematic Ordering Reduces Chain Entanglement in Conjugated Polymers journal December 2018
Entanglement Reduction Induced by Geometrical Confinement in Polymer Thin Films journal November 2018
Branched Polyethylene as a Plasticizing Additive to Modulate the Mechanical Properties of π-Conjugated Polymers journal October 2019
Using M w Dependence of Surface Dynamics of Glassy Polymers to Probe the Length Scale of Free-Surface Mobility journal January 2020
Unveiling the Stress–Strain Behavior of Conjugated Polymer Thin Films for Stretchable Device Applications journal March 2020
Multiamorphous Phases in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers: From Bulk to Ultrathin Films journal May 2020
Yield Point of Semiconducting Polymer Films on Stretchable Substrates Determined by Onset of Buckling journal October 2015
Mechanical Behavior of Free-Standing Fuel Cell Electrodes on Water Surface journal June 2016
Comparison of Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymer Films for Stretchable Electronics journal March 2017
Strain Rate and Thickness Dependences of Elastic Modulus of Free-Standing Polymer Nanometer Films journal October 2020
Local Glass Transition Temperature T g ( z ) Within Polystyrene Is Strongly Impacted by the Modulus of the Neighboring PDMS Domain journal October 2020
Measurement of Cohesion and Adhesion of Semiconducting Polymers by Scratch Testing: Effect of Side-Chain Length and Degree of Polymerization journal August 2018
Uniaxial Extension of Ultrathin Freestanding Polymer Films journal August 2019
Healing Graphene Defects Using Selective Electrochemical Deposition: Toward Flexible and Stretchable Devices journal December 2015
“Fibonacci’s Route” to Regioregular Oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s journal August 2013
Aggregation States of Polystyrene at Nonsolvent Interfaces journal May 2014
Elastic Moduli of Ultrathin Amorphous Polymer Films journal July 2006
Glass Transition Temperature of Polymer Nanoparticles under Soft and Hard Confinement journal May 2011
Distribution of Glass Transition Temperatures in Free-Standing, Nanoconfined Polystyrene Films: A Test of de Gennes’ Sliding Motion Mechanism journal June 2011
How Melt-Stretching Affects Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Glasses journal July 2012
Effect of Confinement on Stiffness and Fracture of Thin Amorphous Polymer Films journal November 2011
Architectural Engineering of Rod–Coil Compatibilizers for Producing Mechanically and Thermally Stable Polymer Solar Cells journal October 2014
Elastic Modulus of Amorphous Polymer Thin Films: Relationship to the Glass Transition Temperature journal August 2009
Chain conformation in ultrathin polymer films journal July 1999
Chemical, thermal and mechanical stabilities of metal–organic frameworks journal February 2016
Thin-film ferroelectric materials and their applications journal November 2016
Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels journal September 2012
Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array journal February 2018
Tensile testing of ultra-thin films on water surface journal October 2013
Fracture toughness of graphene journal April 2014
Flexible, highly efficient all-polymer solar cells journal October 2015
A buckling-based metrology for measuring the elastic moduli of polymeric thin films journal July 2004
Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin journal July 2016
The distribution of glass-transition temperatures in nanoscopically confined glass formers journal September 2003
Structure and design of polymers for durable, stretchable organic electronics journal September 2016
Elastic straining of free-standing monolayer graphene journal January 2020
SMART transfer method to directly compare the mechanical response of water-supported and free-standing ultrathin polymeric films journal April 2021
Morphable 3D mesostructures and microelectronic devices by multistable buckling mechanics journal January 2018
Multi-scale ordering in highly stretchable polymer semiconducting films journal April 2019
Thermal expansion behavior of thin films expanding freely on water surface journal May 2019
The development of flexible integrated circuits based on thin-film transistors journal January 2018
Enhanced mechanical properties of a metal–organic framework by polymer insertion journal January 2019
Influence of amide-containing side chains on the mechanical properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers journal January 2018
The effect of side-chain branch position on the thermal properties of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) journal January 2020
Interface and surface effects on the glass-transition temperature in thin polymer films journal January 1994
Stretchability of thin metal films on elastomer substrates journal October 2004
Combinatorial and high-throughput measurements of the modulus of thin polymer films journal June 2005
Elastic modulus of polystyrene film from near surface to bulk measured by nanoindentation using atomic force microscopy journal July 2006
Tensile testing of AlCu thin films on polyimide foils journal November 1999
A unifying framework to quantify the effects of substrate interactions, stiffness, and roughness on the dynamics of thin supported polymer films journal June 2015
Competition between deformability and charge transport in semiconducting polymers for flexible and stretchable electronics journal June 2016
A wrinkling-based method for investigating glassy polymer film relaxation as a function of film thickness and temperature journal October 2017
An electromechanical material testing system for in situ electron microscopy and applications journal September 2005
Fatigue-free, superstretchable, transparent, and biocompatible metal electrodes journal September 2015
Stretchable electronics: recent progress in the preparation of stretchable and self-healing semiconducting conjugated polymers journal December 2017
Nonlinear elastic behavior of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide journal January 2013
Quantifying glass transition behavior in ultrathin free-standing polymer films journal October 2000
Molecular weight dependence of reductions in the glass transition temperature of thin, freely standing polymer films journal February 2001
Two Simultaneous Mechanisms Causing Glass Transition Temperature Reductions in High Molecular Weight Freestanding Polymer Films as Measured by Transmission Ellipsometry journal November 2011
Onset of Plasticity in Thin Polystyrene Films journal February 2013
Effect of Free Surfaces on the Glass Transition Temperature of Thin Polymer Films journal September 1996
Vickers Indentation Curves of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) journal January 1984
The Glass Transition of Water, Based on Hyperquenching Experiments journal December 2001
Rheological Measurements of the Thermoviscoelastic Response of Ultrathin Polymer Films journal March 2005
Capillary Wrinkling of Floating Thin Polymer Films journal August 2007
Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene journal July 2008
Materials and Mechanics for Stretchable Electronics journal March 2010
Glass Transition Dynamics and Surface Layer Mobility in Unentangled Polystyrene Films journal June 2010
Nanomaterials in transistors: From high-performance to thin-film applications journal August 2015
Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect journal January 2017
Effects of entanglement concentration on Tg and local segmental motions journal May 2002
Molecular-weight dependence of the glass transition temperature of freely-standing poly(methyl methacrylate) films journal August 2006
The Effect of Pile-Up and Contact Area on Hardness Test by Nanoindentation journal July 2004
Skin mechanical properties and modeling: A review journal March 2018
Size-Dependent Depression of the Glass Transition Temperature in Polymer Films journal July 1994
Confinement effects on the chain conformation in thin polymer films journal January 2000
On the origin of indentation size effects and depth dependent mechanical properties of elastic polymers journal January 2016
An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments journal June 1992
Substrate effects on nanoindentation mechanical property measurement of soft films on hard substrates journal January 1999
Understanding nanoindentation unloading curves journal October 2002
Materials for stretchable electronics journal March 2012
Imperceptible organic electronics journal February 2017
Influence of side‐chain isomerization on the isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(3‐alkylthiophenes) journal January 2021