Understanding Synthesis and Structural Variation of Nanomaterials Through In Situ/Operando XAS and SAXS

Fang, Lingzhe; Seifert, Soenke; Winans, Randall E.; Li, Tao

doi:10.1002/smll.202106017

Title: Understanding Synthesis and Structural Variation of Nanomaterials Through In Situ/Operando XAS and SAXS

Journal Article · 09 February 2022 · Small

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202106017 · OSTI ID:1903019

Fang, Lingzhe ^[1]; Seifert, Soenke ^[2]; Winans, Randall E. ^[2];

^[3]

Northern Illinois Univ., DeKalb, IL (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Northern Illinois Univ., DeKalb, IL (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Nanostructured materials with high surface area and low coordinated atoms present distinct intrinsic properties from their bulk counterparts. However, nanomaterials' nucleation/growth mechanism during the synthesis process and the changes of the nanomaterials in the working state are still not thoroughly studied. As two indispensable methods, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provides nanomaterials' electronic structure and coordination environment, while small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) offers structural properties and morphology information. Here, a combination of in situ/operando XAS and SAXS provides high temporal and spatial resolution to monitor the evolution of nanomaterials. This review gives a brief introduction to in situ/operando SAXS/XAS cells. In addition, the application of in situ/operando XAS and SAXS in preparing nanomaterials and studying changes of working nanomaterials are summarized.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1903019

Journal Information:: Small, Journal Name: Small Journal Issue: 19 Vol. 18; ISSN 1613-6810

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (70)

Manganese Oxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Theranostic Applications Ding, Binbin; Zheng, Pan; Ma, Ping'an Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905823	journal	January 2020
Insights into the Nanostructure, Solvation, and Dynamics of Liquid Electrolytes through Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering Qian, Kun; Winans, Randall E.; Li, Tao Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002821	journal	December 2020
Surface Reconstruction of Ultrathin Palladium Nanosheets during Electrocatalytic CO ₂ Reduction Zhao, Yong; Tan, Xin; Yang, Wanfeng Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 132, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202009616	journal	September 2020
Electroreduction of CO ₂ on Single-Site Copper-Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Material: Selective Formation of Ethanol and Reversible Restructuration of the Metal Sites Karapinar, Dilan; Huan, Ngoc Tran; Ranjbar Sahraie, Nastaran Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907994	journal	September 2019
Size‐Dependent Activity and Selectivity of Atomic‐Level Copper Nanoclusters during CO/CO ₂ Electroreduction Rong, Weifeng; Zou, Haiyuan; Zang, Wenjie Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 60, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202011836	journal	October 2020
The Pyridyl Functional Groups Guide the Formation of Pd Nanoparticles Inside A Porous Poly(4-Vinyl-Pyridine) Groppo, Elena; Agostini, Giovanni; Borfecchia, Elisa ChemCatChem, Vol. 7, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500211	journal	July 2015
Effect of Particle Size upon Pt/SiO ₂ Catalytic Cracking of n -Dodecane under Supercritical Conditions: In situ SAXS and XANES Studies Lee, Sungwon; Lee, Sungsik; Kumbhalkar, Mrunmayi D. ChemCatChem, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600829	journal	November 2016
On the Formation of Palladium (II) Iodide Nanoparticles: An In Situ SAXS/XAS Study and Catalytic Evaluation on an Aryl Alkenylation Reaction in Water Medium Latocheski, Eloah; Marques, Marcelo V.; Albuquerque, Brunno L. ChemCatChem https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801817	journal	December 2018
Activation of Co−Mo−S Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Under Refinery Conditions‐A Combined SAXS/XAS Study Haandel, Lennart; Longo, Alessandro; Bras, Wim ChemCatChem, Vol. 11, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201901390	journal	September 2019
Few‐Layered Tin Sulfide Nanosheets Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide as a High‐Performance Anode for Potassium‐Ion Batteries Fang, Lingzhe; Xu, Jing; Sun, Shuo Small https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201804806	journal	February 2019
Operando XAS/SAXS: Guiding Design of Single‐Atom and Subnanocluster Catalysts Fang, Lingzhe; Seifert, Soenke; Winans, Randall E. Small Methods, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202001194	journal	February 2021
A Review of Grazing Incidence Small‐ and Wide‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering Techniques for Exploring the Film Morphology of Organic Solar Cells Mahmood, Asif; Wang, Jin‐Liang Solar RRL, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000337	journal	August 2020
Switchable CO2 electroreduction via engineering active phases of Pd nanoparticles Gao, Dunfeng; Zhou, Hu; Cai, Fan Nano Research, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1514-6	journal	April 2017
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Nanoscale Electrocatalysts Wang, Maoyu; Árnadóttir, Líney; Xu, Zhichuan J. Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0277-x	journal	June 2019
A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries Zhang, Wei-Jun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.07.020	journal	January 2011
Monitoring and quantifying morphological and structural changes in electrode materials under operando conditions Fehse, Marcus; Hogan, Matteo P.; Pang, Sally Hiu-Tung Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 478 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228685	journal	December 2020
Prospective of combustion method for preparation of nanomaterials: A challenge Parauha, Yatish R.; Sahu, Vaibhavi; Dhoble, S. J. Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 267 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2021.115054	journal	May 2021
Preparation of silicon nanomaterials by arc discharge Shah, Sayyar A.; Cui, Shen Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.06.037	journal	December 2015
Simultaneous measurement of X-ray small angle scattering, absorption and reactivity: A continuous flow catalysis reactor Lee, Sungsik; Lee, Byeongdu; Seifert, Soenke Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 649, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.12.172	journal	September 2011
Restructuring in block copolymer thin films: In situ GISAXS investigations during solvent vapor annealing Posselt, Dorthe; Zhang, Jianqi; Smilgies, Detlef-M. Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.009	journal	March 2017
Exploring Pore Formation of Atomic Layer-Deposited Overlayers by in Situ Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Li, Tao; Karwal, Saurabh; Aoun, Bachir Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03222	journal	September 2016
In Situ / Operando Electrocatalyst Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Timoshenko, Janis; Roldan Cuenya, Beatriz Chemical Reviews, Vol. 121, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00396	journal	September 2020
Small Angle X-ray Scattering for Nanoparticle Research Li, Tao; Senesi, Andrew J.; Lee, Byeongdu Chemical Reviews, Vol. 116, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00690	journal	April 2016
Emerging Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis Jin, Huanyu; Guo, Chunxian; Liu, Xin Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00689	journal	March 2018
Two-Dimensional Metal Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Chen, Ye; Fan, Zhanxi; Zhang, Zhicheng Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00727	journal	June 2018
Temperature-Dependent Evolution of the Oxidation States of Cobalt and Platinum in Co _{1– x} Pt _x Clusters under H ₂ and CO + H ₂ Atmospheres Yang, Bing; Khadra, Ghassan; Tuaillon-Combes, Juliette The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06483	journal	September 2016
Revisiting the ZnO Q-dot Formation Toward an Integrated Growth Model: From Coupled Time Resolved UV–Vis/SAXS/XAS Data to Multivariate Analysis Caetano, Bruno L.; Briois, Valérie; Pulcinelli, Sandra H. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b10062	journal	December 2016
Inherent Size Effects on XANES of Nanometer Metal Clusters: Size-Selected Platinum Clusters on Silica Dai, Yang; Gorey, Timothy J.; Anderson, Scott L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b10167	journal	December 2016
In Situ Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Small Angle X-ray Scattering Revealed an Unexpected Phase Structure Transformation during the Growth of Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles Tan, Yuanyuan; Sun, Dongbai; Yu, Hongying The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b03883	journal	June 2018
Subnanometer Substructures in Nanoassemblies Formed from Clusters under a Reactive Atmosphere Revealed Using Machine Learning Timoshenko, Janis; Halder, Avik; Yang, Bing The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07952	journal	August 2018
Insights from In Situ Studies on the Early Stages of Platinum Nanoparticle Formation Mathiesen, Jette K.; Quinson, Jonathan; Dworzak, Alexandra The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00241	journal	March 2021
A New Insight into Growth Mechanism and Kinetics of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles by in Situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering Yi, Zhifeng; Dumée, Ludovic F.; Garvey, Christopher J. Langmuir, Vol. 31, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01637	journal	July 2015
Structure-Sensitive CO ₂ Electroreduction to Hydrocarbons on Ultrathin 5-fold Twinned Copper Nanowires Li, Yifan; Cui, Fan; Ross, Michael B. Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05287	journal	January 2017
Ultrathin Bismuth Nanosheets for Stable Na-Ion Batteries: Clarification of Structure and Phase Transition by in Situ Observation Huang, Yaxin; Zhu, Chongyang; Zhang, Shengli Nano Letters, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04417	journal	January 2019
Encapsulation Methods for Control of Catalyst Deactivation: A Review Otor, Hope O.; Steiner, Joshua B.; García-Sancho, Cristina ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c01569	journal	June 2020
CO ₂ Methanation on Cu-Cluster Decorated Zirconia Supports with Different Morphology: A Combined Experimental In Situ GIXANES/GISAXS, Ex Situ XPS and Theoretical DFT Study Halder, Avik; Lenardi, Cristina; Timoshenko, Janis ACS Catalysis, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c05029	journal	May 2021
In Situ XAS/SAXS Study of Al ₂ O ₃ -Coated PtGa Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation Srinath, Nadadur Veeraraghavan; Longo, Alessandro; Poelman, Hilde ACS Catalysis, Vol. 11, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c03146	journal	August 2021
Combining SAXS and XAS To Study the Operando Degradation of Carbon-Supported Pt-Nanoparticle Fuel Cell Catalysts Povia, Mauro; Herranz, Juan; Binninger, Tobias ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b01321	journal	June 2018
Dynamic Behavior of Pd/P4VP Catalyst during the Aerobic Oxidation of 2-Propanol: A Simultaneous SAXS/XAS/MS Operando Study Groppo, Elena; Lazzarini, Andrea; Carosso, Michele ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b01421	journal	June 2018
Insights into the Degradation Mechanism of Nanoporous Alloy-Type Li-Ion Battery Anodes Corsi, John S.; Welborn, Samuel S.; Stach, Eric A. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00324	journal	April 2021
Mechanisms of SnO ₂ Nanoparticles Formation and Growth in Acid Ethanol Solution Derived from SAXS and Combined Raman–XAS Time-Resolved Studies Caetano, Bruno L.; Meneau, Florian; Santilli, Celso V. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm5032688	journal	November 2014
Direct Synthesis of Controllable Microstructures of Thermally Stable and Ordered Mesoporous Crystalline Titanium Oxides and Carbide/Carbon Composites Huang, Chun-Hsien; Gu, Dong; Zhao, Dongyuan Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm903207q	journal	March 2010
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Low Temperature Fuel Cell Catalysts Russell, Andrea E.; Rose, Abigail Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020708r	journal	October 2004
Concerted Growth and Ordering of Cobalt Nanorod Arrays as Revealed by Tandem in Situ SAXS-XAS Studies Cormary, Benoit; Li, Tao; Liakakos, Nikos Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b01929	journal	June 2016
Reduction-Triggered Self-Assembly of Nanoscale Molybdenum Oxide Molecular Clusters Yin, Panchao; Wu, Bin; Li, Tao Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b05882	journal	August 2016
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of a Synergistic Co–Mn Oxide Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Yang, Yao; Wang, Ying; Xiong, Yin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b12243	journal	December 2018
Evolution Pathway from Iron Compounds to Fe ₁ (II)–N ₄ Sites through Gas-Phase Iron during Pyrolysis Li, Jingkun; Jiao, Li; Wegener, Evan Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 142, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b11197	journal	December 2019
Formation and Growth of Pd Nanoparticles Inside a Highly Cross-Linked Polystyrene Support: Role of the Reducing Agent Groppo, Elena; Agostini, Giovanni; Borfecchia, Elisa The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5003897	journal	April 2014
Promises and challenges of nanomaterials for lithium-based rechargeable batteries Sun, Yongming; Liu, Nian; Cui, Yi Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.71	journal	June 2016
The role of nanotechnology in the development of battery materials for electric vehicles Lu, Jun; Chen, Zonghai; Ma, Zifeng Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.207	journal	December 2016
Highly selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to ethanol by metallic clusters dynamically formed from atomically dispersed copper Xu, Haiping; Rebollar, Dominic; He, Haiying Nature Energy, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0666-x	journal	July 2020
Following the structure of copper-zinc-alumina across the pressure gap in carbon dioxide hydrogenation Beck, Arik; Zabilskiy, Maxim; Newton, Mark A. Nature Catalysis, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00625-x	journal	June 2021
Size- and shape-dependent catalytic performances of oxidation and reduction reactions on nanocatalysts Cao, Shaowen; Tao, Franklin (Feng); Tang, Yu Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 45, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00094K	journal	January 2016
In situ , operando studies on the size and structure of supported Pt catalysts under supercritical conditions by simultaneous synchrotron-based X-ray techniques Lee, Sungwon; Lee, Sungsik; Gerceker, Duygu Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP00347A	journal	January 2019
Operando X-ray characterization of high surface area iridium oxides to decouple their activity losses for the oxygen evolution reaction Povia, Mauro; Abbott, Daniel F.; Herranz, Juan Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE01018A	journal	January 2019
An in situ SAXS investigation of the formation of silver nanoparticles and bimetallic silver–gold nanoparticles in controlled wet-chemical reduction synthesis Garcia, Paulo R. A. F.; Prymak, Oleg; Grasmik, Viktoria Nanoscale Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00569B	journal	January 2020
Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges Baig, Nadeem; Kammakakam, Irshad; Falath, Wail Materials Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00807A	journal	January 2021
The role of pre-nucleation clusters in the crystallization of gold nanoparticles Ramamoorthy, Raj Kumar; Yildirim, Ezgi; Barba, Enguerrand Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR03486J	journal	January 2020
Following the formation of nanometer-sized clusters by time-resolved SAXS and EXAFS techniques Meneau, Florian; Sankar, Gopinathan; Morgante, Norberto Faraday Discussions, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1039/b203142f	journal	October 2002
Combined TPRx, in situ GISAXS and GIXAS studies of model semiconductor-supported platinum catalysts in the hydrogenation of ethene Wyrzgol, Sonja A.; Schäfer, Susanne; Lee, Sungsik Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/b926493k	journal	January 2010
Nanostructured metal chalcogenides: synthesis, modification, and applications in energy conversion and storage devices Gao, Min-Rui; Xu, Yun-Fei; Jiang, Jun Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35310e	journal	January 2013
Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage Zhang, Qifeng; Uchaker, Evan; Candelaria, Stephanie L. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs00009e	journal	January 2013
Copper nanoparticle ensembles for selective electroreduction of CO ₂ to C ₂ –C ₃ products Kim, Dohyung; Kley, Christopher S.; Li, Yifan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711493114	journal	September 2017
A versatile sample-environment cell for non-ambient X-ray scattering experiments Chupas, Peter J.; Chapman, Karena W.; Kurtz, Charles Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 41, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889808020165	journal	July 2008
The AMPIX electrochemical cell: a versatile apparatus for in situ X-ray scattering and spectroscopic measurements Borkiewicz, Olaf J.; Shyam, Badri; Wiaderek, Kamila M. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 45, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889812042720	journal	November 2012
A radially accessible tubular in situ X-ray cell for spatially resolved operando scattering and spectroscopic studies of electrochemical energy storage devices Liu, Hao; Allan, Phoebe K.; Borkiewicz, Olaf J. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 49, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716012632	journal	September 2016
Electrochemical Flow-Cell Setup for In Situ X-ray Investigations: I. Cell for SAXS and XAS at Synchrotron Facilities Binninger, Tobias; Fabbri, Emiliana; Patru, Alexandra Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0201610jes	journal	January 2016
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Technique for the Particle Size Distribution of Nonporous Nanoparticles Agbabiaka, A.; Wiltfong, M.; Park, C. Journal of Nanoparticles, Vol. 2013 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/640436	journal	December 2013
Review of Research on Template Methods in Preparation of Nanomaterials Xie, Yadian; Kocaefe, Duygu; Chen, Chunying Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol. 2016 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2302595	journal	January 2016
Heterogeneous Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration: A Review Argyle, Morris; Bartholomew, Calvin Catalysts, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal5010145	journal	February 2015

Similar Records

Operando XAS/SAXS: Guiding Design of Single-Atom and Subnanocluster Catalysts

Journal Article · 2021 · Small Methods · OSTI ID:1818452

Fang, Lingzhe; Seifert, Soenke; Winans, Randall E.; +1 more

Combining SAXS and XAS To Study the Operando Degradation of Carbon-Supported Pt-Nanoparticle Fuel Cell Catalysts

Journal Article · 2018 · ACS Catalysis · OSTI ID:1478120

Povia, Mauro; Herranz, Juan; Binninger, Tobias; +6 more

Ex Situ and Operando XRD and XAS Analysis of MoS₂: A Lithiation Study of Bulk and Nanosheet Materials

Journal Article · 2019 · ACS Applied Energy Materials · OSTI ID:1604319

Quilty, Calvin D.; Housel, Lisa M.; Bock, David C.; +8 more

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
catalyst
catalysts
energy storage
in situ/operando XAS/SAXS
nanomaterials

Title: Understanding Synthesis and Structural Variation of Nanomaterials Through In Situ/Operando XAS and SAXS

Citation Formats

References (70)

Similar Records

Related Subjects