Mercury and Radiocesium Accumulation and Associations With Sublethal Endpoints in the Florida Green Watersnake (Nerodia floridana)

Brown, Marty Kyle; Haskins, David Lee; Russell, Amelia L.; Lambert, Michaela L.; Quick, Caleigh E.; Pilgrim, Melissa A.; Tuberville, Tracey D.

doi:10.1002/etc.5281

Title: Mercury and Radiocesium Accumulation and Associations With Sublethal Endpoints in the Florida Green Watersnake (Nerodia floridana)

Journal Article · 02 February 2022 · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5281 · OSTI ID:1898631

Brown, Marty Kyle ^[1]; Haskins, David Lee ^[2]; Russell, Amelia L. ^[2]; Lambert, Michaela L. ^[3]; Quick, Caleigh E. ^[4]; Pilgrim, Melissa A. ^[5]; Tuberville, Tracey D. ^[6]

Univ. of Georgia, Aiken, SC (United States); Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States); University of Georgia Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
Univ. of Georgia, Aiken, SC (United States); Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
Univ. of Georgia, Aiken, SC (United States); Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)
Univ. of Georgia, Aiken, SC (United States); State University of New York, Syracuse, NY (United States)
Univ. of South Carolina, Upstate Spartanburg, SC (United States)
Univ. of Georgia, Aiken, SC (United States)

Mercury (Hg) and radiocesium (¹³⁷Cs) are well-known environmental contaminants with the potential to impact the health of humans and wildlife. Snakes have several characteristics conducive to studying environmental contamination but have rarely been included in the monitoring of polluted sites. We investigated the bioaccumulation of Hg and ¹³⁷Cs and associations with sublethal effects (standard metabolic rate [SMR] and hemoparasite infections) in Florida green watersnakes (Nerodia floridana). We captured 78 snakes from three former nuclear cooling reservoirs on the US Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina (USA). For captured snakes, we (1) determined whole-body ¹³⁷Cs, (2) quantified total Hg (THg) using snake tail clips, (3) conducted hemoparasite counts, and (4) measured the SMR. We used multiple regression models to determine associations among snake body size, capture location, sex, tail THg, whole-body ¹³⁷Cs, Hepatozoon spp. prevalence and parasitemia, and SMR. Average whole-body ¹³⁷Cs (0.23 ± 0.08 Becquerels [Bq]/g; range: 0.00–1.02 Bq/g) was correlated with snake body size and differed significantly by capture site (Pond B: 0.67 ± 0.05 Bq/g; Par Pond: 0.10 ± 0.02 Bq/g; Pond 2: 0.03 ± 0.02 Bq/g). Tail THg (0.33 ± 0.03 mg/kg dry wt; range: 0.16–2.10 mg/kg) was significantly correlated with snake body size but did not differ by capture site. We found no clear relationship between SMR and contaminant burdens. However, models indicated that the prevalence of Hepatozoon spp. in snakes was inversely related to increasing whole-body ¹³⁷Cs burdens. Our results indicate the bioaccumulation of Hg and ¹³⁷Cs in N. floridana and further demonstrate the utility of aquatic snakes as bioindicators. Furthermore, our results also suggest a decrease in Hepatozoon spp. prevalence related to increased burdens of ¹³⁷Cs. Although the results are intriguing, further research is needed to understand the dynamics between ¹³⁷Cs and Hepatozoon spp. infections in semiaquatic snakes.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Savannah River National Lab (SRNL), Aiken, SC (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: EM0004391; EM0005228; FC09-07SR22506

OSTI ID:: 1898631

Journal Information:: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Name: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 41; ISSN 0730-7268

Publisher:: SETACCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (80)

High levels of maternally transferred mercury do not affect reproductive output or embryonic survival of northern watersnakes ( Nerodia sipedon ) Chin, Stephanie Y.; Willson, John D.; Cristol, Daniel A. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2095	journal	February 2013
INTER- AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN MERCURY BIOACCUMULATION BY SNAKES INHABITING A CONTAMINATED RIVER FLOODPLAIN: Variation in mercury bioaccumulation by snakes Drewett, David V. V.; Willson, John D.; Cristol, Daniel A. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2157	journal	April 2013
The interactive effects of chytrid fungus, pesticides, and exposure timing on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larvae Hanlon, Shane M.; Parris, Matthew J. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2419	journal	November 2013
Mercury speciation and biomagnification in the food web of Caddo Lake, Texas and Louisiana, USA, a subtropical freshwater ecosystem Chumchal, Matthew M.; Rainwater, Thomas R.; Osborn, Steven C. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.477	journal	March 2011
The association of DNA damage to concentrations of mercury and radiocesium in largemouth bass Sugg, Derrick W.; Chesser, Ronald K.; Brooks, Janet A. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620140414	journal	April 1995
Effects of mercury on wildlife: A comprehensive review Wolfe, Marti F.; Schwarzbach, Steven; Sulaiman, Rini A. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170203	journal	February 1998
Elevated trace element concentrations and standard metabolic rate in banded water snakes ( Nerodia fasciata ) exposed to coal combustion wastes Hopkins, William A.; Rowe, Christopher L.; Congdon, Justin D. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180627	journal	June 1999
Reptile toxicology: Challenges and opportunities on the last frontier in vertebrate ecotoxicology Hopkins, William A. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620191001	journal	October 2000
Effects of ionizing radiation on wildlife: What knowledge have we gained between the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents? Beresford, Nicholas A.; Copplestone, David Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.238	journal	June 2011
Trace elements and radiocesium in game species near contaminated sites: Game Species Contamination Risk Oldenkamp, Ricki E.; Bryan, Albert L.; Kennamer, Robert A. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 81, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21314	journal	August 2017
Practical Use of the Information-Theoretic Approach Burnham, Kenneth P.; Anderson, David R. Model Selection and Inference https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2917-7_3	book	January 1998
Trace element levels in pine snake hatchlings: Tissue and temporal differences Burger, Joanna Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213287	journal	February 1992
The effects of poly chlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury, singly and in combination, on Mink. I: Uptake and toxic responses Wren, C. D.; Hunter, D. B.; Leatherland, J. F. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055265	journal	July 1987
Mercury Concentrations in Invasive Burmese Pythons (Python bivitattus) of Southwest Florida Rumbold, Darren G.; Bartoszek, Ian A. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 103, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02670-6	journal	June 2019
Accumulation and Selective Maternal Transfer of Contaminants in the Turtle Trachemys scripta Associated with Coal Ash Deposition D. Nagle, C. L. Rowe, J. D. Congdon, R. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 40, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010206	journal	April 2001
Element Levels in Snakes in South Carolina: Differences Between a Control Site and Exposed Site on the Savannah River Site Burger, J.; Murray, S.; Gaines, K. F. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 112, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-0695-3	journal	January 2006
Landscape-Scale Effects of Supra-Seasonal Drought on Semi-Aquatic Snake Assemblages Vogrinc, Philip N.; Durso, Andrew M.; Winne, Christopher T. Wetlands, Vol. 38, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1009-6	journal	February 2018
Effects of radioactive fallout on soil animal populations in the 30 km zone of the Chernobyl atomic power station Krivolutzkii, D. A.; Pokarzhevskii, A. D. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 112, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90239-O	journal	February 1992
Susceptibility of DNA in aquatic organisms to strand breakage: Effect of x-rays and gamma radiation Shugart, L. R.; Gustin, M. K.; Laird, D. M. Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 28, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(89)90257-2	journal	January 1989
Influence of pregnancy on oxygen consumption, heart rate and hematology in the garter snake: Implications for the “cost of reproduction” in live bearing reptiles Birchard, Geoffrey F.; Black, Craig P.; Schuett, Gordon W. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(84)90221-4	journal	January 1984
The fate of radiocesium in freshwater communities—Why is biomagnification variable both within and between species? Rowan, David J.; Chant, Lorna A.; Rasmussen, Joseph B. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(97)00066-0	journal	July 1998
Nondestructive indices of trace element exposure in squamate reptiles Hopkins, W. A.; Roe, J. H.; Snodgrass, J. W. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 115, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00098-7	journal	November 2001
Metabolic costs incurred by crayfish (Procambarus acutus) in a trace element-polluted habitat: further evidence of similar responses among diverse taxonomic groups Rowe, Christopher L.; Hopkins, William A.; Zehnder, Caralyn Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Vol. 129, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00204-6	journal	July 2001
Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000 Pacyna, Elisabeth G.; Pacyna, Jozef M.; Steenhuisen, Frits Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.041	journal	July 2006
Needles in haystacks: Estimating detection probability and occupancy of rare and cryptic snakes Durso, Andrew M.; Willson, John D.; Winne, Christopher T. Biological Conservation, Vol. 144, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.020	journal	May 2011
Radiocesium (137Cs) accumulation by fish within a legacy reactor cooling canal system on the Savannah River Site Fulghum, Christina M.; DiBona, Elizabeth R.; Leaphart, James C. Environment International, Vol. 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.039	journal	May 2019
Sources and remediation for mercury contamination in aquatic systems—a literature review Wang, Qianrui; Kim, Daekeun; Dionysiou, Dionysios D. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 131, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.01.010	journal	September 2004
Altered behavior of neonatal northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) exposed to maternally transferred mercury Chin, Stephanie Y.; Willson, John D.; Cristol, Daniel A. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.030	journal	May 2013
Non-destructive techniques for biomonitoring of spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns of mercury bioaccumulation and maternal transfer in turtles Hopkins, Brittney C.; Hepner, Mark J.; Hopkins, William A. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.018	journal	June 2013
Accumulation of coal combustion residues and their immunological effects in the yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) Haskins, David L.; Hamilton, Matthew T.; Jones, Amanda L. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.048	journal	May 2017
Coal combustion residues and their effects on trace element accumulation and health indices of eastern mud turtles (Kinosternon subrubrum) Cochran, Jarad P.; Haskins, David L.; Eady, Naya A. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.035	journal	December 2018
Multi-decadal trends in mercury and methylmercury concentrations in the brown watersnake (Nerodia taxispilota) Haskins, David L.; Brown, M. Kyle; Qin, Chongyang Environmental Pollution, Vol. 276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116722	journal	May 2021
Investigating the role of urbanisation, wetlands and climatic conditions in nematode parasitism in a large Australian elapid snake Lettoof, Damian; von Takach, Brenton; Bateman, P. W. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.11.006	journal	April 2020
Estimation of radiation doses from 137Cs to frogs in a wetland ecosystem Stark, K.; Avila, R.; Wallberg, P. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 75, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.12.011	journal	January 2004
Radiocesium in migratory aquatic game birds using contaminated U.S. Department of Energy reactor-cooling reservoirs: A long-term perspective Kennamer, Robert A.; Oldenkamp, Ricki E.; Leaphart, James C. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 171 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.02.022	journal	May 2017
Environmental fate of radiocesium in biota inhabiting a contaminated ecosystem on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site Leaphart, James C.; Korotasz, Alexis M.; Bryan, Albert L. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106321	journal	October 2020
Influence of temperature and body mass on standard metabolic rate of eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) Homyack, Jessica A.; Haas, Carola A.; Hopkins, William A. Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.01.006	journal	April 2010
Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts Steinhauser, Georg; Brandl, Alexander; Johnson, Thomas E. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 470-471 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029	journal	February 2014
Evaluating mercury concentrations and body condition in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR), Florida Nilsen, Frances M.; Dorsey, Jonathan E.; Lowers, Russell H. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 607-608 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.073	journal	December 2017
Determinants of mercury contamination in viperine snakes, Natrix maura, in Western Europe Lemaire, Jérémy; Bustamante, Paco; Olivier, Anthony Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.029	journal	September 2018
Ecotoxicoparasitology of mercury and trace elements in semi-aquatic mammals and their endoparasite communities Borchert, Ernest J.; Leaphart, James C.; Bryan, Albert L. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 679 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.326	journal	August 2019
Radiocesium concentrations and GPS-coupled dosimetry in Fukushima snakes Gerke, Hannah C.; Hinton, Thomas G.; Takase, Tsugiko Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 734 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139389	journal	September 2020
Brown watersnakes (Nerodia taxispilota) as bioindicators of mercury contamination in a riverine system Haskins, David L.; Brown, M. Kyle; Bringolf, Robert B. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 755 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142545	journal	February 2021
Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative determination. Application to radiochemistry Currie, Lloyd A. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60259a007	journal	March 1968
Metabolic Costs of Exposure to Wastewater Effluent Lead to Compensatory Adjustments in Respiratory Physiology in Bluegill Sunfish Du, Sherry N. N.; McCallum, Erin S.; Vaseghi-Shanjani, Maryam Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 52, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03745	journal	January 2018
A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements Lamborg, Carl H.; Hammerschmidt, Chad R.; Bowman, Katlin L. Nature, Vol. 512, Issue 7512 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13563	journal	August 2014
Long-term dynamics of Chernobyl 137Cs in freshwater fish: quantifying the effect of body size and trophic level: Long-term dynamics of Chernobyl 137Cs in fish Sundbom, Marcus; Meili, Markus; Andersson, Evert Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00795.x	journal	April 2003
Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles ( Hyla versicolor ) Relyea, Rick A.; Mills, Nathan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.031076198	journal	February 2001
Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: A link to amphibian limb deformities in nature? Kiesecker, Joseph M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152098899	journal	July 2002
Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704949114	journal	July 2017
Oxygen Consumption and the Energetics of Island‐Dwelling Florida Cottonmouth Snakes McCue, Marshall D.; Lillywhite, Harvey B. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 75, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/339390	journal	March 2002
Ecological Half-Lives of 137Cs in Fishes from the Savannah River Site Paller, M. H.; Littrell, J. W.; Peters, Eric L. Health Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199910000-00006	journal	October 1999
Health Effects in Those with Acute Radiation Sickness from the Chernobyl Accident Mettler, Fred A.; Gus’kova, Angelina K.; Gusev, Igor Health Physics, Vol. 93, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HP.0000278843.27969.74	journal	November 2007
The effect of body size on the standard metabolic rate of the lesser spotted dogfish Sims, D. W. Journal of Fish Biology, Vol. 48, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01447.x	journal	March 1996
The effects of anthropogenic global changes on immune functions and disease resistance: Ecoimmunology and global change Martin, Lynn B.; Hopkins, William A.; Mydlarz, Laura D. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1195, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05454.x	journal	May 2010
Habitat influences diet overlap in aquatic snake assemblages: Niche overlap in snake assemblages Durso, A. M.; Willson, J. D.; Winne, C. T. Journal of Zoology, Vol. 291, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12061	journal	August 2013
Relative reproductive effort drives metabolic changes and maternal emaciation during pregnancy in a viviparous snake Dupoué, A.; Lourdais, O. Journal of Zoology, Vol. 293, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12116	journal	January 2014
Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems Fernandes Azevedo, Bruna; Barros Furieri, Lorena; Peçanha, Franck Maciel Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vol. 2012 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/949048	journal	January 2012
Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection Burnham, Kenneth P.; Anderson, David R. Sociological Methods & Research, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124104268644	journal	November 2004
The Global Decline of Reptiles, Déjà Vu Amphibians Gibbon, J. Whitfield; Scott, David E.; Ryan, Travis J. BioScience, Vol. 50, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0653:TGDORD]2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2000
PIT Tagging: Simple Technology at Its Best Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Andrews, Kimberly M. BioScience, Vol. 54, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0447:PTSTAI]2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
Effects of Body Mass and Temperature on Standard Metabolic Rate in the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Dorcas, Michael E.; Hopkins, William A.; Roe, John H. Copeia, Vol. 2004, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1643/CP-03-074R1	journal	February 2004
The Physiological Cost of Pregnancy in a Tropical Viviparous Snake Schultz, Timothy J.; Webb, Jonathan K.; Christian, Keith A. Copeia, Vol. 2008, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1643/CP-06-182	journal	September 2008
Haemogregarine Specificity in Two Communities of Florida Snakes, With Descriptions of Six New Species ofHepatozoon(Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) and a Possible Species ofHaemogregarina(Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) Telford Jr., Sam R.; Wozniak, Edward J.; Butler, J. F. Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 87, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0890:HSITCO]2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2001
Post-drought responses of semi-aquatic snakes inhabiting an isolated wetland: Insights on different strategies for persistence in a dynamic habitat Willson, John D.; Winne, Christopher T.; Dorcas, Michael E. Wetlands, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[1071:PROSSI]2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2006
Organochlorine Pesticides and Mercury in Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon Piscivorus) from Northeastern Texas, usa Rainwater, Thomas R.; Reynolds, Kevin D.; Cañas, Jaclyn E. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1897/04-223R.1	journal	January 2005
Cesium in the Savannah River Site environment Carlton, W. H.; Bauer, L. R.; Evans, A. G. https://doi.org/10.2172/6914212	report	March 1992
Radiocesium Concentrations of Snakes from Contaminated and Non-Contaminated Habitats of the AEC Savannah River Plant Brisbin, I. Lehr; Staton, Mark A.; Pinder, John E. Copeia, Vol. 1974, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1442541	journal	June 1974
The Use of Snakes as a Pollution Indicator Species Bauerle, Bruce; Spencer, David L.; Wheeler, William Copeia, Vol. 1975, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1442893	journal	May 1975
Body Size and Age in Amphibians and Reptiles Halliday, T. R.; Verrell, P. A. Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2307/1564148	journal	September 1988
Distribution of Long-Lived Radionuclides in an Abandoned Reactor Cooling Reservoir Whicker, F. Ward; Pinder, John E.; Bowling, John W. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 60, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2307/1943017	journal	February 1990
A Study of Pathological Conditions in Wild Rodents in Radioative Areas Childs, H. E.; Cosgrove, G. E. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 76, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/2423088	journal	October 1966
Environmental Influences on the ¹³⁷ Cs Kinetics of the Yellow-Bellied Turtle (Trachemys Scripta) Peters, Eric L.; Brisbin, I. Lehr Ecological Monographs, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2307/2963483	journal	February 1996
The Genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) Smith, Todd G. The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 82, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2307/3283781	journal	August 1996
Radiocesium in Mourning Doves: Effects of a Contaminated Reservoir Drawdown and Risk to Human Consumers Kennamer, Robert A.; Brisbin, I. Lehr; McCreedy, Clark D. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/3802323	journal	April 1998
Patterns of Radiocesium Contamination in Eggs of Free-Ranging Wood Ducks Kennamer, Robert A.; McCreedy, Clark D.; Brisbin, I. Lehr The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 57, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2307/3809071	journal	October 1993
Medical and genetic consequences of radiation catastrophes (Review) Djomina, E. A.; Barilyak, I. R. Cytology and Genetics, Vol. 44, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452710030102	journal	June 2010
Prevalence of Haemogregarine Parasites in Three Freshwater Turtle Species in a Population in Northeast Georgia, USA Davis, A. K.; Sterrett, S. C. International Journal of Zoological Research, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2011.156.163	journal	February 2011
The feeding habits of serpents Ditmars, Raymond Lee Zoologica : scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society., Vol. 1, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5962/p.206595	journal	November 1912
A new Coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys Talpoides) and a Comparison of Oocyst Survival in Hosts from Radon-Rich and Radon-Poor Soils Wilber, P. G.; McBee, K.; Hafner, D. J. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.3.359	journal	July 1994

Similar Records

Mercury bioaccumulation and Hepatozoon spp. infections in two syntopic watersnakes in South Carolina

Journal Article · 2024 · Ecotoxicology · OSTI ID:2350673

Brown, M. Kyle; Haskins, David Lee; Pilgrim, Melissa A.; +1 more

Brown watersnakes (Nerodia taxispilota) as bioindicators of mercury contamination in a riverine system

Journal Article · 2020 · Science of the Total Environment · OSTI ID:1848965

Haskins, David L.; Brown, M. Kyle; Bringolf, Robert B.; +1 more

Bioaccumulation of Mercury and Radiocesium in Waterfowl Introduced to a Site with Legacy Contamination

Journal Article · 2022 · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · OSTI ID:2417827

Leaphart, James C.; Abercrombie, Sarah A.; Borchert, Ernest J.; +2 more

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Hepatozoon
heavy metal
pollution
radionuclide
reptile
standard metabolic rate

Title: Mercury and Radiocesium Accumulation and Associations With Sublethal Endpoints in the Florida Green Watersnake (Nerodia floridana)

Citation Formats

References (80)

Similar Records

Related Subjects