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Title: Birth of a Be star: an APOGEE search for Be stars forming through binary mass transfer

Abstract

ABSTRACT Motivated by recent suggestions that many Be stars form through binary mass transfer, we searched the APOGEE survey for Be stars with bloated, stripped companions. From a well-defined parent sample of 297 Be stars, we identified one mass-transfer binary, HD 15124. The object consists of a main-sequence Be star ($$M_{\rm Be}=5.3\pm 0.6\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$$) with a low-mass ($$M_{\rm donor}=0.92\pm 0.22\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$$), subgiant companion on a 5.47-d orbit. The emission lines originate in an accretion disc caused by ongoing mass transfer, not from a decretion disc as in classical Be stars. Both stars have surface abundances bearing imprint of CNO processing in the donor’s core: the surface helium fraction is YHe ≈ 0.6, and the nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is 1000 times the solar value. The system’s properties are well-matched by binary evolution models in which mass transfer begins while a $$3-5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$$ donor leaves the main sequence, with the originally less massive component becoming the Be star. These models predict that the system will soon become a detached Be + stripped star binary like HR 6819 and LB-1, with the stripped donor eventually contracting to become a core helium-burning sdO/B star. Discovery of one object in this short-lived (∼1 Myr) evolutionary phase implies the existence of many more that have already passed through it and are now Be + sdO/B binaries. We infer that $$(10-60)\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$$ of Be stars have stripped companions, most of which are $$\sim 100\, \times$$ fainter than the Be stars in the optical. Together with the dearth of main-sequence companions to Be stars and recent discovery of numerous Be + sdO/B binaries in the UV, our results imply that binarity plays an important role in the formation of Be stars.

Authors:
ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo;
Publication Date:
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1888063
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Volume: 516 Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Country of Publication:
United Kingdom
Language:
English

Citation Formats

El-Badry, Kareem, Conroy, Charlie, Quataert, Eliot, Rix, Hans-Walter, Labadie-Bartz, Jonathan, Jayasinghe, Tharindu, Thompson, Todd, Cargile, Phillip, Stassun, Keivan G., and Ilyin, Ilya. Birth of a Be star: an APOGEE search for Be stars forming through binary mass transfer. United Kingdom: N. p., 2022. Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2422.
El-Badry, Kareem, Conroy, Charlie, Quataert, Eliot, Rix, Hans-Walter, Labadie-Bartz, Jonathan, Jayasinghe, Tharindu, Thompson, Todd, Cargile, Phillip, Stassun, Keivan G., & Ilyin, Ilya. Birth of a Be star: an APOGEE search for Be stars forming through binary mass transfer. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2422
El-Badry, Kareem, Conroy, Charlie, Quataert, Eliot, Rix, Hans-Walter, Labadie-Bartz, Jonathan, Jayasinghe, Tharindu, Thompson, Todd, Cargile, Phillip, Stassun, Keivan G., and Ilyin, Ilya. Fri . "Birth of a Be star: an APOGEE search for Be stars forming through binary mass transfer". United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2422.
@article{osti_1888063,
title = {Birth of a Be star: an APOGEE search for Be stars forming through binary mass transfer},
author = {El-Badry, Kareem and Conroy, Charlie and Quataert, Eliot and Rix, Hans-Walter and Labadie-Bartz, Jonathan and Jayasinghe, Tharindu and Thompson, Todd and Cargile, Phillip and Stassun, Keivan G. and Ilyin, Ilya},
abstractNote = {ABSTRACT Motivated by recent suggestions that many Be stars form through binary mass transfer, we searched the APOGEE survey for Be stars with bloated, stripped companions. From a well-defined parent sample of 297 Be stars, we identified one mass-transfer binary, HD 15124. The object consists of a main-sequence Be star ($M_{\rm Be}=5.3\pm 0.6\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) with a low-mass ($M_{\rm donor}=0.92\pm 0.22\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$), subgiant companion on a 5.47-d orbit. The emission lines originate in an accretion disc caused by ongoing mass transfer, not from a decretion disc as in classical Be stars. Both stars have surface abundances bearing imprint of CNO processing in the donor’s core: the surface helium fraction is YHe ≈ 0.6, and the nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is 1000 times the solar value. The system’s properties are well-matched by binary evolution models in which mass transfer begins while a $3-5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ donor leaves the main sequence, with the originally less massive component becoming the Be star. These models predict that the system will soon become a detached Be + stripped star binary like HR 6819 and LB-1, with the stripped donor eventually contracting to become a core helium-burning sdO/B star. Discovery of one object in this short-lived (∼1 Myr) evolutionary phase implies the existence of many more that have already passed through it and are now Be + sdO/B binaries. We infer that $(10-60)\, {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of Be stars have stripped companions, most of which are $\sim 100\, \times$ fainter than the Be stars in the optical. Together with the dearth of main-sequence companions to Be stars and recent discovery of numerous Be + sdO/B binaries in the UV, our results imply that binarity plays an important role in the formation of Be stars.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac2422},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 3,
volume = 516,
place = {United Kingdom},
year = {Fri Aug 26 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Fri Aug 26 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}

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The Rotation Rates of Massive Stars: the role of Binary Interaction Through Tides, mass Transfer, and Mergers
journal, February 2013


Mapping luminous hot stars in the Galaxy
journal, March 2021


Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3
journal, December 2021


Evolutionary Processes in Close Binary Systems
journal, September 1971


Discovery and characterization of 3000+ main-sequence binaries from APOGEE spectra
journal, January 2018

  • El-Badry, Kareem; Ting, Yuan-Sen; Rix, Hans-Walter
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty240

The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance
journal, November 2010


Physics of Eclipsing Binaries. ii. Toward the Increased Model Fidelity
journal, December 2016

  • Prša, A.; Conroy, K. E.; Horvat, M.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 227, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/227/2/29

Weighing in on black hole binaries with bpass: LB-1 does not contain a 70 M⊙ black hole
journal, January 2020

  • Eldridge, J. J.; Stanway, E. R.; Breivik, K.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 495, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa1324

Re-evaluating old stellar populations
journal, May 2018

  • Stanway, E. R.; Eldridge, J. J.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 479, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1353