Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loops Revealed by H i Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data
Abstract
In studying the interstellar medium (ISM) and Galactic cosmic rays (CRs), uncertainty of the interstellar gas density has always been an issue. To overcome this difficulty, we used a component decomposition of the 21 cm H i emission line and used the resulting gas maps in an analysis of γ-ray data obtained by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) for the MBM 53, 54, and 55 molecular clouds and the Pegasus loop. We decomposed the ISM gas into intermediate-velocity clouds, narrow-line and optically thick H i, broad-line and optically thin H i, CO-bright H2, and CO-dark H2 using detailed correlations with the H i line profiles from the HI4PI survey, the Planck dust-emission model, and the Fermi-LAT γ-ray data. We found the fractions of the optical depth correction to the H i column density and CO-dark H2 to be nearly equal. We fitted the CR spectra directly measured at/near the Earth and the measured γ-ray emissivity spectrum simultaneously. We obtained a spectral break in the interstellar proton spectrum at ~7 GeV, and found that the γ-ray emissivity normalization agrees with the AMS-02 proton spectrum within 10%, relaxing the tension with the CR spectra previously claimed.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[2];
[4];
- Hiroshima Univ. (Japan)
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa (Japan)
- Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Univ. of Trieste (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Trieste (Italy)
- Max Planck Inst. fuer Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching (Germany)
- Nagoya Univ. (Japan)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1886986
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-76SF00515; 17H02866; 2017-14-H.0; 80NSSC22K0495; NNX17AB48G
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 935; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
- Publisher:
- IOP Publishing
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Galactic cosmic rays; Gamma-rays; Interstellar medium
Citation Formats
Mizuno, T., Hayashi, K., Metzger, J., Moskalenko, I. V., Orlando, E., Strong, A. W., and Yamamoto, H. Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loops Revealed by H i Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data. United States: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7de0.
Mizuno, T., Hayashi, K., Metzger, J., Moskalenko, I. V., Orlando, E., Strong, A. W., & Yamamoto, H. Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loops Revealed by H i Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7de0
Mizuno, T., Hayashi, K., Metzger, J., Moskalenko, I. V., Orlando, E., Strong, A. W., and Yamamoto, H. Fri .
"Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loops Revealed by H i Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7de0. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1886986.
@article{osti_1886986,
title = {Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loops Revealed by H i Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data},
author = {Mizuno, T. and Hayashi, K. and Metzger, J. and Moskalenko, I. V. and Orlando, E. and Strong, A. W. and Yamamoto, H.},
abstractNote = {In studying the interstellar medium (ISM) and Galactic cosmic rays (CRs), uncertainty of the interstellar gas density has always been an issue. To overcome this difficulty, we used a component decomposition of the 21 cm H i emission line and used the resulting gas maps in an analysis of γ-ray data obtained by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) for the MBM 53, 54, and 55 molecular clouds and the Pegasus loop. We decomposed the ISM gas into intermediate-velocity clouds, narrow-line and optically thick H i, broad-line and optically thin H i, CO-bright H2, and CO-dark H2 using detailed correlations with the H i line profiles from the HI4PI survey, the Planck dust-emission model, and the Fermi-LAT γ-ray data. We found the fractions of the optical depth correction to the H i column density and CO-dark H2 to be nearly equal. We fitted the CR spectra directly measured at/near the Earth and the measured γ-ray emissivity spectrum simultaneously. We obtained a spectral break in the interstellar proton spectrum at ~7 GeV, and found that the γ-ray emissivity normalization agrees with the AMS-02 proton spectrum within 10%, relaxing the tension with the CR spectra previously claimed.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ac7de0},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
number = 2,
volume = 935,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Aug 19 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Fri Aug 19 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Ensemble samplers with affine invariance
journal, January 2010
- Goodman, Jonathan; Weare, Jonathan
- Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Distances and Metallicities of High‐ and Intermediate‐Velocity Clouds
journal, October 2001
- Wakker, B. P.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 136, Issue 2
FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE γ-RAY EMISSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
journal, April 2012
- Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 750, Issue 1
Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds
journal, June 1998
- Schlegel, David J.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Davis, Marc
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 500, Issue 2
Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays
journal, November 1968
- Gleeson, L. J.; Axford, W. I.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 154
Solar-stellar outer atmospheres and energetic particles, and galactic cosmic rays
journal, January 1985
- Meyer, J. -P.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 57
Dissipation of Magnetohydrodynamic Waves on Energetic Particles: Impact on Interstellar Turbulence and Cosmic‐Ray Transport
journal, May 2006
- Ptuskin, Vladimir S.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Jones, Frank C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 642, Issue 2
New calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux in a three-dimensional scheme
journal, August 2004
- Honda, M.; Kajita, T.; Kasahara, K.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 70, Issue 4
HEALPix: A Framework for High‐Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere
journal, April 2005
- Gorski, K. M.; Hivon, E.; Banday, A. J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 622, Issue 2
Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays during the neutron monitor era: Calibration using PAMELA data for 2006-2010: MODULATION POTENTIAL FOR NM ERA
journal, April 2017
- Usoskin, Ilya G.; Gil, Agnieszka; Kovaltsov, Gennady A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 122, Issue 4
The interstellar environment of our galaxy
journal, December 2001
- Ferrière, Katia M.
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 73, Issue 4
HI4PI: a full-sky H i survey based on EBHIS and GASS
journal, October 2016
- Ben Bekhti, N.; Flöer, L.; Keller, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594
The H i Distribution of the Milky Way
journal, September 2009
- Kalberla, Peter M. W.; Kerp, Jürgen
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 47, Issue 1
Planck intermediate results : XXVIII. Interstellar gas and dust in the Chamaeleon clouds as seen by
journal, September 2015
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Aniano, G.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 582
emcee : The MCMC Hammer
journal, March 2013
- Foreman-Mackey, Daniel; Hogg, David W.; Lang, Dustin
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 125, Issue 925
The Likelihood Analysis of EGRET Data
journal, April 1996
- Mattox, J. R.; Bertsch, D. L.; Chiang, J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 461
CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC-RAY DENSITY GRADIENT BEYOND THE SOLAR CIRCLE FROM FERMI γ-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE THIRD GALACTIC QUADRANT
journal, December 2010
- Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 726, Issue 2
Fermi -LAT γ -Ray Study of the Interstellar Medium and Cosmic Rays in the Chamaeleon Molecular Cloud Complex: A Look at the Dark Gas as Optically Thick H i
journal, October 2019
- Hayashi, Katsuhiro; Mizuno, Tsunefumi; Fukui, Yasuo
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 2
H I in the Galaxy
journal, September 1990
- Dickey, John M.; Lockman, Felix J.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 28, Issue 1
Atomic and molecular gas in interstellar cirrus clouds
journal, July 1994
- Reach, William T.; Koo, Bon-Chul; Heiles, Carl
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 429
FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF CASSIOPEIA AND CEPHEUS: DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE OUTER GALAXY
journal, January 2010
- Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 710, Issue 1
Planck early results. XIX. All-sky temperature and dust optical depth from Planck and IRAS. Constraints on the “dark gas” in our Galaxy
journal, December 2011
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 536
CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way-type galaxies
journal, May 2014
- Smith, Rowan J.; Glover, Simon C. O.; Clark, Paul C.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 2
Propagation of Cosmic‐Ray Nucleons in the Galaxy
journal, December 1998
- Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 509, Issue 1
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE STUDY OF COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN NEARBY MOLECULAR CLOUDS
journal, July 2012
- Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 755, Issue 1
H I filaments are cold and associated with dark molecular gas
journal, July 2020
- Kalberla, P. M. W.; Kerp, J.; Haud, U.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 639
Imprints of cosmic rays in multifrequency observations of the interstellar emission
journal, December 2017
- Orlando, E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 2
Large‐Scale CO Observations of a Far‐Infrared Loop in Pegasus: Detection of a Large Number of Very Small Molecular Clouds Possibly Formed via Shocks
journal, May 2006
- Yamamoto, H.; Kawamura, A.; Tachihara, K.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 642, Issue 1
The on-orbit calibration of the Fermi Large Area Telescope
journal, October 2009
- Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 3-4
Unveiling Extensive Clouds of Dark Gas in the Solar Neighborhood
journal, February 2005
- Grenier, I. A.
- Science, Vol. 307, Issue 5713
Study of the Cosmic Rays and Interstellar Medium in Local H i Clouds Using Fermi-LAT Gamma-Ray Observations
journal, February 2020
- Mizuno, T.; Abdollahi, S.; Fukui, Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2
Inference of the Local Interstellar Spectra of Cosmic-Ray Nuclei Z ≤ 28 with the GalProp–HelMod Framework
journal, September 2020
- Boschini, M. J.; Torre, S. Della; Gervasi, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 250, Issue 2
FERMI LAT OBSERVATION OF DIFFUSE GAMMA RAYS PRODUCED THROUGH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MATTER AND HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS
journal, September 2009
- Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 703, Issue 2
AAfrag: Interpolation routines for Monte Carlo results on secondary production in proton–proton, proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus interactions
journal, December 2019
- Kachelrieß, M.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Ostapchenko, S.
- Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 245
Optically Thick h i Dominant in the Local Interstellar Medium: an Alternative Interpretation to “Dark gas”
journal, December 2014
- Fukui, Y.; Torii, K.; Onishi, T.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 798, Issue 1
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
journal, May 2009
- Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 2
Cosmic-rays, gas, and dust in nearby anticentre clouds: II. Interstellar phase transitions and the dark neutral medium
journal, March 2018
- Remy, Q.; Grenier, I. A.; Marshall, D. J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 611
LOCAL H i EMISSIVITY MEASURED WITH FERMI -LAT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC-RAY SPECTRA
journal, June 2015
- Casandjian, Jean-Marc
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 806, Issue 2
QUANTIFYING THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND COSMIC RAYS IN THE MBM 53, 54, AND 55 MOLECULAR CLOUDS AND THE PEGASUS LOOP USING FERMI -LAT GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS
journal, December 2016
- Mizuno, T.; Abdollahi, S.; Fukui, Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 833, Issue 2
On the nearest molecular clouds. III - MBM 40, 53, 54, and 55
journal, November 1989
- Welty, D. E.; Hobbs, L. M.; Penprase, B. E.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 346
Nuclear Enhancement of the Photon Yield in Cosmic ray Interactions
journal, June 2014
- Kachelriess, Michael; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Ostapchenko, Sergey S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 789, Issue 2
The dark Molecular gas
journal, May 2010
- Wolfire, Mark G.; Hollenbach, David; McKee, Christopher F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 716, Issue 2
GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS IN THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: VOYAGER 1 OBSERVATIONS AND MODEL RESULTS
journal, October 2016
- Cummings, A. C.; Stone, E. C.; Heikkila, B. C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 831, Issue 1
Planck 2013 results. XI. All-sky model of thermal dust emission
journal, October 2014
- Abergel, A.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 571
Cosmic rays, gas and dust in nearby anticentre clouds: I. CO-to-H
journal, May 2017
- Remy, Q.; Grenier, I. A.; Marshall, D. J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 601
The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey
journal, February 2001
- Dame, T. M.; Hartmann, Dap; Thaddeus, P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 547, Issue 2
A database of charged cosmic rays
journal, September 2014
- Maurin, D.; Melot, F.; Taillet, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 569
Properties of cold and warm H I gas phases derived from a Gaussian decomposition of HI4PI data
journal, November 2018
- Kalberla, P. M. W.; Haud, U.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 619
Parameterization of \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\gamma ,\, e^{\pm }$ \end{document} , and Neutrino Spectra Produced by p‐p Interaction in Astronomical Environments
journal, August 2006
- Kamae, Tuneyoshi; Karlsson, Niklas; Mizuno, Tsunefumi
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 647, Issue 1
Optically Thick H i Does Not Dominate Dark Gas in the Local ISM
journal, July 2018
- Murray, Claire E.; Peek, J. E. G.; Lee, Min-Young
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2
The Nine Lives of Cosmic Rays in Galaxies
journal, August 2015
- Grenier, Isabelle A.; Black, John H.; Strong, Andrew W.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 53, Issue 1
High-resolution Spectroscopic Abundances of Red Giant Branch Stars in NGC 6681
journal, August 2017
- O’Malley, Erin M.; Knaizev, Alexei; McWilliam, Andrew
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 1
Attenuation of Very High Energy Gamma Rays by the Milky Way Interstellar Radiation Field
journal, March 2006
- Moskalenko, Igor V.; Porter, Troy A.; Strong, Andrew W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 640, Issue 2
${\rm H\,\scriptsize{I}}$, CO, AND PLANCK / IRAS DUST PROPERTIES IN THE HIGH LATITUDE CLOUD COMPLEX, MBM 53, 54, 55 AND HLCG 92 – 35. POSSIBLE EVIDENCE FOR AN OPTICALLY THICK ${\rm H\,\scriptsize{I}}$ ENVELOPE AROUND THE CO CLOUDS
journal, November 2014
- Fukui, Yasuo; Okamoto, Ryuji; Kaji, Ryohei
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 796, Issue 1
Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy
journal, November 2007
- Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Ptuskin, Vladimir S.
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 57, Issue 1
An intermediate-velocity H i cloud falling to the galactic disk; Possible evidence for low-metallicity H i gas originating outside the galactic disk
journal, November 2018
- Fukui, Yasuo; Koga, Masako; Maruyama, Shohei
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 73, Issue Supplement_1
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog
journal, March 2020
- Abdollahi, S.; Acero, F.; Ackermann, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 247, Issue 1