Red Dragon: a redshift-evolving Gaussian mixture model for galaxies

Black, William K.; Evrard, August

doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2052

Title: Red Dragon: a redshift-evolving Gaussian mixture model for galaxies

Journal Article · 21 July 2022 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2052 · OSTI ID:1885485

;

ABSTRACT Precision-era optical cluster cosmology calls for a precise definition of the red sequence (RS), consistent across redshift. To this end, we present the Red Dragon algorithm: an error-corrected multivariate Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Simultaneous use of multiple colours and smooth evolution of GMM parameters result in a continuous RS and blue cloud (BC) characterization across redshift, avoiding the discontinuities of red fraction inherent in swapping RS selection colours. Based on a mid-redshift spectroscopic sample of SDSS galaxies, an RS defined by Red Dragon selects quiescent galaxies (low specific star formation rate) with a balanced accuracy of over $$90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$$. This approach to galaxy population assignment gives more natural separations between RS and BC galaxies than hard cuts in colour–magnitude or colour–colour spaces. The Red Dragon algorithm is publicly available at bitbucket.org/wkblack/red-dragon-gamma/.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1885485

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 516; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (69)

Ram pressure stripping in high-density environments Boselli, Alessandro; Fossati, Matteo; Sun, Ming The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, Vol. 30, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-022-00140-3	journal	May 2022
Filling the gaps: Gaussian mixture models from noisy, truncated or incomplete samples Melchior, P.; Goulding, A. D. Astronomy and Computing, Vol. 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ascom.2018.09.013	journal	October 2018
Baryon cycles in the biggest galaxies Donahue, Megan; Voit, G. Mark Physics Reports, Vol. 973 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.04.005	journal	August 2022
Galaxy harassment and the evolution of clusters of galaxies Moore, Ben; Katz, Neal; Lake, George Nature, Vol. 379, Issue 6566 https://doi.org/10.1038/379613a0	journal	February 1996
Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.; Jenkins, Adrian Nature, Vol. 435, Issue 7042 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03597	journal	June 2005
SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python Virtanen, Pauli; Gommers, Ralf; Oliphant, Travis E. Nature Methods https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2	journal	February 2020
A mature cluster with X-ray emission at z = 2.07 Gobat, R.; Daddi, E.; Onodera, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 526 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201016084	journal	January 2011
The evolution of galaxies in clusters. I - ISIT photometry of C1 0024+1654 and 3C 295 Butcher, H.; Oemler, A. , Jr. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 219 https://doi.org/10.1086/155751	journal	January 1978
A New Method For Galaxy Cluster Detection. I. The Algorithm Gladders, Michael D.; Yee, H. K. C. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 120, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1086/301557	journal	October 2000
The Slope of the Cluster Elliptical Red Sequence: A Probe of Cluster Evolution Gladders, Michael D.; Lopez‐Cruz, Omar; Yee, H. K. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 501, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/305858	journal	July 1998
The Evolution of the Global Star Formation History as Measured from the Hubble Deep Field Connolly, A. J.; Szalay, A. S.; Dickinson, Mark The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 486, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/310829	journal	September 1997
Color Separation of Galaxy Types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Imaging Data Strateva, Iskra; Ivezić, Željko; Knapp, Gillian R. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 122, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1086/323301	journal	October 2001
Quantifying the Bimodal Color‐Magnitude Distribution of Galaxies Baldry, Ivan K.; Glazebrook, Karl; Brinkmann, Jon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 600, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/380092	journal	January 2004
The Dependence on Environment of the Color-Magnitude Relation of Galaxies Hogg, David W.; Blanton, Michael R.; Brinchmann, Jarle The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 601, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/381749	journal	January 2004
Nearly 5000 Distant Early‐Type Galaxies in COMBO‐17: A Red Sequence and Its Evolution since z ∼ 1 Bell, Eric F.; Wolf, Christian; Meisenheimer, Klaus The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 608, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/420778	journal	June 2004
The Bimodal Galaxy Color Distribution: Dependence on Luminosity and Environment Balogh, Michael L.; Baldry, Ivan K.; Nichol, Robert The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 615, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/426079	journal	September 2004
MaxBCG: A Red‐Sequence Galaxy Cluster Finder Koester, Benjamin P.; McKay, Timothy A.; Annis, James The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 660, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/512092	journal	May 2007
The Detection of a Red Sequence of Massive Field Galaxies atz∼ 2.3 and Its Evolution toz∼ 0 Kriek, Mariska; van der Wel, Arjen; van Dokkum, Pieter G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 682, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/589677	journal	August 2008
Photometric Response Functions of the Sloan Digital sky Survey Imager Doi, Mamoru; Tanaka, Masayuki; Fukugita, Masataka The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 139, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/139/4/1628	journal	March 2010
DETECTION OF QUIESCENT GALAXIES IN A BICOLOR SEQUENCE FROM Z = 0-2 Williams, Rik J.; Quadri, Ryan F.; Franx, Marijn The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 691, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1879	journal	February 2009
SPECTROSCOPIC CONFIRMATION OF TWO MASSIVE RED-SEQUENCE-SELECTED GALAXY CLUSTERS AT z ∼ 1.2 IN THE SpARCS-NORTH CLUSTER SURVEY Muzzin, Adam; Wilson, Gillian; Yee, H. K. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1934	journal	June 2009
SPECTROSCOPIC CONFIRMATION OF A MASSIVE RED-SEQUENCE-SELECTED GALAXY CLUSTER AT z = 1.34 IN THE SpARCS-SOUTH CLUSTER SURVEY Wilson, Gillian; Muzzin, Adam; Yee, H. K. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1943	journal	June 2009
The Propagation of Uncertainties in Stellar Population Synthesis Modeling. i. the Relevance of Uncertain Aspects of Stellar Evolution and the Initial mass Function to the Derived Physical Properties of Galaxies Conroy, Charlie; Gunn, James E.; White, Martin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 699, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/486	journal	June 2009
CONSTRAINING THE SCATTER IN THE MASS-RICHNESS RELATION OF maxBCG CLUSTERS WITH WEAK LENSING AND X-RAY DATA Rozo, Eduardo; Rykoff, Eli S.; Evrard, August The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 699, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/768	journal	June 2009
Precision Measurements of the Cluster red Sequence Using an Error-Corrected Gaussian Mixture Model Hao, Jiangang; Koester, Benjamin P.; Mckay, Timothy A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 702, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/745	journal	August 2009
IMPROVEMENT OF THE RICHNESS ESTIMATES OF maxBCG CLUSTERS Rozo, Eduardo; Rykoff, Eli S.; Koester, Benjamin P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 703, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/601	journal	August 2009
The Propagation of Uncertainties in Stellar Population Synthesis Modeling. iii. Model Calibration, Comparison, and Evaluation Conroy, Charlie; Gunn, James E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 712, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/712/2/833	journal	March 2010
MASS AND ENVIRONMENT AS DRIVERS OF GALAXY EVOLUTION IN SDSS AND zCOSMOS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SCHECHTER FUNCTION Peng, Ying-jie; Lilly, Simon J.; Kovač, Katarina The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 721, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/193	journal	August 2010
PRIMUS: CONSTRAINTS ON STAR FORMATION QUENCHING AND GALAXY MERGING, AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE STELLAR MASS FUNCTION FROM z = 0-1 Moustakas, John; Coil, Alison L.; Aird, James The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 767, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/50	journal	March 2013
redMaPPer. I. ALGORITHM AND SDSS DR8 CATALOG Rykoff, E. S.; Rozo, E.; Busha, M. T. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 785, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/104	journal	April 2014
Precision photometry of early-type galaxies in the Coma and Virgo clusters: a test of the universality of the colour-magnitude relation - II. Analysis Bower, R. G.; Lucey, J. R.; Ellis, R. S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 254, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/254.4.601	journal	February 1992
High-redshift galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field: colour selection and star formation history to z 4 Madau, P.; Ferguson, H. C.; Dickinson, M. E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 283, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/283.4.1388	journal	December 1996
Stellar property statistics of massive haloes from cosmological hydrodynamics simulations: common kernel shapes Anbajagane, Dhayaa; Evrard, August E.; Farahi, Arya Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 495, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1147	journal	April 2020
Generating synthetic cosmological data with GalSampler Hearin, Andrew; Korytov, Danila; Kovacs, Eve Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 495, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1495	journal	June 2020
A Spitzer survey of Deep Drilling Fields to be targeted by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time Lacy, M.; Surace, J. A.; Farrah, D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 501, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3714	journal	November 2020
Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): evolution of the σSFR–M⋆ relation and implications for self-regulated star formation Davies, L. J. M.; Thorne, J. E.; Bellstedt, S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 509, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3145	journal	November 2021
The star formation rates of QSOs Symeonidis, M.; Maddox, N.; Jarvis, M. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 514, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1359	journal	May 2022
Connecting galaxy evolution in clusters with their radial profiles and phase space distribution: results from the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulations Dacunha, Tara; Belyakov, Matthew; Adhikari, Susmita Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 512, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac392	journal	February 2022
A cluster finding algorithm based on the multiband identification of red sequence galaxies Oguri, Masamune Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1446	journal	August 2014
An algorithm to build mock galaxy catalogues using MICE simulations Carretero, J.; Castander, F. J.; Gaztañaga, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 447, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2402	journal	December 2014
The green valley is a red herring: Galaxy Zoo reveals two evolutionary pathways towards quenching of star formation in early- and late-type galaxies★ Schawinski, Kevin; Urry, C. Megan; Simmons, Brooke D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 440, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu327	journal	March 2014
redMaGiC: selecting luminous red galaxies from the DES Science Verification data Rozo, E.; Rykoff, E. S.; Abate, A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 461, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1281	journal	May 2016
The Galaxy End Sequence Eales, Stephen; de Vis, Pieter; W. L. Smith, Matthew Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 465, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2875	journal	November 2016
Next generation cosmology: constraints from the Euclid galaxy cluster survey Sartoris, B.; Biviano, A.; Fedeli, C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw630	journal	March 2016
A multicomponent matched filter cluster confirmation tool for eROSITA: initial application to the RASS and DES-SV data sets Klein, M.; Mohr, J. J.; Desai, S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2929	journal	November 2017
Localized massive halo properties in bahamas and MACSIS simulations: scalings, lognormality, and covariance Farahi, Arya; Evrard, August E.; McCarthy, Ian Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1179	journal	May 2018
Science from a glimpse: Hubble SNAPshot observations of massive galaxy clusters Repp, A.; Ebeling, H. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1489	journal	June 2018
The causes of the red sequence, the blue cloud, the green valley, and the green mountain Eales, Stephen A.; Baes, Maarten; Bourne, Nathan Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2220	journal	August 2018
A new RASS galaxy cluster catalogue with low contamination extending to z ∼ 1 in the DES overlap region Klein, M.; Grandis, S.; Mohr, J. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1463	journal	May 2019
First results on the cluster galaxy population from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. II. Faint end color–magnitude diagrams and radial profiles of red and blue galaxies at 0.1 < z < 1.1 Nishizawa, Atsushi J.; Oguri, Masamune; Oogi, Taira Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 70, Issue SP1 https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psx106	journal	October 2017
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cosmological constraints from cluster abundances and weak lensing Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A. Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.023509	journal	July 2020
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmology from cosmic shear and robustness to data calibration Amon, A.; Gruen, D.; Troxel, M. A. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023514	journal	January 2022
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmology from cosmic shear and robustness to modeling uncertainty Secco, L. F.; Samuroff, S.; Krause, E. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023515	journal	January 2022
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering and weak lensing Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.023520	journal	January 2022
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Cosmology from combined galaxy clustering and lensing validation on cosmological simulations DeRose, J.; Wechsler, R. H.; Becker, M. R. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.123520	journal	June 2022
Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies Voit, G. Mark Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.77.207	journal	April 2005
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment Hunter, John D. Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55	journal	January 2007
The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation van der Walt, Stéfan; Colbert, S. Chris; Varoquaux, Gaël Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.37	journal	March 2011
The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies Croton, Darren J.; Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 365, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09675.x	journal	January 2006
Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: star formation rates, red sequence fractions and the persistent bimodality: Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters Wetzel, Andrew R.; Tinker, Jeremy L.; Conroy, Charlie Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 424, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21188.x	journal	May 2012
The SDSS skyserver Szalay, Alexander S.; Gray, Jim; Thakar, Ani R. Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data - SIGMOD '02 https://doi.org/10.1145/564691.564758	conference	January 2002
Cosmic Star-Formation History Madau, Piero; Dickinson, Mark Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615	journal	August 2014
X Rays From Normal Galaxies Fabbiano, G. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.27.090189.000511	journal	September 1989
WISE PHOTOMETRY FOR 400 MILLION SDSS SOURCES Lang, Dustin; Hogg, David W.; Schlegel, David J. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 151, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/36	journal	January 2016
The Redmapper Galaxy Cluster Catalog from des Science Verification data Rykoff, E. S.; Rozo, E.; Hollowood, D. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 224, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/224/1/1	journal	May 2016
The High-redshift Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey: Radio Source Properties Golden-Marx, Emmet; Blanton, E. L.; Paterno-Mahler, R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 907, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abcd96	journal	January 2021
Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at z = 3.37 with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies McConachie, Ian; Wilson, Gillian; Forrest, Ben The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2b9f	journal	February 2022
KLLR: A Scale-dependent, Multivariate Model Class for Regression Analysis Farahi, Arya; Anbajagane, Dhayaa; Evrard, August E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6ac7	journal	June 2022
The Dark Energy Survey: Data Release 1 Abbott, T. M. C.; Abdalla, F. B.; Allam, S. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 239, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aae9f0	journal	November 2018

Similar Records

Compact galaxies and the size–mass galaxy distribution from a colour-selected sample at 0.04 < z < 0.15 supplemented by ugrizYJHK photometric redshifts

Journal Article · 2020 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · OSTI ID:1734400

Baldry, Ivan K.; Sullivan, Tricia; Rani, Raffaele; +1 more

Galaxy populations in massive galaxy clusters to $z$ = 1.1: Color distribution, concentration, halo occupation number and red sequence fraction

Journal Article · 2017 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · OSTI ID:1352814

Hennig, C.; Mohr, Joseph J.; Zenteno, A.; +70 more

The effect of dust bias on the census of neutral gas and metals in the high-redshift Universe due to SDSS-II quasar colour selection

Journal Article · 2019 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · OSTI ID:1511102

Krogager, Jens-Kristian; Fynbo, Johan P. U.; Møller, Palle; +3 more

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
galaxies
methods
numerical
photometric
stellar content
large-scale structure of universe
techniques

Title: Red Dragon: a redshift-evolving Gaussian mixture model for galaxies

Citation Formats

References (69)

Similar Records

Related Subjects