Why are we still using 3D masses for cluster cosmology?
Abstract
The abundance of clusters of galaxies is highly sensitive to the late-time evolution of the matter distribution, since clusters form at the highest density peaks. However, the 3D cluster mass cannot be inferred without deprojecting the observations, introducing model-dependent biases and uncertainties due to the mismatch between the assumed and the true cluster density profile and the neglected matter along the sightline. Since projected aperture masses can be measured directly in simulations and observationally through weak lensing, we argue that they are better suited for cluster cosmology. Using the Mira–Titan suite of gravity-only simulations, we show that aperture masses correlate strongly with 3D halo masses, albeit with large intrinsic scatter due to the varying matter distribution along the sightline. Nonetheless, aperture masses can be measured ≈2–3 times more precisely from observations, since they do not require assumptions about the density profile and are only affected by the shape noise in the weak lensing measurements. We emulate the cosmology dependence of the aperture mass function directly with a Gaussian process. Comparing the cosmology sensitivity of the aperture mass function and the 3D halo mass function for a fixed survey solid angle and redshift interval, we find the aperture mass sensitivity is higher for $$Ω_{\text{m}}$$ and $$w_a$$, similar for $$σ_8$$, $$n_{\text{s}}$$, and $$w_0$$, and slightly lower for $$\textit{h}$$. With a carefully calibrated aperture mass function emulator, cluster cosmology analyses can use cluster aperture masses directly, reducing the sensitivity to model-dependent mass calibration biases and uncertainties.
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- Dutch Research Council (NWO); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1880138
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1967902
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357; AC05-00OR22725; 639.043.409; 639.043.512
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Volume: 515 Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- Country of Publication:
- United Kingdom
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; clusters: general; cosmological parameters; cosmology; gravitational lensing; large-scale structure of Universe; observations; theory; weak, galaxies
Citation Formats
Debackere, Stijn N. B., Hoekstra, Henk, Schaye, Joop, Heitmann, Katrin, and Habib, Salman. Why are we still using 3D masses for cluster cosmology?. United Kingdom: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1687.
Debackere, Stijn N. B., Hoekstra, Henk, Schaye, Joop, Heitmann, Katrin, & Habib, Salman. Why are we still using 3D masses for cluster cosmology?. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1687
Debackere, Stijn N. B., Hoekstra, Henk, Schaye, Joop, Heitmann, Katrin, and Habib, Salman. Fri .
"Why are we still using 3D masses for cluster cosmology?". United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1687.
@article{osti_1880138,
title = {Why are we still using 3D masses for cluster cosmology?},
author = {Debackere, Stijn N. B. and Hoekstra, Henk and Schaye, Joop and Heitmann, Katrin and Habib, Salman},
abstractNote = {The abundance of clusters of galaxies is highly sensitive to the late-time evolution of the matter distribution, since clusters form at the highest density peaks. However, the 3D cluster mass cannot be inferred without deprojecting the observations, introducing model-dependent biases and uncertainties due to the mismatch between the assumed and the true cluster density profile and the neglected matter along the sightline. Since projected aperture masses can be measured directly in simulations and observationally through weak lensing, we argue that they are better suited for cluster cosmology. Using the Mira–Titan suite of gravity-only simulations, we show that aperture masses correlate strongly with 3D halo masses, albeit with large intrinsic scatter due to the varying matter distribution along the sightline. Nonetheless, aperture masses can be measured ≈2–3 times more precisely from observations, since they do not require assumptions about the density profile and are only affected by the shape noise in the weak lensing measurements. We emulate the cosmology dependence of the aperture mass function directly with a Gaussian process. Comparing the cosmology sensitivity of the aperture mass function and the 3D halo mass function for a fixed survey solid angle and redshift interval, we find the aperture mass sensitivity is higher for $Ω_{\text{m}}$ and $w_a$, similar for $σ_8$, $n_{\text{s}}$, and $w_0$, and slightly lower for $\textit{h}$. With a carefully calibrated aperture mass function emulator, cluster cosmology analyses can use cluster aperture masses directly, reducing the sensitivity to model-dependent mass calibration biases and uncertainties.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac1687},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 3,
volume = 515,
place = {United Kingdom},
year = {Fri Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Fri Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1687
Works referenced in this record:
The effect of selection – a tale of cluster mass measurement bias induced by correlation and projection
journal, January 2022
- Zhang, Yuanyuan; Annis, James
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 511, Issue 1
Scalable Gaussian process inference using variational methods
text, January 2017
- Matthews, Alexander Graeme De Garis
- Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Mock weak lensing analysis of simulated galaxy clusters: bias and scatter in mass and concentration
journal, January 2012
- Bahé, Yannick M.; McCarthy, Ian G.; King, Lindsay J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 421, Issue 2
Confusion of Diffuse Objects in the X-Ray Sky
journal, February 2001
- Voit, G. Mark; Evrard, August E.; Bryan, Greg L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 548, Issue 2
Masses of Galaxy Clusters from Gravitational Lensing
journal, April 2013
- Hoekstra, Henk; Bartelmann, Matthias; Dahle, Håkon
- Space Science Reviews, Vol. 177, Issue 1-4
Detection of (dark) matter concentrations via weak gravitational lensing
journal, December 1996
- Schneider, P.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 283, Issue 3
Shear‐selected Cluster Cosmology: Tomography and Optimal Filtering
journal, May 2005
- Hennawi, Joseph F.; Spergel, David N.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 624, Issue 1
What do cluster counts really tell us about the Universe?: What do cluster counts tell us?
journal, September 2011
- Smith, Robert E.; Marian, Laura
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 418, Issue 2
Effects of completeness and purity on cluster dark energy constraints
journal, December 2018
- Aguena, Michel; Lima, Marcos
- Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 12
KiDS-450: cosmological constraints from weak lensing peak statistics – I. Inference from analytical prediction of high signal-to-noise ratio convergence peaks
journal, November 2017
- Shan, HuanYuan; Liu, Xiangkun; Hildebrandt, Hendrik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 1
Universal at Last? The Splashback Mass Function of Dark Matter Halos
journal, November 2020
- Diemer, Benedikt
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 2
Weighing the Giants – I. Weak-lensing masses for 51 massive galaxy clusters: project overview, data analysis methods and cluster images
journal, February 2014
- von der Linden, Anja; Allen, Mark T.; Applegate, Douglas E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 439, Issue 1
HACC: Simulating sky surveys on state-of-the-art supercomputing architectures
journal, January 2016
- Habib, Salman; Pope, Adrian; Finkel, Hal
- New Astronomy, Vol. 42
Next generation cosmology: constraints from the Euclid galaxy cluster survey
journal, March 2016
- Sartoris, B.; Biviano, A.; Fedeli, C.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 2
Toward a Halo Mass Function for Precision Cosmology: The Limits of Universality
journal, December 2008
- Tinker, Jeremy; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Klypin, Anatoly
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 688, Issue 2
The universality of the virial halo mass function and models for non-universality of other halo definitions
journal, December 2015
- Despali, Giulia; Giocoli, Carlo; Angulo, Raul E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 456, Issue 3
Disturbed galaxy clusters are more abundant in an X-ray volume-limited sample
journal, October 2017
- Chon, Gayoung; Böhringer, Hans
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 606
HACC Cosmological Simulations: First Data Release
journal, September 2019
- Heitmann, Katrin; Uram, Thomas D.; Finkel, Hal
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 244, Issue 1
Probing cosmology with weak lensing peak counts
journal, February 2010
- Kratochvil, Jan M.; Haiman, Zoltán; May, Morgan
- Physical Review D, Vol. 81, Issue 4
The Impact of Correlated Projections on weak Lensing Cluster Counts
journal, December 2009
- Marian, Laura; Smith, Robert E.; Bernstein, Gary M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 709, Issue 1
The SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey
journal, March 2020
- Bleem, L. E.; Bocquet, S.; Stalder, B.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 247, Issue 1
KiDS-450: cosmological constraints from weak-lensing peak statistics – II: Inference from shear peaks using N-body simulations
journal, October 2017
- Martinet, Nicolas; Schneider, Peter; Hildebrandt, Hendrik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 1
Projection effects in cluster catalogues
journal, June 1997
- van Haarlem, M. P.; Frenk, C. S.; White, S. D. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 287, Issue 4
Constraining Cosmology with High-Convergence Regions in weak Lensing Surveys
journal, January 2009
- Wang, Sheng; Haiman, Zoltán; May, Morgan
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 691, Issue 1
How well can we determine cluster mass profiles from weak lensing?
journal, March 2003
- Hoekstra, Henk
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 339, Issue 4
Weighing the Giants – III. Methods and measurements of accurate galaxy cluster weak-lensing masses
journal, February 2014
- Applegate, Douglas E.; von der Linden, Anja; Kelly, Patrick L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 439, Issue 1
Scaling relations for galaxy clusters in the Millennium-XXL simulation: Scaling relations for clusters in the MXXL
journal, October 2012
- Angulo, R. E.; Springel, V.; White, S. D. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 426, Issue 3
The observed growth of massive galaxy clusters - II. X-ray scaling relations: Cluster growth: X-ray scaling relations
journal, July 2010
- Mantz, A.; Allen, S. W.; Ebeling, H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Cosmological constraints from cluster abundances and weak lensing
journal, July 2020
- Abbott, T. M. C.; Aguena, M.; Alarcon, A.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 2
Cosmological constraints from Subaru weak lensing cluster counts
journal, June 2015
- Hamana, Takashi; Sakurai, Junya; Koike, Michitaro
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 67, Issue 3
Covariance in the thermal SZ–weak lensing mass scaling relation of galaxy clusters
journal, May 2016
- Shirasaki, Masato; Nagai, Daisuke; Lau, Erwin T.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 460, Issue 4
Cosmological information in weak lensing peaks
journal, August 2011
- Yang, Xiuyuan; Kratochvil, Jan M.; Wang, Sheng
- Physical Review D, Vol. 84, Issue 4
The Mira-Titan Universe. II. Matter Power Spectrum Emulation
journal, September 2017
- Lawrence, Earl; Heitmann, Katrin; Kwan, Juliana
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 847, Issue 1
The Canadian Cluster Comparison Project: detailed study of systematics and updated weak lensing masses★
journal, March 2015
- Hoekstra, Henk; Herbonnet, Ricardo; Muzzin, Adam
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 449, Issue 1
Cosmology with the shear-peak statistics
journal, February 2010
- Dietrich, J. P.; Hartlap, J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 402, Issue 2
Tracing mass and light in the Universe: where is the dark matter?
journal, February 2014
- Bahcall, Neta A.; Kulier, Andrea
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 439, Issue 3
On the Accuracy of Weak-Lensing Cluster mass Reconstructions
journal, September 2011
- Becker, Matthew R.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 740, Issue 1
Calibration of bias and scatter involved in cluster mass measurements using optical weak gravitational lensing
journal, September 2021
- Grandis, Sebastian; Bocquet, Sebastian; Mohr, Joseph J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 507, Issue 4
How baryons can significantly bias cluster count cosmology
journal, May 2021
- Debackere, Stijn N. B.; Schaye, Joop; Hoekstra, Henk
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 505, Issue 1
Excursion set mass functions for hierarchical Gaussian fluctuations
journal, September 1991
- Bond, J. R.; Cole, S.; Efstathiou, G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 379
Formation of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies by Self-Similar Gravitational Condensation
journal, February 1974
- Press, William H.; Schechter, Paul
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 187
Precision cluster mass determination from weak lensing: Lensing cluster masses
journal, May 2010
- Mandelbaum, Rachel; Seljak, Uroš; Baldauf, Tobias
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Large-scale structure formation with massive neutrinos and dynamical dark energy
journal, May 2014
- Upadhye, Amol; Biswas, Rahul; Pope, Adrian
- Physical Review D, Vol. 89, Issue 10
Weak Lensing by Two [CLC][ITAL]z[/ITAL][/CLC] ∼ 0.8 Clusters of Galaxies
journal, April 1998
- Clowe, D.; Luppino, G. A.; Kaiser, N.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 497, Issue 2
The similarity of the stellar mass fractions of galaxy groups and clusters
journal, November 2013
- Budzynski, J. M.; Koposov, S. E.; McCarthy, I. G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 437, Issue 2
Coping with selection effects: a Primer on regression with truncated data
journal, January 2019
- Mantz, Adam B.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 4
Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters
journal, September 2020
- Aghanim, N.; Akrami, Y.; Ashdown, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 641, A6
The Galaxy Cluster Mass Scale and Its Impact on Cosmological Constraints from the Cluster Population
journal, February 2019
- Pratt, G. W.; Arnaud, M.; Biviano, A.
- Space Science Reviews, Vol. 215, Issue 2
Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect and X-ray scaling relations from weak lensing mass calibration of 32 South Pole Telescope selected galaxy clusters
journal, December 2018
- Dietrich, J. P.; Bocquet, S.; Schrabback, T.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 3
The impact of galaxy formation on the total mass, mass profile and abundance of haloes
journal, June 2014
- Velliscig, Marco; van Daalen, Marcel P.; Schaye, Joop
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 442, Issue 3
Do satellite galaxies trace matter in galaxy clusters?
journal, January 2018
- Wang, Chunxiang; Li, Ran; Gao, Liang
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 3
A new measure for cosmic shear
journal, June 1998
- Schneider, Peter; Van Waerbeke, Ludovic; Jain, Bhuvnesh
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 296, Issue 4
Mass Function Predictions Beyond Λcdm
journal, April 2011
- Bhattacharya, Suman; Heitmann, Katrin; White, Martin
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 732, Issue 2
The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm‐Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev‐Zel’dovich Effect Surveys
journal, December 2007
- Hallman, Eric J.; O’Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 671, Issue 1
Statistical uncertainties and systematic errors in weak lensing mass estimates of galaxy clusters
journal, September 2015
- Köhlinger, F.; Hoekstra, H.; Eriksen, M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 453, Issue 3
Cosmological Parameters from Observations of Galaxy Clusters
journal, September 2011
- Allen, Steven W.; Evrard, August E.; Mantz, Adam B.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 49, Issue 1
The Canadian Cluster Comparison Project: weak lensing masses and SZ scaling relations: Weak lensing masses of CCCP clusters
journal, November 2012
- Hoekstra, Henk; Mahdavi, Andisheh; Babul, Arif
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 427, Issue 2
Weak gravitational lensing
journal, January 2001
- Bartelmann, Matthias; Schneider, Peter
- Physics Reports, Vol. 340, Issue 4-5
The Mira–Titan Universe: Precision Predictions for dark Energy Surveys
journal, March 2016
- Heitmann, Katrin; Bingham, Derek; Lawrence, Earl
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 820, Issue 2
Testing Sunyaev–Zel'dovich measurements of the hot gas content of dark matter haloes using synthetic skies
journal, June 2015
- Le Brun, Amandine M. C.; McCarthy, Ian G.; Melin, Jean-Baptiste
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 4
Constraints on the richness–mass relation and the optical-SZE positional offset distribution for SZE-selected clusters
journal, October 2015
- Saro, A.; Bocquet, S.; Rozo, E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 454, Issue 3
The Mira-Titan Universe. III. Emulation of the Halo Mass Function
journal, September 2020
- Bocquet, Sebastian; Heitmann, Katrin; Habib, Salman
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1
Simulating the Universe with MICE: the abundance of massive clusters
journal, April 2010
- Crocce, Martín; Fosalba, Pablo; Castander, Francisco J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 403, Issue 3
Constraints on Cosmological Parameters from Future Galaxy Cluster Surveys
journal, June 2001
- Haiman, Zoltan; Mohr, Joseph J.; Holder, Gilbert P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 553, Issue 2
The insignificant evolution of the richness-mass relation of galaxy clusters
journal, August 2014
- Andreon, S.; Congdon, P.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 568
Mapping stellar content to dark matter haloes using galaxy clustering and galaxy–galaxy lensing in the SDSS DR7
journal, October 2015
- Zu, Ying; Mandelbaum, Rachel
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 454, Issue 2
The impact of baryons on massive galaxy clusters: halo structure and cluster mass estimates
journal, November 2016
- Henson, Monique A.; Barnes, David J.; Kay, Scott T.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 465, Issue 3
Dark Quest. I. Fast and Accurate Emulation of Halo Clustering Statistics and Its Application to Galaxy Clustering
journal, October 2019
- Nishimichi, Takahiro; Takada, Masahiro; Takahashi, Ryuichi
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1
The Aemulus Project. II. Emulating the Halo Mass Function
journal, February 2019
- McClintock, Thomas; Rozo, Eduardo; Becker, Matthew R.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 1
Detailed cluster lensing profiles at large radii and the impact on cluster weak lensing studies: Detailed cluster lensing profiles
journal, June 2011
- Oguri, Masamune; Hamana, Takashi
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 414, Issue 3
The observed growth of massive galaxy clusters - I. Statistical methods and cosmological constraints: Cluster growth: methods and cosmology
journal, July 2010
- Mantz, A.; Allen, S. W.; Rapetti, D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Influence of projection in cluster cosmology studies
journal, November 2011
- Erickson, Brandon M. S.; Cunha, Carlos E.; Evrard, August E.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 84, Issue 10
The effect of distant large scale structure on weak lensing
mass estimates
journal, May 2001
- Hoekstra, H.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 370, Issue 3
The Cosmology Dependence of weak Lensing Cluster Counts
journal, May 2009
- Marian, Laura; Smith, Robert E.; Bernstein, Gary M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 1