Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source

McClintock, David A.; Liu, Yun; Bruce, Douglas R.; Winder, Drew E.; Schwartz, Richard G.; Kyte, Matt; Blokland, Willem; Sangrey, Robert L.; Carroll, Timothy M.; Long, Cary D.; Jiang, Hao; Riemer, Bernard W.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110937

Title: Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source

Abstract

The effectiveness of small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and decrease strain in Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) target vessels was characterized using photography, laser-line scanning, and in-situ vessel strain measurements. Observations from early targets showed that erosion damage caused appreciable mass loss along the target vessel inner wall. Later target designs incorporated a cavitation mitigation technique called small-bubble gas injection, in which small helium gas bubbles were introduced into the flowing mercury during operation. Samples removed from target vessels after operation revealed that gas injection greatly reduced or eliminated erosion damage. Photographs of the target interiors showed areas where significant erosion damage occurred in targets that were operated without gas injection. The same areas had no observable erosion damage in targets that were operated with gas injection. Laser-line scan measurements were performed on samples from several target vessels operated with and without gas injection to measure the extent of erosion damage and quantify the effect of gas injection on erosion. In-situ strain measurements during operation showed that gas injection reduced the target vessel strain by 25%–75%. These results provide conclusive confirmation that gas injection effectively mitigated erosion damage and reduced strain in SNS target vessels during operation.

Authors:

; Liu, Yun;

; Winder, Drew E.; Schwartz, Richard G.;

; Blokland, Willem; Sangrey, Robert L.; Carroll, Timothy M.; Long, Cary D.;

;

Publication Date:: Thu Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1876142

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1881135

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Materials & Design

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Materials & Design Journal Volume: 221 Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0264-1275

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Cavitation; Erosion; Gas injection; Mercury; Liquid metal; Spallation; Target; Stainless steel

Citation Formats


                    McClintock, David A., Liu, Yun, Bruce, Douglas R., Winder, Drew E., Schwartz, Richard G., Kyte, Matt, Blokland, Willem, Sangrey, Robert L., Carroll, Timothy M., Long, Cary D., Jiang, Hao, and Riemer, Bernard W. Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source.  United Kingdom: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110937.

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                    McClintock, David A., Liu, Yun, Bruce, Douglas R., Winder, Drew E., Schwartz, Richard G., Kyte, Matt, Blokland, Willem, Sangrey, Robert L., Carroll, Timothy M., Long, Cary D., Jiang, Hao, & Riemer, Bernard W. Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source.  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110937

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                    McClintock, David A., Liu, Yun, Bruce, Douglas R., Winder, Drew E., Schwartz, Richard G., Kyte, Matt, Blokland, Willem, Sangrey, Robert L., Carroll, Timothy M., Long, Cary D., Jiang, Hao, and Riemer, Bernard W. Thu .  
"Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source".  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110937.

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@article{osti_1876142,

  title        = {Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source},

  author       = {McClintock, David A. and Liu, Yun and Bruce, Douglas R. and Winder, Drew E. and Schwartz, Richard G. and Kyte, Matt and Blokland, Willem and Sangrey, Robert L. and Carroll, Timothy M. and Long, Cary D. and Jiang, Hao and Riemer, Bernard W.},

  abstractNote = {The effectiveness of small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and decrease strain in Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) target vessels was characterized using photography, laser-line scanning, and in-situ vessel strain measurements. Observations from early targets showed that erosion damage caused appreciable mass loss along the target vessel inner wall. Later target designs incorporated a cavitation mitigation technique called small-bubble gas injection, in which small helium gas bubbles were introduced into the flowing mercury during operation. Samples removed from target vessels after operation revealed that gas injection greatly reduced or eliminated erosion damage. Photographs of the target interiors showed areas where significant erosion damage occurred in targets that were operated without gas injection. The same areas had no observable erosion damage in targets that were operated with gas injection. Laser-line scan measurements were performed on samples from several target vessels operated with and without gas injection to measure the extent of erosion damage and quantify the effect of gas injection on erosion. In-situ strain measurements during operation showed that gas injection reduced the target vessel strain by 25%–75%. These results provide conclusive confirmation that gas injection effectively mitigated erosion damage and reduced strain in SNS target vessels during operation.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110937},

  journal      = {Materials & Design},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 221,

  place        = {United Kingdom},

  year         = {Thu Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022},

  month        = {Thu Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022}

}

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Title: Small-bubble gas injection to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage and reduce strain in target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source

Abstract

Citation Formats

Faraday Michelson Interferometers for Signal Demodulation of Fiber-Optic Sensors journal, April 2021

Development of a gas layer to mitigate cavitation damage in liquid mercury spallation targets journal, June 2008

Correlation between simulations and cavitation-induced erosion damage in Spallation Neutron Source target modules after operation journal, July 2014

Mitigation Technologies for Damage Induced by Pressure Waves in High-Power Mercury Spallation Neutron Sources (III)—Consideration of the Effect of Microbubbles on Pressure Wave Propagation through a Water Test— journal, June 2011

Small gas bubble experiment for mitigation of cavitation damage and pressure waves in short-pulse mercury spallation targets journal, July 2014

SNS target tests at the LANSCE-WNR in 2001 – Part II journal, May 2003

Characterization of irradiated AISI 316L stainless steel disks removed from the Spallation Neutron Source journal, July 2014

Analysis of structure and deformation behavior of AISI 316L tensile specimens from the second operational target module at the Spallation Neutron Source journal, January 2016

Structural stability and hardness of carburized surfaces of 316 stainless steel after welding and after neutron irradiation journal, September 2006

Status of R&D on mitigating the effects of pressure waves for the Spallation Neutron Source mercury target journal, December 2012

Strain measurement in the recent SNS mercury target with gas injection journal, September 2018

Cavitation damage reduction by microbubble injection journal, March 2008

Post-irradiation tensile properties of the first and second operational target modules at the Spallation Neutron Source journal, July 2014

Hardness and stability of a carburized surface layer on AISI 316L stainless steel after irradiation in a spallation neutron environment journal, July 2014

Cavitation damage prediction for the JSNS mercury target vessel journal, January 2016

Effective residual stress prediction validated with neutron diffraction method for metal large-scale additive manufacturing journal, July 2021

Erosion damage on solid boundaries in contact with liquid metals by impulsive pressure injection journal, February 2003

SNS target tests at the LANSCE-WNR in 2001 – Part I journal, May 2003

Quadrature phase-shifted optical demodulator for low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors journal, January 2019

Upgraded Fiber-Optic Sensor System for Dynamic Strain Measurement in Spallation Neutron Source journal, December 2021

Post-irradiation examination of the Spallation Neutron Source target module journal, March 2010

Characterization of mechanical properties and deformation behavior of highly irradiated 316L stainless steel from target modules at the Spallation Neutron Source using digital image correlation analysis journal, March 2021

Summary of cavitation erosion investigations for the SNS mercury target journal, August 2005

Preliminary evaluation of cavitation resistance of type 316LN stainless steel in mercury using a vibratory horn journal, May 2003

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Cavitation damage experiments for mercury spallation targets at the LANSCE – WNR in 2005 journal, June 2008

Pitting damage by pressure waves in a mercury target journal, August 2005

Effect of Gas Microbubble Injection and Narrow Channel Structure on Cavitation Damage in Mercury Target Vessel journal, March 2021

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Faraday Michelson Interferometers for Signal Demodulation of Fiber-Optic Sensors
journal, April 2021

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journal, June 2008

Correlation between simulations and cavitation-induced erosion damage in Spallation Neutron Source target modules after operation
journal, July 2014

Mitigation Technologies for Damage Induced by Pressure Waves in High-Power Mercury Spallation Neutron Sources (III)—Consideration of the Effect of Microbubbles on Pressure Wave Propagation through a Water Test—
journal, June 2011

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journal, July 2014

SNS target tests at the LANSCE-WNR in 2001 – Part II
journal, May 2003

Characterization of irradiated AISI 316L stainless steel disks removed from the Spallation Neutron Source
journal, July 2014

Analysis of structure and deformation behavior of AISI 316L tensile specimens from the second operational target module at the Spallation Neutron Source
journal, January 2016

Structural stability and hardness of carburized surfaces of 316 stainless steel after welding and after neutron irradiation
journal, September 2006

Status of R&D on mitigating the effects of pressure waves for the Spallation Neutron Source mercury target
journal, December 2012

Strain measurement in the recent SNS mercury target with gas injection
journal, September 2018

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journal, March 2008

Post-irradiation tensile properties of the first and second operational target modules at the Spallation Neutron Source
journal, July 2014

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journal, July 2014

Cavitation damage prediction for the JSNS mercury target vessel
journal, January 2016

Effective residual stress prediction validated with neutron diffraction method for metal large-scale additive manufacturing
journal, July 2021

Erosion damage on solid boundaries in contact with liquid metals by impulsive pressure injection
journal, February 2003

SNS target tests at the LANSCE-WNR in 2001 – Part I
journal, May 2003

Quadrature phase-shifted optical demodulator for low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors
journal, January 2019

Upgraded Fiber-Optic Sensor System for Dynamic Strain Measurement in Spallation Neutron Source
journal, December 2021

Post-irradiation examination of the Spallation Neutron Source target module
journal, March 2010

Characterization of mechanical properties and deformation behavior of highly irradiated 316L stainless steel from target modules at the Spallation Neutron Source using digital image correlation analysis
journal, March 2021

Summary of cavitation erosion investigations for the SNS mercury target
journal, August 2005

Preliminary evaluation of cavitation resistance of type 316LN stainless steel in mercury using a vibratory horn
journal, May 2003

Characterization of a carburized surface layer on an austenitic stainless steel
journal, August 2005

Cavitation damage experiments for mercury spallation targets at the LANSCE – WNR in 2005
journal, June 2008

Pitting damage by pressure waves in a mercury target
journal, August 2005

Effect of Gas Microbubble Injection and Narrow Channel Structure on Cavitation Damage in Mercury Target Vessel
journal, March 2021

Neutron residual stress measurement and numerical modeling in a curved thin-walled structure by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing
journal, December 2017

Initial observations of cavitation-induced erosion of liquid metal spallation target vessels at the Spallation Neutron Source
journal, December 2012