Solvent-driven fractional crystallization for atom-efficient separation of metal salts from permanent magnet leachates

Stetson, Caleb; Prodius, Denis; Lee, Hyeonseok; Orme, Christopher; White, Byron; Rollins, Harry; Ginosar, Daniel; Nlebedim, Ikenna C.; Wilson, Aaron D.

doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31499-7

Title: Solvent-driven fractional crystallization for atom-efficient separation of metal salts from permanent magnet leachates

Journal Article · 30 June 2022 · Nature Communications

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31499-7 · OSTI ID:1874596

; Prodius, Denis;

;

; White, Byron;

; Ginosar, Daniel;

;

Abstract This work reports a dimethyl ether-driven fractional crystallization process for separating rare earth elements and transition metals. The process has been successfully applied in the treatment of rare earth element-bearing permanent magnet leachates as an atom-efficient, reagent-free separation method. Using ~5 bar pressure, the solvent was dissolved into the aqueous system to displace the contained metal salts as solid precipitates. Treatments at distinct temperatures ranging from 20–31 °C enable crystallization of either lanthanide-rich or transition metal-rich products, with single-stage solute recovery of up to 95.9% and a separation factor as high as 704. Separation factors increase with solution purity, suggesting feasibility for eco-friendly solution treatments in series and parallel to purify aqueous material streams. Staged treatments are demonstrated as capable of further improving the separation factor and purity of crystallized products. Upon completion of a crystallization, the solvent can be recovered with high efficiency at ambient pressure. This separation process involves low energy and reagent requirements and does not contribute to waste generation.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States); Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Ames Laboratory; USDOE; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Manufacturing Office; USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11358; AC07-05ID14517

OSTI ID:: 1874596

Report Number(s):: INL/JOU-22-65588-Rev000; IS-J-10,840; 3789; PII: 31499

Journal Information:: Nature Communications, Journal Name: Nature Communications Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 13; ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (83)

Magnetic Materials and Devices for the 21st Century: Stronger, Lighter, and More Energy Efficient Gutfleisch, Oliver; Willard, Matthew A.; Brück, Ekkes Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201002180	journal	December 2010
On the design of crystallization-based separation processes: Review and extension Cisternas, Luis A.; Vásquez, Cristian M.; Swaney, Ross E. AIChE Journal, Vol. 52, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10768	journal	January 2006
Solventing out of electrolytes from their aqueous solution Alfassi, Zeev B.; Mosseri, Shlomo AIChE Journal, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690300539	journal	September 1984
The separation of electrolytes by a “solventing-out” process Alfassi, Z. B. AIChE Journal, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690310325	journal	March 1985
Fractional crystallization: Design alternatives and tradeoffs: Fractional Crystallization: Design Alternatives and Tradeoffs Dye, Susan R.; Ng, Ka M. AIChE Journal, Vol. 41, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411109	journal	November 1995
Optimal design of crystallization-based separation schemes Cisternas, Luis A. AIChE Journal, Vol. 45, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690450711	journal	July 1999
Unified approach for synthesizing crystallization-based separation processes Wibowo, Christianto; Ng, Ka M. AIChE Journal, Vol. 46, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690460713	journal	July 2000
Atom Economy—A Challenge for Organic Synthesis: Homogeneous Catalysis Leads the Way Trost, Barry M. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199502591	journal	February 1995
The structure of and interactions in binary acetonitrile + water mixtures: Acetonitrile + water mixtures Marcus, Yizhak Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.3056	journal	December 2012
Separation Hydrometallurgy of Rare Earth Elements Zhang, Jack; Zhao, Baodong; Schreiner, Bryan https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28235-0	book	December 2015
Refinement of the crystal structure of Sm2(SO4)3?d8H2O Podberezskaya, N. V.; Borisov, S. V. Journal of Structural Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00748418	journal	January 1976
Energy-saving drying technology for porous media using liquefied DME gas Kanda, Hideki; Makino, Hisao; Miyahara, Minoru Adsorption, Vol. 14, Issue 4-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-008-9120-2	journal	April 2008
REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review Yang, Yongxiang; Walton, Allan; Sheridan, Richard Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4	journal	September 2016
Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Neodymium Magnet Waste Using Glycolic, Maleic, and Ascorbic Acids Followed by Solvent Extraction Gergoric, Marino; Barrier, Antonin; Retegan, Teodora Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-018-0200-6	journal	December 2018
The preparation of carrier free radiobromine: The separation of KBrO3 and KBr using an organic solvent Alfassi, Zeev B.; Feldman, Liviau The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(76)90188-5	journal	February 1976
Solubility and thermodynamic functions for a 3–2 salt, samarium sulfate, in water and sulfuric acid solutions at temperatures to 350°C Marshall, William L.; Slusher, Ruth Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 37, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(75)80852-9	journal	October 1975
Kinetics of liquid-gas reactions through bubbles Mishra, K. K.; Kapoor, M. L. Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(78)90008-7	journal	January 1978
Binary vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium of dimethyl ether - water and mutual solubilities of methyl chloride and water: Experimental results and data reduction Holldorff, H.; Knapp, H. Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 44, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(88)80111-0	journal	December 1988
Diamond nucleation on steel substrates Spinnewyn, J.; Nesládek, M.; Asinari, C. Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-9635(93)90083-E	journal	March 1993
Systematic separation of a multicomponent mixture of solids based on selective crystallization and dissolution Ng, Ka M. Separations Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-9618(91)80006-L	journal	January 1991
Developments in the processing and properties of NdFeb-type permanent magnets Brown, David; Ma, Bao-Min; Chen, Zhongmin Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 248, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00334-7	journal	August 2002
Historical overview of silicon crystal pulling development Zulehner, Werner Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 73, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(99)00427-4	journal	April 2000
Simulation study of flat-sheet air gap membrane distillation modules coupled with an evaporative crystallizer for zero liquid discharge water desalination Guo, Hanfei; Ali, Hafiz Muhammad; Hassanzadeh, Ali Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.131	journal	September 2016
Efficient separation and high selectivity for nickel from cobalt-solution by a novel chelating resin: Batch, column and competition investigation Li, Baohua; Liu, Fuqiang; Wang, Junfei Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 195-196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.089	journal	July 2012
Thermodynamics of solvent-driven water extraction from hypersaline brines using dimethyl ether Deshmukh, Akshay; Foo, Zi Hao; Stetson, Caleb Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134391	journal	April 2022
Removal of heavy metal ions by nanofiltration Al-Rashdi, B. A. M.; Johnson, D. J.; Hilal, N. Desalination, Vol. 315 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.022	journal	April 2013
Electrodeposition of Dysprosium in pyrrolidinium triflate ionic liquid at ambient temperature: Unraveling system efficiency and impact of solvation interplays on the reduction process Atifi, Abderrahman; Baek, Donna L.; Fox, Robert V. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 378 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138140	journal	May 2021
Energy consumption for sugar manufacturing. Part I: Evaporation versus reverse osmosis Madaeni, S. S.; Zereshki, S. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01.002	journal	June 2010
Global demand for rare earth resources and strategies for green mining Dutta, Tanushree; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Uchimiya, Minori Environmental Research, Vol. 150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.052	journal	October 2016
The solubility of water in mixtures of dimethyl ether and carbon dioxide Tallon, Stephen; Fenton, Kristina Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 298, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2010.07.009	journal	November 2010
Energy-efficient coal dewatering using liquefied dimethyl ether Kanda, Hideki; Makino, Hisao Fuel, Vol. 89, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.019	journal	August 2010
Recycling of NdFeB magnets using nitration, calcination and water leaching for REE recovery Önal, Mehmet Ali Recai; Aktan, Emir; Borra, Chenna Rao Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.11.006	journal	January 2017
Mathematical modelling and analysis of an industrial scale evaporative crystallizer producing lactose monohydrate Agrawal, Shailesh; Paterson, Anthony (Tony); McLeod, Jeremy Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.12.025	journal	June 2015
Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel Semelsberger, Troy A.; Borup, Rodney L.; Greene, Howard L. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 156, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.082	journal	June 2006
A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions Xie, Feng; Zhang, Ting An; Dreisinger, David Minerals Engineering, Vol. 56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.10.021	journal	February 2014
Modeling solution vapor equilibria with solvation and solute assembly Wilson, Aaron D.; Stetson, Caleb Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 336 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116272	journal	August 2021
Idaho database of solution thermodynamics Feeley, Brendan P.; Overton, Michael A.; Galloway, Matthew M. Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 338 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116574	journal	September 2021
Applying design of experiments to evaluate economic feasibility of rare-earth element recovery Deng, Sidi; Perez-Cardona, Jesus; Huang, Aihua Procedia CIRP, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.005	journal	January 2020
Techno-economic Assessment of a Novel SmCo Permanent Magnet Manufacturing Method Zhou, Xiaoyu; Huang, Aihua; Cui, Baozhi Procedia CIRP, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.017	journal	January 2021
Comparative life cycle analysis for value recovery of precious metals and rare earth elements from electronic waste Li, Zhen; Diaz, Luis A.; Yang, Zhiyao Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.025	journal	October 2019
Separation of valuable elements from NiMH battery leach liquor via antisolvent precipitation Korkmaz, Kivanc; Alemrajabi, Mahmood; Rasmuson, Åke C. Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115812	journal	March 2020
Solvent extraction of lithium ions using benzoyltrifluoroacetone in new solvents Masmoudi, Abderrazak; Zante, Guillaume; Trébouet, Dominique Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117653	journal	January 2021
Bridging Hydrometallurgy and Biochemistry: A Protein-Based Process for Recovery and Separation of Rare Earth Elements Dong, Ziye; Mattocks, Joseph A.; Deblonde, Gauthier J. -P. ACS Central Science, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00724	journal	October 2021
Sustainable Recycling of Rare-Earth Elements from NdFeB Magnet Swarf: Techno-Economic and Environmental Perspectives Chowdhury, Nighat Afroz; Deng, Sidi; Jin, Hongyue ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05965	journal	November 2021
Water Interplays during Dysprosium Electrodeposition in Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquid: Deconvoluting the Pros and Cons for Rare Earth Metallization Orme, Kennalee; Baek, Donna L.; Fox, Robert V. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06189	journal	October 2021
Techno-economic and Life Cycle Analysis for Bioleaching Rare-Earth Elements from Waste Materials Thompson, Vicki S.; Gupta, Mayank; Jin, Hongyue ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02771	journal	December 2017
Metal Recovery from Spent Samarium–Cobalt Magnets Using a Trichloride Ionic Liquid Li, Xiaohua; Li, Zheng; Orefice, Martina ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05604	journal	December 2018
Sustainable Urban Mining of Critical Elements from Magnet and Electronic Wastes Prodius, Denis; Gandha, Kinjal; Mudring, Anja-Verena ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05741	journal	November 2019
On Inventing Reactions for Atom Economy Trost, Barry M. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 35, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar010068z	journal	September 2002
Process designs for fractional crystallization from solution Cisternas, Luis A.; Rudd, Dale F. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 32, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00021a022	journal	September 1993
Fractional Precipitation or Crystallization Systems - Efficiency of Fractionation Joy, E. F.; Payne, John H. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50550a038	journal	October 1955
How to Design Fractional Crystallization Processes Fitch, Bryant. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 62, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50732a004	journal	December 1970
The Heat of Hydration of Cobalt Sulfate Hexahydrate to Heptahydrate. Their Solubilities and Heats of Solution ¹ Brodale, G. E.; Giauque, W. F. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 69, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100888a029	journal	April 1965
Viscosity of Aqueous NaCl Solutions with Dissolved CO ₂ at (30 to 60) °C and (10 to 20) MPa Bando, Shigeru; Takemura, Fumio; Nishio, Masahiro Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Vol. 49, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/je049940f	journal	August 2004
Selective sulfidation of metal compounds Stinn, Caspar; Allanore, Antoine Nature, Vol. 602, Issue 7895 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04321-5	journal	December 2021
Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries Ciez, Rebecca E.; Whitacre, J. F. Nature Sustainability, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0222-5	journal	February 2019
Mass action model of solution activity via speciation by solvation and ion pairing equilibria Wilson, Aaron D.; Lee, Hyeonseok; Stetson, Caleb Communications Chemistry, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-021-00599-8	journal	November 2021
Retention of single crystals of two Co( ii ) complexes during chemical reactions and rearrangement Mobin, Shaikh M.; Mohammad, Akbar Dalton Transactions, Vol. 43, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT01312C	journal	January 2014
Recycling of rare earths from NdFeB magnets using a combined leaching/extraction system based on the acidity and thermomorphism of the ionic liquid [Hbet][Tf ₂ N] Dupont, David; Binnemans, Koen Green Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC00155B	journal	January 2015
Recovery of rare earth elements with ionic liquids Wang, Kaiying; Adidharma, Hertanto; Radosz, Maciej Green Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC02141K	journal	January 2017
Selective electrochemical extraction of REEs from NdFeB magnet waste at room temperature Venkatesan, Prakash; Vander Hoogerstraete, Tom; Hennebel, Tom Green Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC03296J	journal	January 2018
Crystallization kinetics of Na ₂ CO ₃ in Bayer aluminate solutions during the evaporation process Guo, Tao; You, Shaowei; Yang, Bo CrystEngComm, Vol. 20, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CE00363G	journal	January 2018
Rationally designed rare earth separation by selective oxalate solubilization Prodius, Denis; Klocke, Matthew; Smetana, Volodymyr Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, Issue 77 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC02270E	journal	January 2020
Solute displacement in the aqueous phase of water–NaCl–organic ternary mixtures relevant to solvent-driven water treatment McNally, Joshua S.; Foo, Zi Hao; Deshmukh, Akshay RSC Advances, Vol. 10, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA06361D	journal	January 2020
Impact of process parameters on product size and morphology in hydrometallurgical antisolvent crystallization Peters, Edward Michael; Svärd, Michael; Forsberg, Kerstin CrystEngComm, Vol. 24, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00050D	journal	January 2022
Removal of transition metals from rare earths by solvent extraction with an undiluted phosphonium ionic liquid: separations relevant to rare-earth magnet recycling Vander Hoogerstraete, Tom; Wellens, Sil; Verachtert, Katrien Green Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40198g	journal	January 2013
The Separation of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution by Miscible Organic Solvents Alfassi, Zeev B. Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496397908062552	journal	February 1979
Separation of the System NaCl-NaBr-Nal by “Solventing Out” from Aqueous Solution Alfassi, Zeev B.; Ata, Lawrence Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 18, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496398308060298	journal	May 1983
Extraction behavior of selected rare earth metals from acidic chloride media using tetrabutyl diglycolamide Case, M. E.; Fox, R. V.; Baek, D. L. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 35, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2017.1373984	journal	September 2017
Recovery of rare earth elements from acid mine drainage by ion exchange Felipe, E. C. B.; Batista, K. A.; Ladeira, A. C. Q. Environmental Technology, Vol. 42, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1713219	journal	January 2020
Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Waste Fluorescent Lamps: A Review Tan, Quanyin; Li, Jinhui; Zeng, Xianlai Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.900240	journal	December 2014
The crystal structure of cobalt sulfate hexahydrate Zalkin, A.; Ruben, H.; Templeton, D. H. Acta Crystallographica, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X62003242	journal	December 1962
On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates. III. The determination of the crystal structure of FeSO ₄ .7H ₂ O (melanterite) Baur, W. H. Acta Crystallographica, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X64003000	journal	September 1964
Optimization design of cane sugar evaporative crystallizer based on orthogonal test and computational fluid dynamics Zhang, Jinlai; Meng, Yanmei; Wang, Hui Journal of Food Process Engineering, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13355	journal	April 2020
Challenges in Metal Recycling Reck, B. K.; Graedel, T. E. Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6095 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217501	journal	August 2012
Toward a sustainable materials system Olivetti, Elsa A.; Cullen, Jonathan M. Science, Vol. 360, Issue 6396 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6821	journal	June 2018
Rare earth elements: Mendeleev’s bane, modern marvels Cheisson, Thibault; Schelter, Eric J. Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6426 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7628	journal	January 2019
Rare Earths: Market Disruption, Innovation, and Global Supply Chains Eggert, Roderick; Wadia, Cyrus; Anderson, Corby Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085700	journal	November 2016
Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Review Zhang, Yuanbo; Gu, Foquan; Su, Zijian Metals, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060841	journal	June 2020
Leaching and Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Neodymium Magnet Waste Using Organic Acids Gergoric, Marino; Ravaux, Christophe; Steenari, Britt-Marie Metals, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/met8090721	journal	September 2018
Scandium Recovery from an Ammonium Fluoride Strip Liquor by Anti-Solvent Crystallization Kaya, Şerif; Peters, Edward; Forsberg, Kerstin Metals, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/met8100767	journal	September 2018
Recent advances in acid-free dissolution and separation of rare earth elements from the magnet waste Inman, Grace; Prodius, Denis; Nlebedim, Ikenna C. Clean Technologies and Recycling, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3934/ctr.2021006	journal	January 2021
Compilation of Henry's law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent Sander, R. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4399-2015	journal	January 2015

Similar Records

YTTRIUM BEHAVIOR IN RARE EARTH-AMINE EXTRACTION SYSTEMS AND EFFECT OF SEQUESTRANTS

Technical Report · 1962 · OSTI ID:4690351

Bauer, D J; Rice, A C

Method for purifying TiO sub 2 ore

Patent · 1991 · OSTI ID:5055054

Chao, T; Senkler, Jr, G H

EXTRACTION AND SEPARATION OF YTTRIUM AND RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS FOUND IN EUXENITE

Technical Report · 1960 · OSTI ID:4800596

Gruzensky, W G

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
atom economy
chemical engineering
design
synthesis and processing
dimethyl ether
fractional precipitation
green chemistry
hydrometallurgy
process chemistry
rare earth elements
sustainability

Title: Solvent-driven fractional crystallization for atom-efficient separation of metal salts from permanent magnet leachates

Citation Formats

References (83)

Similar Records

Related Subjects