Effect of N2- and CO2-containing shielding gases on composition modification and carbonitride precipitation in wire arc additive manufactured grade 91 steel

Green, Theresa Mary Kelsy; Sridharan, Niyanth; Chen, Xiang; Field, Kevin G.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.102854

Title: Effect of N₂- and CO₂-containing shielding gases on composition modification and carbonitride precipitation in wire arc additive manufactured grade 91 steel

Journal Article · 29 April 2022 · Additive Manufacturing

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102854 · OSTI ID:1870261

Green, Theresa Mary Kelsy ^[1];

^[2];

^[3];

^[4]

Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lincoln Electric Company, Mahindra World City (India)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)

Additive manufacturing (AM) represents a promising technique to fabricate metallic alloys with greater control of the resulting material features as compared to traditional manufacturing routes. Recently, there is greater interest in AM research on 9 wt% Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels, which are commonly studied for use in the nuclear energy industry. This work aims to prove that wire arc AM can manufacture F/M steels with adequate mechanical properties in multiple processing atmospheres and aims to study how shielding gas composition can be leveraged during fabrication to induce specific precipitation pathways. The effect of shielding gas composition on MX (M=Nb and/or V, Xdouble bondC and/or N) carbonitride precipitation in a 9 wt% Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel alloy known as Grade 91 was studied using N₂ and CO₂ gas additions to an inert Ar shielding gas atmosphere during wire arc AM. The N and C atoms present in the processing atmospheres were absorbed into the melt pools during fabrication. Due to their differing affinities for precipitate-forming reactions, the varying levels of C and N between the samples contributed to differences in final carbonitride composition and morphologies. Such precipitate behavior is of interest as carbonitrides have been shown to contribute to increased mechanical performance. This increased performance was studied via electron microscopy and tested for strength, ductility, and fracture properties.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain. Advanced Fuel Campaign; USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain. Fuel Cycle Research and Development Program; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1870261

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1870198

Journal Information:: Additive Manufacturing, Journal Name: Additive Manufacturing Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 56; ISSN 2214-8604

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Effect of N2- and CO2-containing shielding gases on composition modification and carbonitride precipitation in wire arc additive manufactured grade 91 steel

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Title: Effect of N₂- and CO₂-containing shielding gases on composition modification and carbonitride precipitation in wire arc additive manufactured grade 91 steel