Title: Area-Scalable Zn₂SnO₄ Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules

Abstract

The development of a scalable chemical bath deposition (CBD) process facilitates the realization of electron-transporting layers (ETLs) for large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs). In this work, a method to prepare a uniform and scalable thick Zn₂SnO₄ ETL by CBD, which yielded high-performance PSMs, is reported. This Zn₂SnO₄ ETL exhibits excellent electrical properties and enhanced optical transmittance in the visible region. Moreover, the Zn₂SnO₄ ETL influences the perovskite layer formation, yielding enhanced crystallinity, increased grain size, and a smoother surface, thus facilitating electron extraction and collection from the perovskite to the ETL. Zn₂SnO₄ thereby yields PSMs with a remarkable photovoltaic performance, low hysteresis index, and high device reproducibility. The champion PSM exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.59%, being among the highest values published so far. In addition, the CBD Zn₂SnO₄-based PSMs exhibit high stability, retaining more than 88% of initial efficiency over 1000 h under continuous illumination. This demonstrates that CBD Zn₂SnO₄ is an appropriate ETL for high-efficiency PSMs and a viable new process for their industrialization.

Authors:

Liu, Xuehui ^[1]; Zhang, Yi  ^[2];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Zhang, Yi"
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0001-5710-3404"

Chen, Min ^[3]; Xiao, Chuanxiao  ^[4];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Xiao, Chuanxiao"
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0002-4136-2249"

Brooks, Keith Gregory ^[2]; Xia, Jianxing ^[2]; Gao, Xiao-Xin ^[2]; Kanda, Hiroyuki  ^[2];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Kanda, Hiroyuki"
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0002-0327-8775"

Kinge, Sachin ^[5]; Asiri, Abdullah M.  ^[6];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Asiri, Abdullah M."
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0001-7905-3209"

Luther, Joseph M.  ^[3];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Luther, Joseph M."
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0002-4054-8244"

Feng, Yaqing ^[7]; Dyson, Paul J.  ^[2];

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Dyson, Paul J."
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0003-3117-3249"

Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja  ^[2]

• Search DOE PAGES for author "Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja"
• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0001-5955-4786"

---

+ Show Author Affiliations

1. Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne, Sion (Switzerland). Inst. of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Tianjin Univ. (China)
2. Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne, Sion (Switzerland). Inst. of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
3. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
4. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (China). Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering; Ningbo New Material Testing and Evaluation Center (China)
5. Toyota Motor Corporation, Zaventum (Belgium). Toyota Motor Technical Centre
6. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)
7. Tianjin Univ. (China)

Publication Date:

Tue May 10 00:00:00 EDT 2022

Research Org.:

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:

1869692

Report Number(s):

NREL/JA-5900-81416
Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244; MainId:82189;UUID:b2cd8ef9-5bd0-4d1a-9b1d-7ccdf282d791;MainAdminID:64552

Grant/Contract Number:  

AC36-08GO28308

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 14; Journal Issue: 20; Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244

Publisher:

American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

17 SOLAR ENERGY; high efficiency and stability; improved crystallization; perovskite solar modules; thick Zn2SnO4 ETL; UV filter; deposition; grain; layers; perovskites; thin films