First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
Abstract
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of λ = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μas (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ~4 × 106 M⊙, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50°), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at themore »
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- (于威), Wei
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- Contributing Org.:
- Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1868453
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-22-415-PPD
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8205; oai:inspirehep.net:2080889; TRN: US2306288
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal. Letters
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 930; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8205
- Publisher:
- IOP Publishing
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Citation Formats
Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bauböck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, Laurentis, Mariafelicia De, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Dhruv, Vedant, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Eatough, Ralph P., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gómez, José L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Bella, Noemi La, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li, Zhiyuan, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lu, Ru-Sen, Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Fuentes, Santiago Navarro, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales, Cristina, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruiz, Ignacio, Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Argüelles, David, Sánchez-Portal, Miguel, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Souccar, Kamal, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhang, Shuo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Agurto, Claudio, Allardi, Alexander, Amestica, Rodrigo, Araneda, Juan Pablo, Arriagada, Oriel, Berghuis, Jennie L., Bertarini, Alessandra, Berthold, Ryan, Blanchard, Jay, Brown, Ken, Cárdenas, Mauricio, Cantzler, Michael, Caro, Patricio, Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar, Chan, Tin Lok, Chang, Chih-Cheng, Chang, Dominic O., Chang, Shu-Hao, Chang, Song-Chu, Chen, Chung-Chen, Chilson, Ryan, Chuter, Tim C., Ciechanowicz, Miroslaw, Colin-Beltran, Edgar, Coulson, Iain M., Crowley, Joseph, Degenaar, Nathalie, Dornbusch, Sven, Durán, Carlos A., Everett, Wendeline B., Faber, Aaron, Forster, Karl, Fuchs, Miriam M., Gale, David M., Geertsema, Gertie, González, Edouard, Graham, Dave, Gueth, Frédéric, Halverson, Nils W., Han, Chih-Chiang, Han, Kuo-Chang, Hasegawa, Yutaka, Hernández-Rebollar, José Luis, Herrera, Cristian, Herrero-Illana, Ruben, Heyminck, Stefan, Hirota, Akihiko, Hoge, James, Hostler Schimpf, Shelbi R., Howie, Ryan E., Huang, Yau-De, Jiang, Homin, Jinchi, Hao, John, David, Kimura, Kimihiro, Klein, Thomas, Kubo, Derek, Kuroda, John, Kwon, Caleb, Lacasse, Richard, Laing, Robert, Leitch, Erik M., Li, Chao-Te, Liu, Ching-Tang, Liu, Kuan-Yu, Lin, Lupin C.-C., Lu, Li-Ming, Mac-Auliffe, Felipe, Martin-Cocher, Pierre, Matulonis, Callie, Maute, John K., Messias, Hugo, Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Montaña, Alfredo, Montenegro-Montes, Francisco, Montgomerie, William, Moreno Nolasco, Marcos Emir, Muders, Dirk, Nishioka, Hiroaki, Norton, Timothy J., Nystrom, George, Ogawa, Hideo, Olivares, Rodrigo, Oshiro, Peter, Pérez-Beaupuits, Juan Pablo, Parra, Rodrigo, Phillips, Neil M., Poirier, Michael, Pradel, Nicolas, Qiu, Richard, Raffin, Philippe A., Rahlin, Alexandra S., Ramírez, Jorge, Ressler, Sean, Reynolds, Mark, Rodríguez-Montoya, Iván, Saez-Madain, Alejandro F., Santana, Jorge, Shaw, Paul, Shirkey, Leslie E., Silva, Kevin M., Snow, William, Sousa, Don, Sridharan, T. K., Stahm, William, Stark, Anthony A., Test, John, Torstensson, Karl, Venegas, Paulina, Walther, Craig, Wei, Ta-Shun, White, Chris, Wieching, Gundolf, Wijnands, Rudy, Wouterloot, Jan A., Yu, Chen-Yu, Yu, and Zeballos, Milagros. First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way. United States: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674.
Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bauböck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, Laurentis, Mariafelicia De, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Dhruv, Vedant, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Eatough, Ralph P., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gómez, José L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Bella, Noemi La, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li, Zhiyuan, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lu, Ru-Sen, Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Fuentes, Santiago Navarro, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales, Cristina, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruiz, Ignacio, Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Argüelles, David, Sánchez-Portal, Miguel, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Souccar, Kamal, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhang, Shuo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Agurto, Claudio, Allardi, Alexander, Amestica, Rodrigo, Araneda, Juan Pablo, Arriagada, Oriel, Berghuis, Jennie L., Bertarini, Alessandra, Berthold, Ryan, Blanchard, Jay, Brown, Ken, Cárdenas, Mauricio, Cantzler, Michael, Caro, Patricio, Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar, Chan, Tin Lok, Chang, Chih-Cheng, Chang, Dominic O., Chang, Shu-Hao, Chang, Song-Chu, Chen, Chung-Chen, Chilson, Ryan, Chuter, Tim C., Ciechanowicz, Miroslaw, Colin-Beltran, Edgar, Coulson, Iain M., Crowley, Joseph, Degenaar, Nathalie, Dornbusch, Sven, Durán, Carlos A., Everett, Wendeline B., Faber, Aaron, Forster, Karl, Fuchs, Miriam M., Gale, David M., Geertsema, Gertie, González, Edouard, Graham, Dave, Gueth, Frédéric, Halverson, Nils W., Han, Chih-Chiang, Han, Kuo-Chang, Hasegawa, Yutaka, Hernández-Rebollar, José Luis, Herrera, Cristian, Herrero-Illana, Ruben, Heyminck, Stefan, Hirota, Akihiko, Hoge, James, Hostler Schimpf, Shelbi R., Howie, Ryan E., Huang, Yau-De, Jiang, Homin, Jinchi, Hao, John, David, Kimura, Kimihiro, Klein, Thomas, Kubo, Derek, Kuroda, John, Kwon, Caleb, Lacasse, Richard, Laing, Robert, Leitch, Erik M., Li, Chao-Te, Liu, Ching-Tang, Liu, Kuan-Yu, Lin, Lupin C.-C., Lu, Li-Ming, Mac-Auliffe, Felipe, Martin-Cocher, Pierre, Matulonis, Callie, Maute, John K., Messias, Hugo, Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Montaña, Alfredo, Montenegro-Montes, Francisco, Montgomerie, William, Moreno Nolasco, Marcos Emir, Muders, Dirk, Nishioka, Hiroaki, Norton, Timothy J., Nystrom, George, Ogawa, Hideo, Olivares, Rodrigo, Oshiro, Peter, Pérez-Beaupuits, Juan Pablo, Parra, Rodrigo, Phillips, Neil M., Poirier, Michael, Pradel, Nicolas, Qiu, Richard, Raffin, Philippe A., Rahlin, Alexandra S., Ramírez, Jorge, Ressler, Sean, Reynolds, Mark, Rodríguez-Montoya, Iván, Saez-Madain, Alejandro F., Santana, Jorge, Shaw, Paul, Shirkey, Leslie E., Silva, Kevin M., Snow, William, Sousa, Don, Sridharan, T. K., Stahm, William, Stark, Anthony A., Test, John, Torstensson, Karl, Venegas, Paulina, Walther, Craig, Wei, Ta-Shun, White, Chris, Wieching, Gundolf, Wijnands, Rudy, Wouterloot, Jan A., Yu, Chen-Yu, Yu, & Zeballos, Milagros. First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674
Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bauböck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, Laurentis, Mariafelicia De, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Dhruv, Vedant, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Eatough, Ralph P., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gómez, José L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Bella, Noemi La, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li, Zhiyuan, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lu, Ru-Sen, Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Fuentes, Santiago Navarro, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales, Cristina, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruiz, Ignacio, Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Argüelles, David, Sánchez-Portal, Miguel, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Souccar, Kamal, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. 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"First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1868453.
@article{osti_1868453,
title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way},
author = {Akiyama, Kazunori and Alberdi, Antxon and Alef, Walter and Algaba, Juan Carlos and Anantua, Richard and Asada, Keiichi and Azulay, Rebecca and Bach, Uwe and Baczko, Anne-Kathrin and Ball, David and Baloković, Mislav and Barrett, John and Bauböck, Michi and Benson, Bradford A. and Bintley, Dan and Blackburn, Lindy and Blundell, Raymond and Bouman, Katherine L. and Bower, Geoffrey C. and Boyce, Hope and Bremer, Michael and Brinkerink, Christiaan D. and Brissenden, Roger and Britzen, Silke and Broderick, Avery E. and Broguiere, Dominique and Bronzwaer, Thomas and Bustamante, Sandra and Byun, Do-Young and Carlstrom, John E. and Ceccobello, Chiara and Chael, Andrew and Chan, Chi-kwan and Chatterjee, Koushik and Chatterjee, Shami and Chen, Ming-Tang and Chen, Yongjun and Cheng, Xiaopeng and Cho, Ilje and Christian, Pierre and Conroy, Nicholas S. and Conway, John E. and Cordes, James M. and Crawford, Thomas M. and Crew, Geoffrey B. and Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro and Cui, Yuzhu and Davelaar, Jordy and Laurentis, Mariafelicia De and Deane, Roger and Dempsey, Jessica and Desvignes, Gregory and Dexter, Jason and Dhruv, Vedant and Doeleman, Sheperd S. and Dougal, Sean and Dzib, Sergio A. and Eatough, Ralph P. and Emami, Razieh and Falcke, Heino and Farah, Joseph and Fish, Vincent L. and Fomalont, Ed and Ford, H. Alyson and Fraga-Encinas, Raquel and Freeman, William T. and Friberg, Per and Fromm, Christian M. and Fuentes, Antonio and Galison, Peter and Gammie, Charles F. and García, Roberto and Gentaz, Olivier and Georgiev, Boris and Goddi, Ciriaco and Gold, Roman and Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. and Gómez, José L. and Gu, Minfeng and Gurwell, Mark and Hada, Kazuhiro and Haggard, Daryl and Haworth, Kari and Hecht, Michael H. and Hesper, Ronald and Heumann, Dirk and Ho, Luis C. and Ho, Paul and Honma, Mareki and Huang, Chih-Wei L. and Huang, Lei and Hughes, David H. and Ikeda, Shiro and Impellizzeri, C. Violette and Inoue, Makoto and Issaoun, Sara and James, David J. and Jannuzi, Buell T. and Janssen, Michael and Jeter, Britton and Jiang, Wu and Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra and Johnson, Michael D. and Jorstad, Svetlana and Joshi, Abhishek V. and Jung, Taehyun and Karami, Mansour and Karuppusamy, Ramesh and Kawashima, Tomohisa and Keating, Garrett K. and Kettenis, Mark and Kim, Dong-Jin and Kim, Jae-Young and Kim, Jongsoo and Kim, Junhan and Kino, Motoki and Koay, Jun Yi and Kocherlakota, Prashant and Kofuji, Yutaro and Koch, Patrick M. and Koyama, Shoko and Kramer, Carsten and Kramer, Michael and Krichbaum, Thomas P. and Kuo, Cheng-Yu and Bella, Noemi La and Lauer, Tod R. and Lee, Daeyoung and Lee, Sang-Sung and Leung, Po Kin and Levis, Aviad and Li, Zhiyuan and Lico, Rocco and Lindahl, Greg and Lindqvist, Michael and Lisakov, Mikhail and Liu, Jun and Liu, Kuo and Liuzzo, Elisabetta and Lo, Wen-Ping and Lobanov, Andrei P. and Loinard, Laurent and Lonsdale, Colin J. and Lu, Ru-Sen and Mao, Jirong and Marchili, Nicola and Markoff, Sera and Marrone, Daniel P. and Marscher, Alan P. and Martí-Vidal, Iván and Matsushita, Satoki and Matthews, Lynn D. and Medeiros, Lia and Menten, Karl M. and Michalik, Daniel and Mizuno, Izumi and Mizuno, Yosuke and Moran, James M. and Moriyama, Kotaro and Moscibrodzka, Monika and Müller, Cornelia and Mus, Alejandro and Musoke, Gibwa and Myserlis, Ioannis and Nadolski, Andrew and Nagai, Hiroshi and Nagar, Neil M. and Nakamura, Masanori and Narayan, Ramesh and Narayanan, Gopal and Natarajan, Iniyan and Nathanail, Antonios and Fuentes, Santiago Navarro and Neilsen, Joey and Neri, Roberto and Ni, Chunchong and Noutsos, Aristeidis and Nowak, Michael A. and Oh, Junghwan and Okino, Hiroki and Olivares, Héctor and Ortiz-León, Gisela N. and Oyama, Tomoaki and Özel, Feryal and Palumbo, Daniel M. and Paraschos, Georgios Filippos and Park, Jongho and Parsons, Harriet and Patel, Nimesh and Pen, Ue-Li and Pesce, Dominic W. and Piétu, Vincent and Plambeck, Richard and PopStefanija, Aleksandar and Porth, Oliver and Pötzl, Felix M. and Prather, Ben and Preciado-López, Jorge A. and Psaltis, Dimitrios and Pu, Hung-Yi and Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh and Rao, Ramprasad and Rawlings, Mark G. and Raymond, Alexander W. and Rezzolla, Luciano and Ricarte, Angelo and Ripperda, Bart and Roelofs, Freek and Rogers, Alan and Ros, Eduardo and Romero-Cañizales, Cristina and Roshanineshat, Arash and Rottmann, Helge and Roy, Alan L. and Ruiz, Ignacio and Ruszczyk, Chet and Rygl, Kazi J. and Sánchez, Salvador and Sánchez-Argüelles, David and Sánchez-Portal, Miguel and Sasada, Mahito and Satapathy, Kaushik and Savolainen, Tuomas and Schloerb, F. Peter and Schonfeld, Jonathan and Schuster, Karl-Friedrich and Shao, Lijing and Shen, Zhiqiang and Small, Des and Sohn, Bong Won and SooHoo, Jason and Souccar, Kamal and Sun, He and Tazaki, Fumie and Tetarenko, Alexandra J. and Tiede, Paul and Tilanus, Remo J. and Titus, Michael and Torne, Pablo and Traianou, Efthalia and Trent, Tyler and Trippe, Sascha and Turk, Matthew and van Bemmel, Ilse and van Langevelde, Huib Jan and van Rossum, Daniel R. and Vos, Jesse and Wagner, Jan and Ward-Thompson, Derek and Wardle, John and Weintroub, Jonathan and Wex, Norbert and Wharton, Robert and Wielgus, Maciek and Wiik, Kaj and Witzel, Gunther and Wondrak, Michael F. and Wong, George N. and Wu, Qingwen and Yamaguchi, Paul and Yoon, Doosoo and Young, André and Young, Ken and Younsi, Ziri and Yuan, Feng and Yuan, Ye-Fei and Zensus, J. Anton and Zhang, Shuo and Zhao, Guang-Yao and Zhao, Shan-Shan and Agurto, Claudio and Allardi, Alexander and Amestica, Rodrigo and Araneda, Juan Pablo and Arriagada, Oriel and Berghuis, Jennie L. and Bertarini, Alessandra and Berthold, Ryan and Blanchard, Jay and Brown, Ken and Cárdenas, Mauricio and Cantzler, Michael and Caro, Patricio and Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar and Chan, Tin Lok and Chang, Chih-Cheng and Chang, Dominic O. and Chang, Shu-Hao and Chang, Song-Chu and Chen, Chung-Chen and Chilson, Ryan and Chuter, Tim C. and Ciechanowicz, Miroslaw and Colin-Beltran, Edgar and Coulson, Iain M. and Crowley, Joseph and Degenaar, Nathalie and Dornbusch, Sven and Durán, Carlos A. and Everett, Wendeline B. and Faber, Aaron and Forster, Karl and Fuchs, Miriam M. and Gale, David M. and Geertsema, Gertie and González, Edouard and Graham, Dave and Gueth, Frédéric and Halverson, Nils W. and Han, Chih-Chiang and Han, Kuo-Chang and Hasegawa, Yutaka and Hernández-Rebollar, José Luis and Herrera, Cristian and Herrero-Illana, Ruben and Heyminck, Stefan and Hirota, Akihiko and Hoge, James and Hostler Schimpf, Shelbi R. and Howie, Ryan E. and Huang, Yau-De and Jiang, Homin and Jinchi, Hao and John, David and Kimura, Kimihiro and Klein, Thomas and Kubo, Derek and Kuroda, John and Kwon, Caleb and Lacasse, Richard and Laing, Robert and Leitch, Erik M. and Li, Chao-Te and Liu, Ching-Tang and Liu, Kuan-Yu and Lin, Lupin C.-C. and Lu, Li-Ming and Mac-Auliffe, Felipe and Martin-Cocher, Pierre and Matulonis, Callie and Maute, John K. and Messias, Hugo and Meyer-Zhao, Zheng and Montaña, Alfredo and Montenegro-Montes, Francisco and Montgomerie, William and Moreno Nolasco, Marcos Emir and Muders, Dirk and Nishioka, Hiroaki and Norton, Timothy J. and Nystrom, George and Ogawa, Hideo and Olivares, Rodrigo and Oshiro, Peter and Pérez-Beaupuits, Juan Pablo and Parra, Rodrigo and Phillips, Neil M. and Poirier, Michael and Pradel, Nicolas and Qiu, Richard and Raffin, Philippe A. and Rahlin, Alexandra S. and Ramírez, Jorge and Ressler, Sean and Reynolds, Mark and Rodríguez-Montoya, Iván and Saez-Madain, Alejandro F. and Santana, Jorge and Shaw, Paul and Shirkey, Leslie E. and Silva, Kevin M. and Snow, William and Sousa, Don and Sridharan, T. K. and Stahm, William and Stark, Anthony A. and Test, John and Torstensson, Karl and Venegas, Paulina and Walther, Craig and Wei, Ta-Shun and White, Chris and Wieching, Gundolf and Wijnands, Rudy and Wouterloot, Jan A. and Yu, Chen-Yu and Yu and Zeballos, Milagros},
abstractNote = {We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of λ = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μas (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ~4 × 106 M⊙, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50°), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 103–105 gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.},
doi = {10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal. Letters},
number = 2,
volume = 930,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 12 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Thu May 12 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}
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