The Radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton Data

Miller, M. C.; Lamb, F. K.; Dittmann, A. J.; Bogdanov, S.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Gendreau, K. C.; Guillot, S.; Ho, W. C. G.; Lattimer, J. M.; Loewenstein, M.; Morsink, S. M.; Ray, P. S.; Wolff, M. T.; Baker, C. L.; Cazeau, T.; Manthripragada, S.; Markwardt, C. B.; Okajima, T.; Pollard, S.; Cognard, I.; Cromartie, H. T.; Fonseca, E.; Guillemot, L.; Kerr, M.; Parthasarathy, A.; Pennucci, T. T.; Ransom, S.; Stairs, I.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac089b

Title: The Radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton Data

Journal Article · 08 September 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac089b · OSTI ID:1864768

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Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); Stony Brook University
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
IRAP, CNRS (France); Univ. de Toulouse (France)
Haverford College, PA (United States)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
U.S. Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC (United States)
Univ. d'Orleans, Nancay (France); CNRS (France)
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada); West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States); Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC (United States)
Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC (United States)
Max-Planck-Inst. für Radioastronomie, Bonn (Germany)
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA (United States); Eötvös Loránd Univ., Budapest (Germany)
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA (United States)
Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)

PSR J0740+6620 has a gravitational mass of 2.08 ± 0.07 M_⊙, which is the highest reliably determined mass of any neutron star. As a result, a measurement of its radius will provide unique insight into the properties of neutron star core matter at high densities. Here we report a radius measurement based on fits of rotating hot spot patterns to Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) and X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton) X-ray observations. We find that the equatorial circumferential radius of PSR J0740+6620 is 13.7$$^{+2.6}_{–1.5}$$ km (68%). We apply our measurement, combined with the previous NICER mass and radius measurement of PSR J0030+0451, the masses of two other ~2 M_⊙ pulsars, and the tidal deformability constraints from two gravitational wave events, to three different frameworks for equation-of-state modeling, and find consistent results at ~1.5-5 times nuclear saturation density. For a given framework, when all measurements are included, the radius of a 1.4 M_⊙ neutron star is known to ±4% (68% credibility) and the radius of a 2.08 M_⊙ neutron star is known to ±5%. The full radius range that spans the ±1σ credible intervals of all the radius estimates in the three frameworks is 12.45 ± 0.65 km for a 1.4 M_⊙ neutron star and 12.35 ± 0.75 km for a 2.08 M_⊙ neutron star.

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Research Organization:: Research Foundation of New York, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-87ER40317

OSTI ID:: 1864768

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 918; ISSN 2041-8205

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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PSR J0030+0451, GW170817, and the Nuclear Data: Joint Constraints on Equation of State and Bulk Properties of Neutron Stars Jiang, Jin-Liang; Tang, Shao-Peng; Wang, Yuan-Zhu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab77cf	journal	March 2020
Constraints on the Muon Fraction and Density Profile in Neutron Stars Zhang, Nai-Bo; Li, Bao-An The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab7dbc	journal	April 2020
Bayesian Inference of the Symmetry Energy of Superdense Neutron-rich Matter from Future Radius Measurements of Massive Neutron Stars Xie, Wen-Jie; Li, Bao-An The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 899, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba271	journal	August 2020
Equation of State Constraints from Nuclear Physics, Neutron Star Masses, and Future Moment of Inertia Measurements Greif, S. K.; Hebeler, K.; Lattimer, J. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abaf55	journal	October 2020
Constraints on the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars with a Quark Core from GW170817 and NICER PSR J0030+0451 Data Li, Ang; Miao, Zhiqiang; Han, Sophia The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 913, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf355	journal	May 2021
Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817 Margalit, Ben; Metzger, Brian D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa991c	journal	November 2017
Using Gravitational-wave Observations and Quasi-universal Relations to Constrain the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars Rezzolla, Luciano; Most, Elias R.; Weih, Lukas R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa401	journal	January 2018
GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Zappa, Francesco The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa402	journal	January 2018
Revisiting the Lower Bound on Tidal Deformability Derived by AT 2017gfo Kiuchi, Kenta; Kyutoku, Koutarou; Shibata, Masaru The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1e45	journal	May 2019
A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond Pulsar Parameter Estimation Riley, T. E.; Watts, A. L.; Bogdanov, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab481c	journal	December 2019
PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter Miller, M. C.; Lamb, F. K.; Dittmann, A. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5	journal	December 2019
Constraining the Neutron Star Mass–Radius Relation and Dense Matter Equation of State with NICER . II. Emission from Hot Spots on a Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star Bogdanov, Slavko; Lamb, Frederick K.; Mahmoodifar, Simin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab5968	journal	December 2019
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M _⊙ Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f5	journal	March 2020
Constraining the Dense Matter Equation of State with Joint Analysis of NICER and LIGO/Virgo Measurements Raaijmakers, G.; Greif, S. K.; Riley, T. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab822f	journal	April 2020
GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab960f	journal	June 2020
Constraining the Neutron Star Mass–Radius Relation and Dense Matter Equation of State with NICER. III. Model Description and Verification of Parameter Estimation Codes Bogdanov, Slavko; Dittmann, Alexander J.; Ho, Wynn C. G. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 914, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abfb79	journal	June 2021

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Equation-of-state-insensitive measure of neutron star stiffness Saes, Jayana A.; Mendes, Raissa F. P. Physical Review D, Vol. 106, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.106.043027	journal	August 2022

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