On the Correspondence Between Atmosphere-Only and Coupled Simulations for Radiative Feedbacks and Forcing From CO2

Qin, Yi; Zelinka, Mark D.; Klein, Stephen A.

doi:10.1029/2021jd035460

Title: On the Correspondence Between Atmosphere-Only and Coupled Simulations for Radiative Feedbacks and Forcing From CO₂

Journal Article · 28 January 2022 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd035460 · OSTI ID:1861237

^[1];

^[1]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Program for Climate Model Diagnosis & Intercomparison (PCMDI)

Atmosphere-only experiments are widely used to investigate climate feedbacks simulated in more computationally expensive fully coupled global climate model simulations. We confirm that this remains a valid approach by comparing the radiative feedbacks and forcing between coupled and atmosphere-only simulations for the latest models taking part in the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). For global-mean cloud feedbacks, we find a better than previously known correspondence between these experiments, which applies even to the response of individual cloud properties (amount, altitude, and optical depth) and holds even when considering atmosphere-only simulations of only 1 yr duration. For regional cloud feedbacks, the correspondence between the two experiments is generally present at every geographic location except for the tropical Pacific but takes longer experiments to reveal. For the lapse rate and surface albedo feedbacks, the correspondence between the two experiments is weaker due to the non-uniform warming pattern and loss of sea ice in the coupled experiment. For the across-model relationship between 4xCO₂ effective radiative forcing and feedback, we find a different behavior across experiments in CMIP6 than in CMIP5, casting doubt on the physical significance of previous results that highlighted an anti-correlation between the two quantities. Overall, these results confirm the utility of atmosphere-only experiments particularly to study cloud feedbacks, which are the dominant source of inter-model spread in climate sensitivity.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1861237

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-831122; 1047948

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 127; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (80)

High cloud increase in a perturbed SST experiment with a global nonhydrostatic model including explicit convective processes Tsushima, Yoko; Iga, Shin-ichi; Tomita, Hirofumi Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000301	journal	July 2014
Global-mean radiative feedbacks and forcing in atmosphere-only and coupled atmosphere-ocean climate change experiments Ringer, Mark A.; Andrews, Timothy; Webb, Mark J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060347	journal	June 2014
Cloud feedbacks on greenhouse warming in the superparameterized climate model SP‐CCSM 4 Bretherton, Christopher S.; Blossey, Peter N.; Stan, Cristiana Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000355	journal	December 2014
The relationship between interannual and long-term cloud feedbacks: INTERANNUAL AND LONG-TERM CLOUD FEEDBACKS Zhou, Chen; Zelinka, Mark D.; Dessler, Andrew E. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066698	journal	December 2015
Insights from a refined decomposition of cloud feedbacks: REFINED CLOUD FEEDBACK DECOMPOSITION Zelinka, Mark D.; Zhou, Chen; Klein, Stephen A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069917	journal	September 2016
Recommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6: RECOMMENDED EFFECTIVE RADIATIVE FORCING Forster, Piers M.; Richardson, Thomas; Maycock, Amanda C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025320	journal	October 2016
Understanding the tropical cloud feedback from an analysis of the circulation and stability regimes simulated from an upgraded multiscale modeling framework: TROPICAL CLOUD FEEDBACK FROM AN MMF Xu, Kuan-Man; Cheng, Anning Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000767	journal	December 2016
On the pattern of CO ₂ radiative forcing and poleward energy transport : CO Huang, Yi; Xia, Yan; Tan, Xiaoxiao Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 122, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027221	journal	October 2017
Mechanism of tropical low-cloud response to surface warming using weather and climate simulations: LOW-CLOUD RESPONSE TO SURFACE WARMING Demoto, Satoru; Watanabe, Masahiro; Kamae, Youichi Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50474	journal	May 2013
Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6: ECHAM6 Stevens, Bjorn; Giorgetta, Marco; Esch, Monika Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20015	journal	April 2013
Improved simulation of Australian climate and ENSO-related rainfall variability in a global climate model with an interactive aerosol treatment Rotstayn, Leon D.; Collier, Mark A.; Dix, Martin R. International Journal of Climatology https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1952	journal	January 2009
Indian summer monsoon: Extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings Singh, Deepti; Ghosh, Subimal; Roxy, Mathew K. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.571	journal	December 2018
The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system model, Spectral Version 2: FGOALS-s2 Bao, Qing; Lin, Pengfei; Zhou, Tianjun Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2113-9	journal	April 2013
The flexible global ocean-atmosphere-land system model, Grid-point Version 2: FGOALS-g2 Li, Lijuan; Lin, Pengfei; Yu, Yongqiang Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2140-6	journal	April 2013
On dynamic and thermodynamic components of cloud changes Bony, S.; Dufresne, J. -L.; Le Treut, H. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 22, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0369-6	journal	March 2004
On the contribution of local feedback mechanisms to the range of climate sensitivity in two GCM ensembles Webb, M. J.; Senior, C. A.; Sexton, D. M. H. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0111-2	journal	February 2006
A mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme for large-scale models: description and test with observations Wu, Tongwen Climate Dynamics, Vol. 38, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-0995-3	journal	January 2011
The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: description and basic evaluation Voldoire, A.; Sanchez-Gomez, E.; Salas y. Mélia, D. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 40, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1259-y	journal	January 2012
Interpretation of the positive low-cloud feedback predicted by a climate model under global warming Brient, Florent; Bony, Sandrine Climate Dynamics, Vol. 40, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1279-7	journal	January 2012
A step-response approach for predicting and understanding non-linear precipitation changes Good, Peter; Ingram, William; Lambert, F. Hugo Climate Dynamics, Vol. 39, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1571-1	journal	October 2012
Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model: from CMIP3 to CMIP5 Dufresne, J. -L.; Foujols, M. -A.; Denvil, S. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 40, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1	journal	February 2013
Using aquaplanets to understand the robust responses of comprehensive climate models to forcing Medeiros, Brian; Stevens, Bjorn; Bony, Sandrine Climate Dynamics, Vol. 44, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2138-0	journal	May 2014
Determining the tropopause height from gridded data: TROPOPAUSE HEIGHT FROM GRIDDED DATA Reichler, Thomas; Dameris, Martin; Sausen, Robert Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018240	journal	October 2003
A new method for diagnosing radiative forcing and climate sensitivity Gregory, J. M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018747	journal	January 2004
Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall Wang, Bin Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022734	journal	January 2005
A climate sensitivity test using a global cloud resolving model under an aqua planet condition: CLIMATE SENSITIVITY TEST BY A GLOBAL CRM Miura, Hiroaki; Tomita, Hirofumi; Nasuno, Tomoe Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023672	journal	October 2005
Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models Bony, Sandrine Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023851	journal	January 2005
Global mean cloud feedbacks in idealized climate change experiments Ringer, M. A.; McAvaney, B. J.; Andronova, N. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025370	journal	January 2006
Efficacy of climate forcings Hansen, J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005776	journal	January 2005
Will moist convection be stronger in a warmer climate?: CONVECTION STRENGTH IN A WARMER CLIMATE Del Genio, Anthony D.; Yao, Mao-Sung; Jonas, Jeffrey Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030525	journal	August 2007
Carbon emission limits required to satisfy future representative concentration pathways of greenhouse gases: ALLOWABLE FUTURE CARBON EMISSIONS Arora, V. K.; Scinocca, J. F.; Boer, G. J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046270	journal	March 2011
Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models: CLIMATE SENSITIVITY IN CMIP5 MODELS Andrews, Timothy; Gregory, Jonathan M.; Webb, Mark J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051607	journal	May 2012
How may low‐cloud radiative properties simulated in the current climate influence low‐cloud feedbacks under global warming? Brient, F.; Bony, S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053265	journal	October 2012
Accounting for Changing Temperature Patterns Increases Historical Estimates of Climate Sensitivity Andrews, Timothy; Gregory, Jonathan M.; Paynter, David Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078887	journal	August 2018
Insensitivity of the Cloud Response to Surface Warming Under Radical Changes to Boundary Layer Turbulence and Cloud Microphysics: Results From the Ultraparameterized CAM Parishani, Hossein; Pritchard, Michael S.; Bretherton, Christopher S. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001409	journal	December 2018
Low‐Cloud Feedback in CAM5‐CLUBB: Physical Mechanisms and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis Zhang, Haipeng; Wang, Minghuai; Guo, Zhun Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001423	journal	November 2018
High Climate Sensitivity in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) Gettelman, A.; Hannay, C.; Bacmeister, J. T. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083978	journal	July 2019
Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models Zelinka, Mark D.; Myers, Timothy A.; McCoy, Daniel T. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085782	journal	January 2020
Responses of Clouds and Large‐Scale Circulation to Global Warming Evaluated From Multidecadal Simulations Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model Noda, Akira T.; Kodama, Chihiro; Yamada, Yohei Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001658	journal	September 2019
An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence Sherwood, S. C.; Webb, M. J.; Annan, J. D. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678	journal	September 2020
Evaluating Observational Constraints on Intermodel Spread in Cloud, Temperature, and Humidity Feedbacks He, Haozhe; Kramer, Ryan J.; Soden, Brian J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 48, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092309	journal	September 2021
Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures Andrews, Timothy; Smith, Christopher J.; Myhre, Gunnar Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 126, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033880	journal	February 2021
Monsoons, ITCZs, and the Concept of the Global Monsoon Geen, Ruth; Bordoni, Simona; Battisti, David S. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000700	journal	December 2020
Identifying a human signal in the North Atlantic warming hole Chemke, Rei; Zanna, Laure; Polvani, Lorenzo M. Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15285-x	journal	March 2020
An assessment of methods for computing radiative forcing in climate models Chung, Eui-Seok; Soden, Brian J. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074004	journal	July 2015
The impact of parametrized convection on cloud feedback Webb, Mark J.; Lock, Adrian P.; Bretherton, Christopher S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 373, Issue 2054 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0414	journal	November 2015
The Recent Atlantic Cold Anomaly: Causes, Consequences, and Related Phenomena Josey, Simon A.; Hirschi, Joel J. -M.; Sinha, Bablu Annual Review of Marine Science, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063102	journal	January 2018
Using the Radiative Kernel Technique to Calculate Climate Feedbacks in NCAR’s Community Atmospheric Model Shell, Karen M.; Kiehl, Jeffrey T.; Shields, Christine A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2044.1	journal	May 2008
Quantifying Climate Feedbacks Using Radiative Kernels Soden, Brian J.; Held, Isaac M.; Colman, Robert Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2110.1	journal	July 2008
Improved Climate Simulation by MIROC5: Mean States, Variability, and Climate Sensitivity Watanabe, Masahiro; Suzuki, Tatsuo; O’ishi, Ryouta Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3679.1	journal	December 2010
The Dynamical Core, Physical Parameterizations, and Basic Simulation Characteristics of the Atmospheric Component AM3 of the GFDL Global Coupled Model CM3 Donner, Leo J.; Wyman, Bruce L.; Hemler, Richard S. Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1	journal	July 2011
The Community Climate System Model Version 4 Gent, Peter R.; Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Donner, Leo J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1	journal	October 2011
An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design Taylor, Karl E.; Stouffer, Ronald J.; Meehl, Gerald A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 93, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1	journal	April 2012
Response of Upper Clouds in Global Warming Experiments Obtained Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model with Explicit Cloud Processes Satoh, Masaki; Iga, Shin-ichi; Tomita, Hirofumi Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00152.1	journal	March 2012
The Evolution of Climate Sensitivity and Climate Feedbacks in the Community Atmosphere Model Gettelman, A.; Kay, J. E.; Shell, K. M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00197.1	journal	March 2012
Computing and Partitioning Cloud Feedbacks Using Cloud Property Histograms. Part I: Cloud Radiative Kernels Zelinka, Mark D.; Klein, Stephen A.; Hartmann, Dennis L. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00248.1	journal	June 2012
GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics Dunne, John P.; John, Jasmin G.; Adcroft, Alistair J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00560.1	journal	October 2012
Using Relative Humidity as a State Variable in Climate Feedback Analysis Held, Isaac M.; Shell, Karen M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00721.1	journal	April 2012
Is a Decline of AMOC Causing the Warming Hole above the North Atlantic in Observed and Modeled Warming Patterns? Drijfhout, Sybren; van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Cimatoribus, Andrea Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00490.1	journal	December 2012
Spatial Decomposition of Climate Feedbacks in the Community Earth System Model Gettelman, A.; Kay, J. E.; Fasullo, J. T. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00497.1	journal	June 2013
Time-Varying Climate Sensitivity from Regional Feedbacks Armour, Kyle C.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; Roe, Gerard H. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00544.1	journal	July 2013
The Dependence of Radiative Forcing and Feedback on Evolving Patterns of Surface Temperature Change in Climate Models Andrews, Timothy; Gregory, Jonathan M.; Webb, Mark J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00545.1	journal	February 2015
Mechanisms of the Negative Shortwave Cloud Feedback in Middle to High Latitudes Ceppi, Paulo; Hartmann, Dennis L.; Webb, Mark J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0327.1	journal	January 2016
Quantifying the Sources of Intermodel Spread in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity Caldwell, Peter M.; Zelinka, Mark D.; Taylor, Karl E. Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0352.1	journal	January 2016
Lower-Tropospheric Mixing as a Constraint on Cloud Feedback in a Multiparameter Multiphysics Ensemble Kamae, Youichi; Shiogama, Hideo; Watanabe, Masahiro Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0042.1	journal	September 2016
Sources of Intermodel Spread in the Lapse Rate and Water Vapor Feedbacks Po-Chedley, Stephen; Armour, Kyle C.; Bitz, Cecilia M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0674.1	journal	April 2018
Intermodel Spread in the Pattern Effect and Its Contribution to Climate Sensitivity in CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models Dong, Yue; Armour, Kyle C.; Zelinka, Mark D. Journal of Climate, Vol. 33, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1011.1	journal	September 2020
Present-Day Atmospheric Simulations Using GISS ModelE: Comparison to In Situ, Satellite, and Reanalysis Data Schmidt, Gavin A.; Ruedy, Reto; Hansen, James E. Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3612.1	journal	January 2006
DYAMOND: the DYnamics of the Atmospheric general circulation Modeled On Non-hydrostatic Domains Stevens, Bjorn; Satoh, Masaki; Auger, Ludovic Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0304-z	journal	September 2019
A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 ^\|^mdash;Model Description and Basic Performance^\|^mdash; Yukimoto, Seiji; Adachi, Yukimasa; Hosaka, Masahiro Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 90A, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2012-A02	journal	January 2012
A Unique Feature of the Asian Summer Monsoon Response to Global Warming: The Role of Different Land–Sea Thermal Contrast Change between the Lower and Upper Troposphere Endo, Hirokazu; Kitoh, Akio; Ueda, Hiroaki SOLA, Vol. 14, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2018-010	journal	January 2018
The ACCESS coupled model: description, control climate and evaluation Bi, D.; Dix, M.; Marsland, S. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6301.004	journal	March 2013
Effective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models Smith, Christopher J.; Kramer, Ryan J.; Myhre, Gunnar Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9591-2020	journal	January 2020
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP6 Webb, Mark J.; Andrews, Timothy; Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017	journal	January 2017
Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model – HadGEM2 Collins, W. J.; Bellouin, N.; Doutriaux-Boucher, M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-1051-2011	journal	January 2011
MIROC-ESM 2010: model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments Watanabe, S.; Hajima, T.; Sudo, K. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-845-2011	journal	January 2011
The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M – Part 2: Climate response and scenario projections Iversen, T.; Bentsen, M.; Bethke, I. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-389-2013	journal	January 2013
Description and basic evaluation of Beijing Normal University Earth System Model (BNU-ESM) version 1 Ji, D.; Wang, L.; Feng, J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2039-2014	journal	January 2014
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization Eyring, Veronika; Bony, Sandrine; Meehl, Gerald A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016	journal	January 2016
The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP): experimental protocol for CMIP6 Pincus, Robert; Forster, Piers M.; Stevens, Bjorn Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3447-2016	journal	January 2016

Similar Records

Contributions to Polar Amplification in CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models

Journal Article · 2021 · Frontiers in Earth Science · OSTI ID:1814671

Hahn, L. C.; Armour, K. C.; Zelinka, M. D.; +2 more

Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models

Journal Article · 2012 · Geophysical Research Letters · OSTI ID:1239215

Andrews, Timothy; Gregory, Jonathan M.; Webb, Mark J.; +1 more

An underestimated negative cloud feedback from cloud lifetime changes

Journal Article · 2021 · Nature Climate Change · OSTI ID:1808069

Mülmenstädt, Johannes; Salzmann, Marc; Kay, Jennifer E.; +6 more

Related Subjects

58 GEOSCIENCES

Title: On the Correspondence Between Atmosphere-Only and Coupled Simulations for Radiative Feedbacks and Forcing From CO2

Citation Formats

References (80)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Title: On the Correspondence Between Atmosphere-Only and Coupled Simulations for Radiative Feedbacks and Forcing From CO₂