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Title: Twisted bilayer graphene. I. Matrix elements, approximations, perturbation theory, and a k · p two-band model

Abstract

We investigate the twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) model of Bistritzer and MacDonald (BM) [Bistritzer and MacDonald, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 12233 (2011)] to obtain an analytic understanding of its energetics and wave functions needed for many-body calculations. We provide an approximation scheme for the wave functions of the BM model, which first elucidates why the BM KM-point centered original calculation containing only four plane waves provides a good analytical value for the first magic angle (θM ≈ 1°). The approximation scheme also elucidates why most of the many-body matrix elements in the Coulomb Hamiltonian projected to the active bands can be neglected. By applying our approximation scheme at the first magic angle to a ΓM-point centered model of six plane waves, we analytically understand the reason for the small ΓM-point gap between the active and passive bands in the isotropic limit w0 = w1. Furthermore, we analytically calculate the group velocities of the passive bands in the isotropic limit, and show that they are almost doubly degenerate, even away from the ΓM point, where no symmetry forces them to be. Furthermore, moving away from the ΓM and KM points, we provide an explicit analytical perturbative understanding as to why the TBG bands are flat at the first magic angle, despite the first magic angle is defined by only requiring a vanishing KM-point Dirac velocity. We derive analytically a connected “magic manifold” w1 = $$2\sqrt{1 + w^{2}_{0}}$$ $$-\sqrt{2 + 3w^2_0}$$, on which the bands remain extremely flat as w 0 is tuned between the isotropic (w0 = w1) and chiral (w0 = 0) limits. We analytically show why going away from the isotropic limit by making w0 less (but not larger) than w1 increases the ΓM-point gap between the active and the passive bands. Finally, by perturbation theory, we provide an analytic ΓM point k ∙ p two-band model that reproduces the TBG band structure and eigenstates within a certain w0, w1 parameter range. Further refinement of this model are discussed, which suggest a possible faithful representation of the TBG bands by a two-band ΓM point k ∙ p model in the full w0, w1 parameter range.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1]
  1. Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
  2. Princeton Univ., NJ (United States); Sorbonne Univ., Paris (France); University Paris-Diderot (France)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1852143
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0016239
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review. B
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 103; Journal Issue: 20; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9950
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; Materials Science; Physics; Bilayer films; Graphene; Two-dimensional electron system; Perturbation theory; k dot p method

Citation Formats

Bernevig, B. Andrei, Song, Zhi-Da, Regnault, Nicolas, and Lian, Biao. Twisted bilayer graphene. I. Matrix elements, approximations, perturbation theory, and a k·p two-band model. United States: N. p., 2021. Web. doi:10.1103/physrevb.103.205411.
Bernevig, B. Andrei, Song, Zhi-Da, Regnault, Nicolas, & Lian, Biao. Twisted bilayer graphene. I. Matrix elements, approximations, perturbation theory, and a k·p two-band model. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.103.205411
Bernevig, B. Andrei, Song, Zhi-Da, Regnault, Nicolas, and Lian, Biao. Tue . "Twisted bilayer graphene. I. Matrix elements, approximations, perturbation theory, and a k·p two-band model". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.103.205411. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1852143.
@article{osti_1852143,
title = {Twisted bilayer graphene. I. Matrix elements, approximations, perturbation theory, and a k·p two-band model},
author = {Bernevig, B. Andrei and Song, Zhi-Da and Regnault, Nicolas and Lian, Biao},
abstractNote = {We investigate the twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) model of Bistritzer and MacDonald (BM) [Bistritzer and MacDonald, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 12233 (2011)] to obtain an analytic understanding of its energetics and wave functions needed for many-body calculations. We provide an approximation scheme for the wave functions of the BM model, which first elucidates why the BM KM-point centered original calculation containing only four plane waves provides a good analytical value for the first magic angle (θM ≈ 1°). The approximation scheme also elucidates why most of the many-body matrix elements in the Coulomb Hamiltonian projected to the active bands can be neglected. By applying our approximation scheme at the first magic angle to a ΓM-point centered model of six plane waves, we analytically understand the reason for the small ΓM-point gap between the active and passive bands in the isotropic limit w0 = w1. Furthermore, we analytically calculate the group velocities of the passive bands in the isotropic limit, and show that they are almost doubly degenerate, even away from the ΓM point, where no symmetry forces them to be. Furthermore, moving away from the ΓM and KM points, we provide an explicit analytical perturbative understanding as to why the TBG bands are flat at the first magic angle, despite the first magic angle is defined by only requiring a vanishing KM-point Dirac velocity. We derive analytically a connected “magic manifold” w1 = $2\sqrt{1 + w^{2}_{0}}$ $-\sqrt{2 + 3w^2_0}$, on which the bands remain extremely flat as w 0 is tuned between the isotropic (w0 = w1) and chiral (w0 = 0) limits. We analytically show why going away from the isotropic limit by making w0 less (but not larger) than w1 increases the ΓM-point gap between the active and the passive bands. Finally, by perturbation theory, we provide an analytic ΓM point k ∙ p two-band model that reproduces the TBG band structure and eigenstates within a certain w0, w1 parameter range. Further refinement of this model are discussed, which suggest a possible faithful representation of the TBG bands by a two-band ΓM point k ∙ p model in the full w0, w1 parameter range.},
doi = {10.1103/physrevb.103.205411},
journal = {Physical Review. B},
number = 20,
volume = 103,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue May 11 00:00:00 EDT 2021},
month = {Tue May 11 00:00:00 EDT 2021}
}

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