Phases of the hydrogen isotopes under pressure: metallic hydrogen

Silvera, Isaac F.; Dias, Ranga

doi:10.1080/23746149.2021.1961607

Title: Phases of the hydrogen isotopes under pressure: metallic hydrogen

Journal Article · 25 August 2021 · Advances in Physics: X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2021.1961607 · OSTI ID:1850401

Silvera, Isaac F. ^[1]; Dias, Ranga ^[2]

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). Lyman Lab. of Physics; Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States)
Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy and Mechanical Engineering

Hydrogen is the simplest molecule in nature. One of the key problems and challenges in condensed matter physics is to understand the phases, properties, and structure of hydrogen as a function of pressure and temperature. Over 80 years ago Wigner and Huntington predicted that if solid molecular hydrogen was sufficiently compressed, it would transform to an atomic metal. Later, a second pathway emerged; it was predicted that if heated to high temperatures under pressure it would transform to liquid atomic hydrogen; this form of metallic hydrogen makes up ~90% of the planet Jupiter. The prediction of high temperature superconductivity of solid atomic metallic hydrogen stimulated the experimental community to produce this material . For decades hydrogen defied the experimental efforts to transform it. Using diamond anvil cells, metallic hydrogen has recently been produced at a pressure of ~5 million atmospheres, significantly greater than the pressure at the center of the earth. Liquid atomic metallic hydrogen has been produced at temperatures of a few thousand degrees Kelvin in diamond anvil cells, as well as in dynamic experiments. We review the seemingly simple, but actually complex properties of this quantum solid and metal and the decades of development and progress to achieve this important fundamental result.

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Research Organization:: Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States); Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003898; NA0003917; NA0004087

OSTI ID:: 1850401

Journal Information:: Advances in Physics: X, Journal Name: Advances in Physics: X Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 6; ISSN 2374-6149

Publisher:: Taylor & FrancisCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Phases of the hydrogen isotopes under pressure: metallic hydrogen

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