Title: A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Journal Article · · Sensors
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165268 · OSTI ID:1848685
 [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [2]; ORCiD logo [4]
  1. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
  2. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
  3. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
  4. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Livewire Innovation, Camarillo, CA (United States)

Sequence time-domain reflectometry (STDR) and spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) detect, locate, and diagnose faults in live (energized) electrical systems. In this paper, we survey the present SSTDR literature for discussions on theory, algorithms used in its analysis, and its more prominent implementations and applications. Our review includes both scientific litera-ture and selected patents. We also discuss future applications of SSTDR.

Research Organization:
Activate Global, Inc., Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office
Contributing Organization:
University of Florida
Grant/Contract Number:
EE0008109; EE0008169
OSTI ID:
1848685
Journal Information:
Sensors, Journal Name: Sensors Journal Issue: 16 Vol. 21; ISSN SENSC9; ISSN 1424-8220
Publisher:
MDPI AGCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (93)

Time domain reflectometry measurement principles and applications journal January 2002
Statistical variation of wire parameters within complex aerospace networks journal June 2016
A method of measuring soil moisture by time-domain reflectometry journal November 1986
Eigenmodes of the time reversal operator: A solution to selective focusing in multiple-target media journal September 1994
Diagnosis of wiring networks using Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithms journal October 2014
Incipient fault detection with smoothing techniques in statistical process monitoring journal May 2017
An incipient fault detection approach via detrending and denoising journal May 2018
A comprehensive review on DC arc faults and their diagnosis methods in photovoltaic systems journal June 2018
Determination of electrical conductivity using time domain reflectometry: Soil and water experiments in coaxial lines journal July 1988
Improvement of detection performance in STDR/SSTDR using sign detector journal August 2015
Application of joint time–frequency domain reflectometry for electric power cable diagnostics journal January 2010
Spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry for detecting and locating capacitive impedances
  • Kingston, Samuel; Benoit, Evan; Jayakumar, Naveen K. T.
  • 45TH ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLUME 38, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5099827
conference January 2019
The Role of Probe Attenuation in the Time-Domain Reflectometry Characterization of Dielectrics journal September 2010
Diagnosis of Multiple Wiring Faults Using Time-Domain Reflectometry and Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization journal December 2014
Reflectometry Based SOH Estimation Scheme for a SiC Buck Converter Having Branched Network conference June 2018
Coherent frequency-domain reflectometry for characterization of single-mode integrated-optical waveguides journal January 1993
On the characterization of optical fiber network components with optical frequency domain reflectometry journal July 1997
A Comprehensive Review of Catastrophic Faults in PV Arrays: Types, Detection, and Mitigation Techniques journal May 2015
Signal Propagation Through Piecewise Transmission Lines for Interpretation of Reflectometry in Photovoltaic Systems journal March 2019
Detection and Localization of Disconnections in PV Strings Using Spread-Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry journal January 2020
An Overview of Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry Responses to Photovoltaic Faults journal May 2020
A Model for SSTDR Signal Propagation Through Photovoltaic Strings journal November 2020
Detection and Localization of Damaged Photovoltaic Cells and Modules Using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry journal January 2021
Feasibility of spread spectrum sensors for location of arcs on live wires journal December 2005
Analysis of spread spectrum time domain reflectometry for wire fault location journal December 2005
The invisible fray: a critical analysis of the use of reflectometry for fray location journal June 2006
Low-Power STDR CMOS Sensor for Locating Faults in Aging Aircraft Wiring journal January 2007
Feasibility of Reflectometry for Nondestructive Evaluation of Prestressed Concrete Anchors journal November 2009
Advanced Forward Methods for Complex Wire Fault Modeling journal April 2013
A New Algorithm for Wire Fault Location Using Time-Domain Reflectometry journal April 2014
Analysis of Time-Domain Reflectometry Combined With Wavelet Transform for Fault Detection in Aircraft Shielded Cables journal June 2016
Chaos Time Domain Reflectometry for Online Defect Detection in Noisy Wired Networks journal November 2016
Natural Amplification of Soft Defects Signatures in Cables Using Binary Time Domain Reflectometry journal January 2021
Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry With Lumped Elements on Asymmetric Transmission Lines journal January 2021
Fault Diagnosis for Electrical Systems and Power Networks: A Review journal January 2021
Measurement of Capacitance Using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) and Dictionary Matching journal September 2020
Finding Faults in PV Systems: Supervised and Unsupervised Dictionary Learning With SSTDR journal February 2021
Quantifying the Window of Uncertainty for SSTDR Measurements of a Photovoltaic System journal April 2021
Online Detection of Aircraft ARINC Bus Cable Fault Based on SSTDR journal June 2021
Postprocessing for Improved Accuracy and Resolution of Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry journal June 2019
Soft fault detection in cables using the cluster time-frequency domain reflectometry journal January 2013
Aircraft electric system intermittent arc fault detection and location journal January 2015
Inverse Scattering for Soft Fault Diagnosis in Electric Transmission Lines journal January 2011
Spread Spectrum Techniques for Measurement of Dielectric Aging on Low Voltage Cables for Nuclear Power Plants journal June 2021
Noise-Domain Reflectometry for Locating Wiring Faults journal February 2005
Detection and Location of Multiple Wiring Faults via Time–Frequency-Domain Reflectometry journal February 2009
Synchronous Online Diagnosis of Multiple Cable Intermittent Faults Based on Chaotic Spread Spectrum Sequence journal January 2018
Application of Time-Frequency Domain Reflectometry for Detection and Localization of a Fault on a Coaxial Cable journal December 2005
A Matched-Pulse Approach for Soft-Fault Detection in Complex Wire Networks journal June 2012
Locating Faults With High Resolution Using Single-Frequency TR-MUSIC Processing journal October 2016
Detection of Defects in Wiring Networks Using Time Domain Reflectometry journal August 2010
Detection and Location of Defects in Wiring Networks Using Time-Domain Reflectometry and Neural Networks journal May 2011
Quantifying Device Degradation in Live Power Converters Using SSTDR Assisted Impedance Matrix journal June 2014
An Irradiance-Independent, Robust Ground-Fault Detection Scheme for PV Arrays Based on Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) journal August 2018
Aging Detection and State of Health Estimation of Live Power Semiconductor Devices Using SSTDR Embedded PWM Sequence journal May 2021
Non-intrusive Cable Fault Diagnosis Based on Inductive Directional Coupling journal January 2019
Detection of aging related IGBT bond-wire lift-off using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) conference March 2017
Active power cycling and condition monitoring of IGBT power modules using reflectometry conference March 2018
Bond Wire Damage Detection and State of Health Estimation of a 1200V, 900A Dual Pack IGBT Power Module using the RL-Equivalent Circuit conference March 2019
Detection of Degraded/Aged Cell in a Li-ion Battery Pack using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) conference March 2020
Wire arc defect localization and mathematical characterization by MCTDR reflectometry conference September 2017
Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Complex Impedances: Application to PV Arrays conference September 2018
Binary time domain reflectometry: a simpler and more efficient way of diagnosing defects in wired networks conference September 2018
Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) and Dictionary Matching to Measure Capacitance for PV cells conference August 2019
CMOS architecture for SSTDR implementation conference November 2014
Use of spread spectrum time domain reflectometry to estimate state of health of power converters conference June 2012
PV ground-fault detection using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) conference September 2013
PV arc-fault detection using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) conference September 2014
Live condition monitoring of switching devices using SSTDR embedded PWM sequence: A platform for intelligent gate-driver architecture conference October 2017
Characteristics of Series and Parallel Low Current Arc Faults in the Time and Frequency Domain
  • Muller, Peter; Tenbohlen, Stefan; Maier, Reinhard
  • 2010 IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Holm 2010), 2010 Proceedings of the 56th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts https://doi.org/10.1109/holm.2010.5619539
conference October 2010
OMTDR based integrated cable health monitoring system SmartCo: An embedded reflectometry system to ensure harness auto-test conference June 2015
Embedded wire diagnosis sensor for intermittent fault location conference November 2014
Low Power SoC for Mil-Std 1553 Cable Fault Detection conference November 2020
Degradation Detection of Power Switches in a Live Three Phase Inverter using SSTDR Signal Embedded PWM Sequence conference April 2020
Aging Detection of Multiple Power Switches in a Live 3-Phase Inverter using Reflectometry conference July 2020
Application of iterative deconvolution for wire fault location via reflectometry conference August 2012
Analysis of wave propagation in Time Domain Reflectometry circuit simulation model conference November 2010
Fault Detection In PV Strings Using SSTDR conference July 2018
Detection of gate oxide and channel degradation in SiC power MOSFETs using reflectometry
  • Hanif, Abu; Roy, Sourov; Khan, Faisal
  • 2017 IEEE 5th Workshop on Wide-Bandgap Power Devices and Applications (WiPDA), 2017 IEEE 5th Workshop on Wide Bandgap Power Devices and Applications (WiPDA) https://doi.org/10.1109/wipda.2017.8170577
conference October 2017
Degradation Detection of Thermally Aged SiC and Si Power MOSFETs using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) conference October 2018
Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectrometry Applied to Electrical Systems in Nuclear Power Plants conference April 2011
Sequence and spread spectrum time domain reflectometry for transmission line analysis conference September 2007
Nondestructive, high-resolution, chemically specific 3D nanostructure characterization using phase-sensitive EUV imaging reflectometry journal January 2021
Aircraft Cable Fault Detection and Location Based on SSTDR journal October 2019
A critical comparison of reflectometry methods for location of wiring faults journal January 2006
Baselining: A Critical Approach Used for Soft Fault Detection in Wire Networks journal January 2018
Improved Calibration of Time Domain Reflectometry Soil Water Content Measurements journal May 1993
Fast Transient Simulations for Multi-Segment Transmission Lines with a Graphical Model journal January 2019
Reconstruction of faulty wiring networks using reflectometry response and genetic algorithms journal January 2011
Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter Development Overview conference October 2002
Intermittent Fault Location on Live Electrical Wiring Systems journal November 2008
Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Steepest Descent Inversion Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Steepest Descent Inversion journal March 2021
Design and Implementation of Analog Multiplier with Improved Linearity journal October 2012