The passivity of lithium electrodes in liquid electrolytes for secondary batteries

He, Xin; Bresser, Dominic; Passerini, Stefano; Baakes, Florian; Krewer, Ulrike; Lopez, Jeffrey; Mallia, Christopher Thomas; Shao-Horn, Yang; Cekic-Laskovic, Isidora; Wiemers-Meyer, Simon; Soto, Fernando A.; Ponce, Victor; Seminario, Jorge M.; Balbuena, Perla B.; Jia, Hao; Xu, Wu; Xu, Yaobin; Wang, Chongmin; Horstmann, Birger; Amine, Rachid; Su, Chi-Cheung; Shi, Jiayan; Amine, Khalil; Winter, Martin; Latz, Arnulf; Kostecki, Robert

doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00345-5

Title: The passivity of lithium electrodes in liquid electrolytes for secondary batteries

Journal Article · 23 August 2021 · Nature Reviews. Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00345-5 · OSTI ID:1845339

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Sichuan Univ., Chengdu (China); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Helmholtz Inst. Ulm (HIU) (Germany); Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany). Inst. for Applied Materials (IAM)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Research Lab. of Electronics
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Research Lab. of Electronics; Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Forschungszentrum Juelich (Germany). Inst. for Energy and Climate Research (IEK); Helmholtz Institute Münster (Germany)
Univ. of Münster (Germany). MEET Battery Research Center
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab. (EMSL)
Helmholtz Inst. Ulm (HIU) (Germany)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Forschungszentrum Juelich (Germany). Inst. for Energy and Climate Research (IEK); Helmholtz Institute Münster (Germany); Univ. of Münster (Germany). MEET Battery Research Center
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Rechargeable Li metal batteries are currently limited by electrolyte decomposition and rapid Li consumption. Li plating and stripping greatly depend on the solid electrolyte interphase formed at the Li metal-liquid electrolyte interface. This Review discusses the reactions occurring at this interface from a corrosion science perspective, highlighting the requirements for an ideal passivation layer. Rechargeable Li metal batteries are currently limited by safety concerns, continuous electrolyte decomposition and rapid consumption of Li. These issues are mainly related to reactions occurring at the Li metal-liquid electrolyte interface. Additionally, the formation of a passivation film (that is, a solid electrolyte interphase) determines ionic diffusion and the structural and morphological evolution of the Li metal electrode upon cycling. In this Review, we discuss spontaneous and operation-induced reactions at the Li metal-electrolyte interface from a corrosion science perspective. We highlight that the instantaneous formation of a thin protective film of corrosion products at the Li surface, which acts as a barrier to further chemical reactions with the electrolyte, precedes film reformation, which occurs during subsequent electrochemical stripping and plating of Li during battery operation. Finally, we discuss solutions to overcoming remaining challenges of Li metal batteries related to Li surface science, electrolyte chemistry, cell engineering and the intrinsic instability of the Li metal-electrolyte interface.

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Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC02-06CH11357; AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1845339

Journal Information:: Nature Reviews. Materials, Journal Name: Nature Reviews. Materials Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 6; ISSN 2058-8437

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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