CIGS photovoltaics: reviewing an evolving paradigm

Stanbery, Billy J.; Abou-Ras, Daniel; Yamada, Akira; Mansfield, Lorelle

doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ac4363

Title: CIGS photovoltaics: reviewing an evolving paradigm

Journal Article · 29 December 2021 · Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4363 · OSTI ID:1843349

^[1]; Abou-Ras, Daniel ^[2]; Yamada, Akira ^[3];

^[4]

HelioSourceTech, Tucson, AZ (United States)
Helmholtz Center for Materials and Energy, Berlin (Germany)
Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Copper indium selenide chalcopyrite-structure alloys with gallium (CIGS) are unique among the highest performing photovoltaic (PV) semiconductor technologies. They are structurally disordered, nonstoichiometric materials that have been engineered to achieve remarkably low bulk nonradiative recombination levels. Nevertheless, their performance can be further improved. This review adopts a fundamental thermodynamic perspective to comparatively assess the root causes of present limitations on CIGS PV performance. The topics of selectivity and passivation of contacts to CIGS and its multinary alloys are covered, highlighting pathways to maximizing the electrochemical potential between those contacts under illumination. Further, an overview of absorber growth methods and resulting properties is also provided. We recommend that CIGS researchers consider strategies that have been successfully implemented in the more mature wafer-based GaAs and Si PV device technologies, based on the paradigm of an idealized PV device design using an isotropic absorber with minimal nonradiative recombination, maximal light trapping, and both electron-selective and hole-selective passivated contacts. We foresee that CIGS technology will reach the 25% efficiency level within the next few years through enhanced collection and reduced recombination. To significantly impact power-generation applications, cost-effective, manufacturable solutions are also essential.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1843349

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5K00-78937; MainId:32854; UUID:b5b894ef-4e4c-47bf-a22b-f86b94d20a89; MainAdminID:63417

Journal Information:: Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Journal Issue: 17 Vol. 55; ISSN 0022-3727

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (232)

Studies on sulfur diffusion into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films Ba?ol, B. M.; Halani, A.; Leidholm, C. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(200003/04)8:2<227::AID-PIP308>3.0.CO;2-G	journal	March 2000
Injection Current Barrier Formation for RbF Postdeposition-Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ -Based Solar Cells Weiss, Thomas Paul; Nishiwaki, Shiro; Bissig, Benjamin Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201701007	journal	December 2017
Charge Carrier Collection and Contact Selectivity in Solar Cells Rau, Uwe; Kirchartz, Thomas Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201900252	journal	August 2019
Formation of CuInSe ₂ and CuGaSe ₂ Thin-Films Deposited by Three-Stage Thermal Co-Evaporation: A Real-Time X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Study Rodriguez-Alvarez, Humberto; Weber, Alfons; Lauche, Jakob Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300339	journal	June 2013
Advanced Alkali Treatments for High‐Efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Solar Cells on Flexible Substrates Carron, Romain; Nishiwaki, Shiro; Feurer, Thomas Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900408	journal	May 2019
On the Relation between the Open‐Circuit Voltage and Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Caprioglio, Pietro; Stolterfoht, Martin; Wolff, Christian M. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901631	journal	July 2019
Heavy Alkali Treatment of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Solar Cells: Surface versus Bulk Effects Siebentritt, Susanne; Avancini, Enrico; Bär, Marcus Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903752	journal	January 2020
Photoluminescence‐Based Characterization of Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaics Kirchartz, Thomas; Márquez, José A.; Stolterfoht, Martin Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201904134	journal	May 2020
Understanding the role of oxygen in the segregation of sodium at the surface of molybdenum coated soda-lime glass Forest, Robert V.; Eser, Erten; McCandless, Brian E. AIChE Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.14425	journal	March 2014
Electrical properties of CIGS/Mo junctions as a function of MoSe ₂ orientation and Na doping: Electrical properties of CIGS/Mo junctions Yoon, Ju-Heon; Kim, Jun-Ho; Kim, Won Mok Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2377	journal	April 2013
Time-resolved investigation of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ growth and Ga gradient formation during fast selenisation of metallic precursors: Time-resolved investigation of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ growth and Ga gradient formation during fast selenisation of metallic precursors Mainz, Roland; Weber, Alfons; Rodriguez-Alvarez, Humberto Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 23, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2531	journal	July 2014
Impacts of surface sulfurization on Cu(In _1−x ,Ga _x )Se ₂ thin-film solar cells: Impacts of surface sulfurization on CIGS solar cells Kobayashi, Taizo; Yamaguchi, Hiroshi; Jehl Li Kao, Zacharie Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 23, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2554	journal	October 2014
Structure of chemically deposited Zn(S,O,OH) buffer layer and the effects on the performance of Cu(in,Ga)Se ₂ solar cell Izaki, Masanobu; Sugiyama, Shinya; Okamoto, Tetsuhito Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2666	journal	August 2015
Compendium of photovoltaic degradation rates: Photovoltaic degradation rates Jordan, Dirk C.; Kurtz, Sarah R.; VanSant, Kaitlyn Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2744	journal	February 2016
Technology advances needed for photovoltaics to achieve widespread grid price parity: Widespread grid price parity for photovoltaics Jones-Albertus, Rebecca; Feldman, David; Fu, Ran Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2755	journal	April 2016
Effect of Cu-deficient layer formation in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar-cell performance Nishimura, Takahito; Toki, Soma; Sugiura, Hiroki Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2972	journal	December 2017
Improving performance by Na doping of a buffer layer-chemical and electronic structure of the In _x S _y :Na/CuIn(S,Se) ₂ thin-film solar cell interface Hauschild, Dirk; Meyer, Frank; Benkert, Andreas Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2993	journal	February 2018
Efficiency increased to 15.2% for ultra‐thin Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells Mansfield, Lorelle M.; Kanevce, Ana; Harvey, Steven P. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3033	journal	June 2018
Large metastability in Cu (In,Ga)Se 2 devices: The importance of buffer properties Repins, Ingrid; Glynn, Stephen; Silverman, Timothy J. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3145	journal	June 2019
Electrostatic potential fluctuations and light‐soaking effects in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells Nikolaeva, Aleksandra; Krause, Maximilian; Schäfer, Norbert Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 28, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3299	journal	June 2020
Interface engineering of ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells on reflective back contacts Gouillart, Louis; Cattoni, Andrea; Chen, Wei‐Chao Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3359	journal	November 2020
Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 58) Green, Martin A.; Dunlop, Ewan D.; Hohl‐Ebinger, Jochen Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3444	journal	June 2021
Thin-film solar cells: device measurements and analysis Hegedus, Steven S.; Shafarman, William N. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 12, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.518	journal	March 2004
CuIn1−xGaxSe2-based thin-film solar cells by the selenization of sequentially evaporated metallic layers Caballero, R.; Guillén, C.; Gutiérrez, M. T. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.649	journal	January 2006
19·9%-efficient ZnO/CdS/CuInGaSe ² solar cell with 81·2% fill factor Repins, Ingrid; Contreras, Miguel A.; Egaas, Brian Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.822	journal	May 2008
Buffer layers and transparent conducting oxides for chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ based thin film photovoltaics: present status and current developments Naghavi, N.; Abou-Ras, D.; Allsop, N. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6, p. 411-433 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.955	journal	August 2010
CIGS absorbers and processes Niki, Shigeru; Contreras, Miguel; Repins, Ingrid Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.969	journal	August 2010
Detailed balance and reciprocity in solar cells Kirchartz, Thomas; Rau, Uwe physica status solidi (a), Vol. 205, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200880458	journal	December 2008
Impact of varied sulfur incorporation on the device performance of sequentially processed Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) ₂ thin film solar cells: Device performance of sequentially processed Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) ₂ thin film solar cells Knecht, Robin; Hammer, Maria S.; Parisi, Jürgen physica status solidi (a), Vol. 210, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201228705	journal	March 2013
Compositional and electrical properties of line and planar defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ thin films for solar cells - a review Abou-Ras, Daniel; Schmidt, Sebastian S.; Schäfer, Norbert physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201510440	journal	March 2016
Effects of heavy alkali elements in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells with efficiencies up to 22.6% Jackson, Philip; Wuerz, Roland; Hariskos, Dimitrios physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201600199	journal	July 2016
Characterization of Interface Between Accurately Controlled Cu-Deficient Layer and Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Absorber for Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Solar Cells Nishimura, Takahito; Sugiura, Hiroki; Nakada, Kazuyoshi physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201800129	journal	May 2018
Inhomogeneities in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Thin Films for Solar Cells: Band-Gap Versus Potential Fluctuations Abou-Ras, Daniel; Schäfer, Norbert; Hages, Charles J. Solar RRL, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201700199	journal	December 2017
Heavy Alkali Treatment of Post‐Sulfurized Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Layers: Effect on Absorber Properties and Solar Cell Performance Keller, Jan; Bilousov, Oleksandr V.; Neerken, Janet Solar RRL, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000248	journal	June 2020
On the Paramount Role of Absorber Stoichiometry in (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se ₂ Wide‐Gap Solar Cells Keller, Jan; Stolt, Lars; Sopiha, Kostiantyn V. Solar RRL, Vol. 4, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000508	journal	September 2020
Quantifying Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting and Open‐Circuit Voltage Losses in Highly Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells Phuong, Le Quang; Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad; Sandberg, Oskar J. Solar RRL, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000649	journal	November 2020
Understanding Performance Limitations of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Solar Cells due to Metastable Defects—A Route toward Higher Efficiencies Weiss, Thomas Paul; Ehre, Florian; Serrano-Escalante, Valentina Solar RRL, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100063	journal	May 2021
Cu–Ga–In thermodynamics: experimental study, modeling, and implications for photovoltaics Muzzillo, Christopher P.; Campbell, Carelyn E.; Anderson, Timothy J. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9651-3	journal	December 2015
Properties of Cu1−x K x InSe2 alloys Muzzillo, Christopher P.; Mansfield, Lorelle M.; Ramanathan, Kannan Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 51, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9969-5	journal	April 2016
Effect of reaction temperature and time during two-step selenization and sulfurization of Se-Coated CuGa/In precursors Koo, Jaseok; Kwon, Sunmo; Roh, Yong-Suk Electronic Materials Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-016-4011-2	journal	July 2016
EXAFS investigation of mobile-ion density: Cul and Cu 2 Se contrasted Boyce, J. B.; Hayes, T. M.; Mikkelsen, J. C. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(81)90301-5	journal	October 1981
Low cost methods for the production of semiconductor films for CuInSe₂/CdS solar cells Kapur, Vijay K.; Basol, Bulent M.; Tseng, Eric S. Solar Cells, Vol. 21, Issue 1-4, p. 65-72 https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(87)90105-0	journal	June 1987
CuInSe2-based solar cells by Se-vapor selenization from Se-containing precursors Nakada, Tokio; Onishi, Ryoji; Kunioka, Akio Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)90142-2	journal	September 1994
Studies on CuIn precursor for the preparation of CuInSe2 thin films by the selenization technique Gupta, A.; Shirakata, S.; Isomura, S. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)90299-2	journal	February 1994
Review on Alkali Element Doping in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin Films and Solar Cells Sun, Yun; Lin, Shuping; Li, Wei Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.020	journal	August 2017
Crystal growth and photoluminescence of CuInXGa1−XSe2 alloys Yoshino, Kenji; Yokoyama, Hirosumi; Maeda, Kouji Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 211, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00784-8	journal	April 2000
Fermi level pinning at CdS/Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 interfaces: effect of chalcopyrite alloy composition Turcu, M.; Rau, U. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 64, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(03)00137-9	journal	September 2003
Influence of the Ga-content on the bulk defect densities of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Hanna, G.; Jasenek, A.; Rau, U. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 387, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01710-7	journal	May 2001
Rapid CIS-process for high efficiency PV-modules: development towards large area processing Probst, V.; Stetter, W.; Riedl, W. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 387, Issue 1-2, p. 262-267 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01800-9	journal	May 2001
CIS and CIGS layers from selenized nanoparticle precursors Kaelin, M.; Rudmann, D.; Kurdesau, F. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 431-432 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00194-9	journal	May 2003
Properties of CuIn(Se,S)2 thin films prepared by two-step growth processes Bekker, J.; Alberts, V.; Leitch, A. W. R. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 431-432 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00218-9	journal	May 2003
Interface study of CuInSe2/ZnO and Cu(In,Ga)Se2/ZnO devices using ALD ZnO buffer layers Platzer-Björkman, C.; Lu, J.; Kessler, J. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 431-432 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00229-3	journal	May 2003
Formation of CuInSe2 by the annealing of stacked elemental layers—analysis by in situ high-energy powder diffraction Brummer, A.; Honkimäki, V.; Berwian, P. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 437, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00685-0	journal	August 2003
Crystal structure and lattice dynamics of superionic copper selenide Cu2−δSe Danilkin, S. A.; Skomorokhov, A. N.; Hoser, A. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 361, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00439-0	journal	October 2003
Theoretical analysis of the effect of conduction band offset of window/CIS layers on performance of CIS solar cells using device simulation Minemoto, Takashi; Matsui, Takuya; Takakura, Hideyuki Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 67, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00266-X	journal	March 2001
Fabrication of graded band-gap Cu(InGa)Se2 thin-film mini-modules with a Zn(O,S,OH)x buffer layer Kushiya, Katsumi; Tachiyuki, Muneyori; Kase, Takahisa Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 49, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00204-3	journal	December 1997
3-D point defect density distributions in thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 measured by atom probe tomography Stokes, Adam; Al-Jassim, Mowafak; Diercks, David R. Acta Materialia, Vol. 102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.09.035	journal	January 2016
Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration as mechanism for grain growth and defect annihilation in chalcopyrite thin films Stange, Helena; Brunken, Stephan; Greiner, Dieter Acta Materialia, Vol. 111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.073	journal	June 2016
Correlating facet orientation, defect-level density and dipole layer formation at the surface of polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin films Elizabeth, Amala; Conradi, Hauke; Sahoo, Sudhir K. Acta Materialia, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.09.028	journal	November 2020
Evaluating metal constraints for photovoltaics: Perspectives from China’s PV development Ren, Kaipeng; Tang, Xu; Höök, Mikael Applied Energy, Vol. 282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116148	journal	January 2021
Surface modification of CIGS film by annealing and its effect on the band structure and photovoltaic properties of CIGS solar cells Shin, Young Min; Lee, Chang Soo; Shin, Dong Hyeop Current Applied Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.09.023	journal	January 2015
Determination of the Contact Resistivity of Screen-printed Al Contacts Formed by Laser Contact Opening Kranz, Christopher; Lim, Bianca; Baumann, Ulrike Energy Procedia, Vol. 67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.288	journal	April 2015
Quasi-ternary system CuGaS2–CuInS2–2CdS Marushko, L. P.; Piskach, L. V.; Romanyuk, Y. E. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 492, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.171	journal	March 2010
The CuInSe2–CuGaSe2–2CdSe system and crystal growth of the γ-solid solutions Marushko, L. P.; Romanyuk, Y. E.; Piskach, L. V. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 505, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.06.053	journal	August 2010
In situ investigation on selenization kinetics of Cu–In precursor using time-resolved, high temperature X-ray diffraction Kim, W. K.; Payzant, E. A.; Yoon, S. Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 294, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.05.066	journal	September 2006
In situ investigation of the formation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 from selenised metallic precursors by X-ray diffraction—The impact of Gallium, Sodium and Selenium excess Hergert, F.; Hock, R.; Weber, A. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 66, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2005.09.025	journal	November 2005
Review on the effects due to alkali metals on copper–indium–gallium–selenide solar cells Nwakanma, O.; Velumani, S.; Morales-Acevedo, A. Materials Today Energy, Vol. 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100617	journal	June 2021
Alkali-induced grain boundary reconstruction on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells using cesium fluoride post deposition treatment Lin, Tzu-Ying; Khatri, Ishwor; Matsuura, Junpei Nano Energy, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104299	journal	February 2020
Assessment of elemental distributions at line and planar defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films by atom probe tomography Cojocaru-Mirédin, Oana; Schwarz, Torsten; Abou-Ras, Daniel Scripta Materialia, Vol. 148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.03.034	journal	April 2018
Chalcopyrite thin film solar cells by electrodeposition Lincot, D.; Guillemoles, J. F.; Taunier, S. Solar Energy, Vol. 77, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.024	journal	December 2004
Tabulated values of the Shockley–Queisser limit for single junction solar cells Rühle, Sven Solar Energy, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.015	journal	June 2016
Economical and operational issues for CIGS in the future PV panorama Bermudez, V. Solar Energy, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.02.023	journal	April 2017
Optimization of (Zn,Sn)O buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based solar cells Saadat, M.; Amiri, O.; Rahdar, A. Solar Energy, Vol. 189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.07.093	journal	September 2019
Fabrication of pentanary Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 absorbers by selenization and sulfurization Goushi, Yuri; Hakuma, Hideki; Tabuchi, Katsuya Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 93, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.02.004	journal	August 2009
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film formation from selenization of mixed metal/metal–selenide precursors Kamada, Rui; Shafarman, William N.; Birkmire, Robert W. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.11.004	journal	March 2010
Properties of electronic potential barriers at grain boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films Baier, Robert; Leendertz, Caspar; Abou-Ras, Daniel Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.07.002	journal	November 2014
An analysis of glass–glass CIGS manufacturing costs Horowitz, Kelsey A. W.; Fu, Ran; Woodhouse, Michael Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.04.029	journal	September 2016
Bandgap grading and Al0.3Ga0.7As heterojunction emitter for highly efficient GaAs-based solar cells Hwang, Sun-Tae; Kim, Soohyun; Cheun, Hyeunseok Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.06.009	journal	October 2016
On the beneficial effect of Al2O3 front contact passivation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Keller, Jan; Gustavsson, Fredrik; Stolt, Lars Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.09.019	journal	January 2017
Photon and carrier management design for nonplanar thin-film copper indium gallium selenide photovoltaics Bukowsky, Colton R.; Grandidier, Jonathan; Fountaine, Katherine T. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.11.008	journal	March 2017
Systematic survey of suitable buffer and high resistive window layer materials in CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 solar cells by numerical simulations Bauer, Andreas; Sharbati, Samaneh; Powalla, Michael Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.035	journal	June 2017
Impact of front-side point contact/passivation geometry on thin-film solar cell performance Sozzi, Giovanna; Di Napoli, Simone; Menozzi, Roberto Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.02.031	journal	June 2017
n-Type Si solar cells with passivating electron contact: Identifying sources for efficiency limitations by wafer thickness and resistivity variation Richter, Armin; Benick, Jan; Feldmann, Frank Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.05.042	journal	December 2017
Review of grain interior, grain boundary, and interface effects of K in CIGS solar cells: Mechanisms for performance enhancement Muzzillo, Christopher P. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.07.006	journal	December 2017
The use of HfO2 in a point contact concept for front interface passivation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Löckinger, Johannes; Nishiwaki, Shiro; Bissig, Benjamin Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.03.009	journal	June 2019
Correlation between carrier recombination and valence band offset effect of graded Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Wang, Yazi; Muryobayashi, Toya; Nakada, Kazuyoshi Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110070	journal	October 2019
Efficiency limitations for wide-band-gap chalcopyrite solar cells Gloeckler, M.; Sites, J. R. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 480-481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.018	journal	June 2005
Efficiency limitations of polycrystalline thin film solar cells: case of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Werner, Jürgen H.; Mattheis, Julian; Rau, Uwe Thin Solid Films, Vol. 480-481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.052	journal	June 2005
The effect of Ga-grading in CIGS thin film solar cells Lundberg, O.; Edoff, M.; Stolt, L. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 480-481, p. 520-525 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.080	journal	June 2005
Buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells and modules Hariskos, D.; Spiering, S.; Powalla, M. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 480-481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.118	journal	June 2005
Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 materials used in record performance solar cells Contreras, Miguel A.; Romero, Manuel J.; Noufi, R. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 511-512 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.11.097	journal	July 2006
Formation reactions of chalcopyrite compounds and the role of sodium doping Hergert, F.; Jost, S.; Hock, R. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 515, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.037	journal	May 2007
Thermodynamic and experimental study of chemical bath deposition of Zn(S,O,OH) buffer layers in basic aqueous ammonia solutions. Cell results with electrodeposited CuIn(S,Se)2 absorbers Hubert, C.; Naghavi, N.; Canava, B. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 515, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.139	journal	May 2007
In situ investigation of the selenization kinetics of Cu–Ga precursors using time-resolved high-temperature X-ray diffraction Kim, W. K.; Payzant, E. A.; Anderson, T. J. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 515, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.173	journal	May 2007
Sputtered ZnO-based buffer layer for band offset control in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Minemoto, Takashi; Okamoto, Akira; Takakura, Hideyuki Thin Solid Films, Vol. 519, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.117	journal	August 2011
Comparison of charge distributions in CIGS thin-film solar cells with ZnS/(Zn,Mg)O and CdS/i-ZnO buffers Witte, Wolfram; Hariskos, Dimitrios; Powalla, Michael Thin Solid Films, Vol. 519, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.127	journal	August 2011
Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 grain boundary properties by electron- and tip-probe methods Oonishi, Satoshi; Kawamura, Masahiro; Takano, Naoaki Thin Solid Films, Vol. 519, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.223	journal	August 2011
Nanometer-scale electronic and microstructural properties of grain boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Sadewasser, S.; Abou-Ras, D.; Azulay, D. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 519, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.227	journal	August 2011
The electronic structure of Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 alloyed with silver Erslev, Peter T.; Lee, JinWoo; Hanket, Gregory M. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 519, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.368	journal	August 2011
Real-time investigations on the formation of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 while annealing Cu–In–Ga precursors with different sulphur–selenium mixtures Hölzing, A.; Schurr, R.; Yoo, H. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 535 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.11.059	journal	May 2013
Innovation highway: Breakthrough milestones and key developments in chalcopyrite photovoltaics from a retrospective viewpoint Abou-Ras, Daniel; Wagner, Sigurd; Stanbery, Bill J. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 633 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.01.005	journal	July 2017
A morphological and electronic study of ultrathin rear passivated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Bose, S.; Cunha, J. M. V.; Borme, J. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 671 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2018.12.028	journal	February 2019
Effects of Rubidium Fluoride and Potassium Fluoride Postdeposition Treatments on Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Thin Films and Solar Cell Performance Avancini, Enrico; Carron, Romain; Weiss, Thomas P. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03412	journal	November 2017
Recombination Channels in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Thin Films: Impact of the Ga-Profile Teixeira, Jennifer P.; Vieira, Ricardo B. L.; Falcão, Bruno P. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 124, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02622	journal	May 2020
Similarities and Critical Differences in Heavy Alkali-Metal Rubidium and Cesium Effects on Chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Thin-Film Solar Cells Ishizuka, Shogo; Taguchi, Noboru; Fons, Paul J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 123, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b06042	journal	July 2019
Alkali-Templated Surface Nanopatterning of Chalcogenide Thin Films: A Novel Approach Toward Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency Reinhard, Patrick; Bissig, Benjamin; Pianezzi, Fabian Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00584	journal	April 2015
Limits of Contact Selectivity/Recombination on the Open-Circuit Voltage of a Photovoltaic Roe, Ellis T.; Egelhofer, Kira E.; Lonergan, Mark C. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.7b00179	journal	February 2018
Boosting Solar Cell Performance via Centrally Localized Ag in Solution-Processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) ₂ Thin Film Solar Cells Kim, Byungwoo; Park, Gi Soon; Kim, Joo-Hyun ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08749	journal	July 2020
Potassium Postdeposition Treatment-Induced Band Gap Widening at Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Surfaces – Reason for Performance Leap? Handick, Evelyn; Reinhard, Patrick; Alsmeier, Jan-Hendrik ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09231	journal	December 2015
High Efficiency CIGS Solar Cells by Bulk Defect Passivation through Ag Substituting Strategy Zhao, Yunhai; Yuan, Shengjie; Kou, Dongxing ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b21354	journal	February 2020
Degradation Mechanism and Stability Improvement of Dopant-Free ZnO/LiF _x /Al Electron Nanocontacts in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Lin, Wenjie; Boccard, Mathieu; Zhong, Sihua ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02475	journal	November 2020
Impact of Semiconductor Band Tails and Band Filling on Photovoltaic Efficiency Limits Wong, Joeson; Omelchenko, Stefan T.; Atwater, Harry A. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02362	journal	December 2020
Photonic design principles for ultrahigh-efficiency photovoltaics Polman, Albert; Atwater, Harry A. Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3263	journal	February 2012
Potassium-induced surface modification of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for high-efficiency solar cells Chirilă, Adrian; Reinhard, Patrick; Pianezzi, Fabian Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3789	journal	November 2013
Chemical instability at chalcogenide surfaces impacts chalcopyrite devices well beyond the surface Colombara, Diego; Elanzeery, Hossam; Nicoara, Nicoleta Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17434-8	journal	July 2020
Microscopic origins of performance losses in highly efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells Krause, Maximilian; Nikolaeva, Aleksandra; Maiberg, Matthias Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17507-8	journal	August 2020
Understanding the cell-to-module efficiency gap in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 photovoltaics scale-up Bermudez, Veronica; Perez-Rodriguez, Alejandro Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0177-1	journal	June 2018
Progress and prospects for ultrathin solar cells Massiot, Inès; Cattoni, Andrea; Collin, Stéphane Nature Energy, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00714-4	journal	November 2020
Guide for the perplexed to the Shockley–Queisser model for solar cells Guillemoles, Jean-Francois; Kirchartz, Thomas; Cahen, David Nature Photonics, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0479-2	journal	July 2019
Prospects for metal halide perovskite-based tandem solar cells Wang, Rui; Huang, Tianyi; Xue, Jingjing Nature Photonics, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00809-8	journal	May 2021
Optically induced metastability in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Jensen, S. A.; Kanevce, A.; Mansfield, L. M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14344-6	journal	October 2017
Ultra-thin passivation layers in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells: full-area passivated front contacts and their impact on bulk doping Werner, Florian; Veith-Wolf, Boris; Melchiorre, Michele Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64448-9	journal	May 2020
Evolution of opto-electronic properties during film formation of complex semiconductors Heinemann, M. D.; Mainz, R.; Österle, F. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45463	journal	April 2017
Performance improvement in Cd-free Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells by modifying the electronic structure of the ZnMgO buffer layer Lee, Chang-Soo; Kim, Suncheul; Shin, Young-Min RSC Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 69 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA07776H	journal	January 2014
Investigation of the potassium fluoride post deposition treatment on the CIGSe/CdS interface using hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy – a comparative study Ümsür, Bünyamin; Calvet, Wolfram; Steigert, Alexander Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP00260A	journal	January 2016
Thermodynamic stability, phase separation and Ag grading in (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar absorbers Sopiha, Kostiantyn V.; Larsen, Jes K.; Donzel-Gargand, Olivier Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA00363H	journal	January 2020
The fox and the hound: in-depth and in-grain Na doping and Ga grading in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells Colombara, Diego; Conley, Kevin; Malitckaya, Maria Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA01103G	journal	January 2020
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films without Ga segregation prepared by the single-step selenization of sputter deposited Cu-In-Ga-Se precursor layers Moon, Dong Gwon; Yun, Jae Ho; Gwak, Jihye Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22804a	journal	January 2012
Unveiling the effects of post-deposition treatment with different alkaline elements on the electronic properties of CIGS thin film solar cells Pianezzi, Fabian; Reinhard, Patrick; Chirilă, Adrian Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00614c	journal	January 2014
In silico investigation of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ -based solar cells Mirhosseini, Hossein; Kormath Madam Raghupathy, Ramya; Sahoo, Sudhir K. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp04712k	journal	January 2020
ZnO/CdS/CuInSe ₂ thin‐film solar cells with improved performance Stolt, Lars; Hedström, Jonas; Kessler, John Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 62, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.108867	journal	February 1993
High‐efficiency CuIn _x Ga _{1− x} Se ₂ solar cells made from (In _x ,Ga _{1− x} ) ₂ Se ₃ precursor films Gabor, Andrew M.; Tuttle, John R.; Albin, David S. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 65, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.112670	journal	July 1994
Preparation of homogeneous Cu(InGa)Se ₂ films by selenization of metal precursors in H ₂ Se atmosphere Marudachalam, M.; Hichri, H.; Klenk, R. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 67, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.114424	journal	December 1995
Effects of Ga addition to CuInSe2 on its electronic, structural, and defect properties Wei, Su-Huai; Zhang, S. B.; Zunger, Alex Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 72, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.121548	journal	June 1998
Tunneling-enhanced recombination in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 heterojunction solar cells Rau, U. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 74, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.122967	journal	January 1999
Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p. 510-519 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1736034	journal	March 1961
Radiative efficiency limits of solar cells with lateral band-gap fluctuations Rau, U.; Werner, J. H. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 84, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1737071	journal	May 2004
Microstructural and chemical studies of interfaces between Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and In2S3 layers Abou-Ras, D.; Rudmann, D.; Kostorz, G. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 97, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1863454	journal	April 2005
Direct observation of copper depletion and potential changes at copper indium gallium diselenide grain boundaries Hetzer, M. J.; Strzhemechny, Y. M.; Gao, M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 86, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1906331	journal	April 2005
Chemical fluctuation-induced nanodomains in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 films Yan, Yanfa; Noufi, R.; Jones, K. M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2053349	journal	September 2005
Potential of submicrometer thickness Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cells Gloeckler, Markus; Sites, James R. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 98, Issue 10, Article No. 103703 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2128054	journal	November 2005
Compositionally induced valence-band offset at the grain boundary of polycrystalline chalcopyrites creates a hole barrier Persson, Clas; Zunger, Alex Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2132537	journal	November 2005
Zn(O,S) buffer layers by atomic layer deposition in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based thin film solar cells: Band alignment and sulfur gradient Platzer-Björkman, C.; Törndahl, T.; Abou-Ras, D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 100, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2222067	journal	August 2006
Light- and bias-induced metastabilities in Cu(In,Ga)Se[sub 2] based solar cells caused by the (V[sub Se]-V[sub Cu]) vacancy complex Lany, Stephan; Zunger, Alex Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 100, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2388256	journal	January 2006
Light absorption and emission in semiconductors with band gap fluctuations—A study on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films Mattheis, Julian; Rau, Uwe; Werner, Jürgen H. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 101, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2721768	journal	June 2007
Limiting efficiencies of ideal single and multiple energy gap terrestrial solar cells Henry, C. H. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.328272	journal	August 1980
Chalcopyrite/defect chalcopyrite heterojunctions on the basis of CuInSe ₂ Schmid, D.; Ruckh, M.; Grunwald, F. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 73, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.353020	journal	March 1993
Band offsets and optical bowings of chalcopyrites and Zn‐based II‐VI alloys Wei, Su‐Huai; Zunger, Alex Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 78, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.359901	journal	September 1995
One step electrodeposition of CuInSe2: Improved structural, electronic, and photovoltaic properties by annealing under high selenium pressure Guillemoles, Jean‐François; Cowache, Pierre; Lusson, Alain Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.361446	journal	May 1996
Three-step H ₂ Se/Ar/H ₂ S reaction of Cu-In-Ga precursors for controlled composition and adhesion of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) ₂ thin films Kim, Kihwan; Hanket, Gregory M.; Huynh, Trang Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4704390	journal	April 2012
Excitation power and temperature dependence of excitons in CuInSe ₂ Luckert, F.; Yakushev, M. V.; Faugeras, C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4709448	journal	May 2012
Intergrain variations of the chemical and electronic surface structure of polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ thin-film solar cell absorbers Wilks, R. G.; Repins, I.; Contreras, M. A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4751261	journal	September 2012
On effective surface recombination parameters McIntosh, Keith R.; Black, Lachlan E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 116, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4886595	journal	July 2014
Experimental indication for band gap widening of chalcopyrite solar cell absorbers after potassium fluoride treatment Pistor, P.; Greiner, D.; Kaufmann, C. A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4892882	journal	August 2014
Quasi-Fermi level splitting and sub-bandgap absorptivity from semiconductor photoluminescence Katahara, John K.; Hillhouse, Hugh W. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 116, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4898346	journal	November 2014
Beneficial effect of post-deposition treatment in high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells through reduced potential fluctuations Jensen, S. A.; Glynn, S.; Kanevce, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4960344	journal	August 2016
Elemental redistributions at structural defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ thin films for solar cells Simsek Sanli, E.; Ramasse, Q. M.; Sigle, W. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4967731	journal	November 2016
Diffusion of sodium in single crystal CuInSe ₂ Forest, Robert V.; McCandless, Brian E.; He, Xiaoqing Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986635	journal	June 2017
Stacking fault reduction during annealing in Cu-poor CuInSe ₂ thin film solar cell absorbers analyzed by in situ XRD and grain growth modeling Stange, Helena; Brunken, Stephan; Greiner, Dieter Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5052245	journal	January 2019
Passivation, conductivity, and selectivity in solar cell contacts: Concepts and simulations based on a unified partial-resistances framework Onno, Arthur; Chen, Christopher; Koswatta, Priyaranga Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5117201	journal	November 2019
Defect-mediated metastability and carrier lifetimes in polycrystalline (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se ₂ absorber materials Ferguson, Andrew J.; Farshchi, Rouin; Paul, Pran K. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 127, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5134502	journal	June 2020
Assessing the roles of Cu- and Ag-deficient layers in chalcopyrite-based solar cells through first principles calculations Sharan, Abhishek; Sabino, Fernando P.; Janotti, Anderson Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 127, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140736	journal	February 2020
Efficient CuInSe ₂ /CdS solar cells Shay, J. L.; Wagner, Sigurd; Kasper, H. M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.88372	journal	July 1975
Thin‐film CuInSe ₂ /CdS heterojunction solar cells Kazmerski, L. L.; White, F. R.; Morgan, G. K. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.89041	journal	August 1976
Preparation and properties of CuInS ₂ thin films produced by exposing sputtered Cu‐In films to an H ₂ S atmosphere Grindle, Steven P.; Smith, Charles W.; Mittleman, Steven D. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.90918	journal	July 1979
Deviations from Matthiessen's Rule Bass, Jack Advances in Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 91 https://doi.org/10.1080/00018737200101308	journal	May 1972
Voids and compositional inhomogeneities in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ thin films: evolution during growth and impact on solar cell performance Avancini, Enrico; Keller, Debora; Carron, Romain Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2018.1536679	journal	November 2018
Copper Indium Selenides and Related Materials for Photovoltaic Devices Stanbery, Billy J. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, Vol. 27, Issue 2, p. 73-117 https://doi.org/10.1080/20014091104215	journal	April 2002
The chemical potential of radiation Wurfel, P. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/15/18/012	journal	June 1982
Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells Vos, A. De Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/13/5/018	journal	May 1980
The thermodynamics of the conversion of radiation energy for photovoltaics Landsberg, P. T.; Baruch, P. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, Vol. 22, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/22/11/028	journal	June 1989
Evidence of Limiting Effects of Fluctuating Potentials on V OC of Cu ( In , Ga ) Se 2 Thin-Film Solar Cells Teixeira, J. P.; Salomé, P. M. P.; Alves, B. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.054013	journal	May 2019
Luminescence Analysis of Charge-Carrier Separation and Internal Series-Resistance Losses in Cu ( In , Ga ) Se 2 Solar Cells Rau, Uwe; Huhn, Vito; Pieters, Bart E. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.014046	journal	July 2020
Stress Formation During In - Ga Interdiffusion in Thin-Film Cu In 1 − x Ga x Se 2 Absorber Layers Leads to Stable Ga Gradients Schäfer, Stefan; Stange, Helena; Márquez, José A. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.14.024063	journal	August 2020
Efficiency Potential of Photovoltaic Materials and Devices Unveiled by Detailed-Balance Analysis Rau, Uwe; Blank, Beatrix; Müller, Thomas C. M. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.7.044016	journal	April 2017
Defect physics of the CuInSe 2 chalcopyrite semiconductor Zhang, S. B.; Wei, Su-Huai; Zunger, Alex Physical Review B, Vol. 57, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.9642	journal	April 1998
Reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efficiency and electroluminescent emission of solar cells Rau, Uwe Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.085303	journal	August 2007
First-Principles Calculations of the Urbach Tail in the Optical Absorption Spectra of Silica Glass Sadigh, B.; Erhart, P.; Åberg, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.027401	journal	January 2011
Direct Insight into Grain Boundary Reconstruction in Polycrystalline Cu ( In , Ga ) Se 2 with Atomic Resolution Abou-Ras, Daniel; Schaffer, Bernhard; Schaffer, Miroslava Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.075502	journal	February 2012
Intrinsic Compressive Stress in Polycrystalline Films is Localized at Edges of the Grain Boundaries Vasco, Enrique; Polop, Celia Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.256102	journal	December 2017
Secondary-Phase-Assisted Grain Boundary Migration in CuInSe 2 Li, Chen; Sanli, Ekin Simsek; Barragan-Yani, Daniel Physical Review Letters, Vol. 124, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.095702	journal	March 2020
Anomalous Grain Boundary Physics in Polycrystalline C u I n S e 2 : The Existence of a Hole Barrier Persson, Clas; Zunger, Alex Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.266401	journal	December 2003
Frank-Turnbull dopant migration may enhance heteroatom diffusivity: Evidence from alkali-doped Cu(In,Ga) Se 2 Colombara, Diego Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.054602	journal	May 2019
Electronic defects in Cu ( In , Ga ) S e 2 : Towards a comprehensive model Spindler, Conrad; Babbe, Finn; Wolter, Max Hilaire Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.090302	journal	September 2019
Grain-size distributions and grain boundaries of chalcopyrite-type thin films Abou-Ras, D.; Schorr, S.; Schock, H. W. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 40, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889807032220	journal	September 2007
Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit Miller, Owen D.; Yablonovitch, Eli; Kurtz, Sarah R. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 2, Issue 3, p. 303-311 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2198434	journal	July 2012
Rapid Fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se$_{2}$ Thin Films by the Two-Step Selenization Process Ishizuka, Shogo; Mansfield, Lorelle M.; DeHart, Clay IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2012.2222868	journal	January 2013
The Comparison of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se$_{\bf 2}$ and Cu(In,Ga)Se$_{\bf 2}$ Thin Films Deposited by Three-Stage Coevaporation Chen, Lei; Lee, JinWoo; Shafarman, William N. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2280471	journal	January 2014
Improved Rear Surface Passivation of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂Solar Cells: A Combination of an Al₂O₃ Rear Surface Passivation Layer and Nanosized Local Rear Point Contacts Vermang, Bart; Fjallstrom, Viktor; Gao, Xindong IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 4, Issue 1, p. 486-492 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2287769	journal	November 2013
Performance Limits and Status of Single-Junction Solar Cells With Emphasis on CIGS Topic, Marko; Geisthardt, Russell M.; Sites, James R. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2359135	journal	January 2015
Charge Carrier Separation in Solar Cells Wurfel, Uli; Cuevas, Andres; Wurfel, Peter IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2363550	journal	January 2015
Coevaporated KInSe ₂ : A Fast Alternative to KF Postdeposition Treatment in High-Efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Thin Film Solar Cells Lepetit, Thomas; Harel, Sylvie; Arzel, Ludovic IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2589365	journal	September 2016
Contact Selectivity and Efficiency in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics Brendel, Rolf; Peibst, Robby IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2598267	journal	November 2016
Defects in Na-, K-, and Cd-Doped CuInSe$_2$ : Canonical Thermodynamics Based on Ab Initio Calculations Sommer, David E.; Mutter, Daniel; Dunham, Scott T. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2703958	journal	July 2017
High V oc in (Cu,Ag)(In,Ga)Se 2 Solar Cells Edoff, Marika; Jarmar, Tobias; Nilsson, Nina Shariati IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2756058	journal	November 2017
Sulfurization of Co-Evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ as a Postdeposition Treatment Larsen, Jes K.; Keller, Jan; Lundberg, Olle IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2793759	journal	March 2018
Effect of Window-Layer Materials on p-n Junction Location in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Solar Cells Jiang, Chun-Sheng; Mansfield, Lorelle M.; Glynn, Stephen IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2874039	journal	January 2019
Record Efficiency for Thin-Film Polycrystalline Solar Cells Up to 22.9% Achieved by Cs-Treated Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) ₂ Kato, Takuya; Wu, Jyh-Lih; Hirai, Yoshiaki IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2882206	journal	January 2019
Rear Optical Reflection and Passivation Using a Nanopatterned Metal/Dielectric Structure in Thin-Film Solar Cells Lopes, Tomas S.; Cunha, Jose M. V.; Bose, Sourav IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2922323	journal	September 2019
Microwave-detected photoconductance decay Basore, P. A.; Hansen, B. R. IEEE Conference on Photovoltaic Specialists https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1990.111651	conference	January 1990
The role of Cu(InGa)(SeS)/sub 2/ surface layer on a graded band-gap Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ thin-film solar cell prepared by two-stage method Kushiya, K.; Kuriyagawa, S.; Kase, T. Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1996 https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.1996.564296	conference	January 1996
Properties of Cd and Zn partial electrolyte treated CIGS solar cells Ramanathan, K.; Hasoon, F. S.; Smith, S. Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2002, Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190617	conference	January 2002
Monte Carlo modeling of phase separation in CuInxGa1−xSe2 Herrmann, Nathaniel J.; Sommer, David; Jin, Yu 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2016.7750019	conference	June 2016
Optimization of alkali supply and Ga/(Ga+In) evaporation profile for thin (0.5 µm) CIGS solar cells Gusak, Viktoria; Lundberg, Olle; Wallin, Erik 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2018.8548188	conference	June 2018
Composition Control in the Growth of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 by the Reaction of Cu-In-Ga PRECURSORS in H2Se and H2S Hanket, Gregory; Shafarman, William; Birkmire, Robert 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference https://doi.org/10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279517	conference	May 2006
Cd-Free Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) ₂ Thin-Film Solar Cell With Record Efficiency of 23.35% Nakamura, Motoshi; Yamaguchi, Koji; Kimoto, Yoshinori IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2019.2937218	journal	November 2019
Direct current-voltage measurements of the Mo/CuInSe/sub 2/ contact on operating solar cells Shafarman, W. N.; Phillips, J. E. Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1996 https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.1996.564278	conference	January 1996
The intra-absorber junction (IAJ) model for the device physics of copper indium selenide-based photovoltaics Stanbery, B. J. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2005.1488142	conference	January 2005
Interface recombination velocity measurement by a contactless microwave technique Ahrenkiel, R. K.; Dashdorj, J. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1768523	journal	January 2004
Cu (In,Ga)Se ₂ thin films and solar cells prepared by selenization of metallic precursors Başol, Bülent M.; Kapur, Vijay K.; Halani, Arvind Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.580056	journal	July 1996
Na impurity chemistry in photovoltaic CIGS thin films: Investigation with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Niles, David W.; Ramanathan, Kannan; Hasoon, Falah Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.580902	journal	November 1997
Study of CuInSe ₂ Formation Kinetics in the Selenization Process by Raman Spectroscopy Yamanaka, Satoshi; Tanda, Masayuki; Nakada, Nobuyuki Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 30, Issue Part 1, No. 3 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.30.442	journal	March 1991
Improvement in Performances of ZnO:B/i-ZnO/Cu(InGa)Se ₂ Solar Cells by Surface Treatments for Cu(InGa)Se ₂ Chaisitsak, Sutichai; Yamada, Akira; Konagai, Makoto Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 39, Issue Part 1, No. 4A https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.39.1660	journal	April 2000
Grain Boundary Evaluation of Cu(In _{1- x} Ga _x )Se ₂ Solar Cells Kawamura, Masahiro; Yamada, Tomoyuki; Suyama, Naoki Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.49.062301	journal	June 2010
Mechanism of Chemical Bath Deposition of Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films in the Ammonia‐Thiourea System: In Situ Kinetic Study and Modelization Ortega‐Borges, Raúl; Lincot, Daniel Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2221111	journal	December 1993
Characterizing the effects of silver alloying in chalcopyrite CIGS with junction capacitance methods Erslev, Peter; Hanket, Gregory M.; Shafarman, William N. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 1165 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-1165-M01-07	journal	January 2009
Post-Deposition Sulfur Incorporation into CuInSe ₂ Thin Films Titus, Jochen; Schock, Hans-Werner; Birkmire, Robert W. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 668 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-668-H1.5	journal	January 2001
Large Area Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ Films and Devices on Flexible Substrates Made by Sputtering Hollars, Dennis R.; Dorn, Randy; Paulson, P. D. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 865 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-865-F14.34	journal	January 2005
Determination of the Gibbs Formation Energy of CuGaSe2 by EMF Method Ider, Muhsin International Journal of Electrochemical Science https://doi.org/10.20964/2020.09.21	journal	September 2020
The reciprocal system CuGaS2+CuInSe2DCuGaSe2+CuInS2 Marushko, L. P.; Romanyuk, Y. E.; Piskach, L. V. Piskach Chemistry of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 3, Issue 1/2 https://doi.org/10.30970/cma3.0112	journal	January 2010
Influence of Substrate Temperature during InxSy Sputtering on Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Buffer Interface Properties and Solar Cell Performance Hariskos, Dimitrios; Hempel, Wolfram; Menner, Richard Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031052	journal	February 2020
Dielectric-Based Rear Surface Passivation Approaches for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells—A Review Birant, Gizem; de Wild, Jessica; Meuris, Marc Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040677	journal	February 2019
The Non-Equilibrium Statistical Distribution Function for Electrons and Holes in Semiconductor Heterostructures in Steady-State Conditions Jόzwikowska, Krzysztof; Jόzwikowska, Alina; Nietopiel, Michał Entropy, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/e17064110	journal	June 2015
Control of electronic structure in Cu(In, Ga)(S, Se) ₂ for high-efficiency solar cells Maeda, Tsuyoshi; Nakanishi, Ryo; Yanagita, Mizuto Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 59, Issue SG https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab69e0	journal	March 2020
Enhancement of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells efficiency by controlling the formation of Cu-deficient layer Ji, Seunghwan; Hayakawa, Takahiro; Suyama, Naoki Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab7c94	journal	March 2020
Required CIGS and CIGS/Mo Interface Properties for High-Efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se₂ Based Solar Cells Ouédraogo, Soumaïla; Kébré, Marcel Bawindsom; Ngoupo, Ariel Teyou Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 07 https://doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2020.107011	journal	January 2020
Interfacial quality improvement of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ thin film solar cells by Cu-depletion layer formation Nishimura, Takahito; Toki, Soma; Sugiura, Hiroki Applied Physics Express, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.9.092301	journal	August 2016
Characterization of electronic structure of oxysulfide buffers and band alignment at buffer/absorber interfaces in Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ -based solar cells Terada, Norio; Morita, Hideki; Chochi, Kosuke Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 5S1 https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.53.05FW09	journal	April 2014
Crystallographic and optical properties and band structures of CuInSe ₂ , CuIn ₃ Se ₅ , and CuIn ₅ Se ₈ phases in Cu-poor Cu ₂ Se–In ₂ Se ₃ pseudo-binary system Maeda, Tsuyoshi; Gong, Weiyan; Wada, Takahiro Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 55, Issue 4S https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.55.04ES15	journal	March 2016
Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) ₂ solar cell research in Solar Frontier: Progress and current status Kato, Takuya Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 4S https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.56.04CA02	journal	February 2017
Interface engineering of Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ and atomic layer deposited Zn(O,S) heterojunctions Schmidt, Sebastian S.; Merdes, Saoussen; Steigert, Alexander Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 8S2 https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.56.08MC16	journal	July 2017
Long and Short Range Ordering of CuInSe ₂ Chang, Chih-Hung; Wei, Su-Huai; Johnson, Wayne Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 39, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAPS.39S1.411	journal	January 2000

Similar Records

Long-Term Performance Data and Analysis of CIS/CIGS Modules Deployed Outdoors

Conference · 2008 · OSTI ID:941450

del Cueto, J A; Rummel, S; Kroposki, B; +1 more

Long-Term Performance Data and Analysis of CIS/CIGS Modules Deployed Outdoors (Presentation)

Conference · 2008 · OSTI ID:939007

del Cueto, J A; Kroposki, B; Rummel, S; +1 more

National solar technology roadmap: CIGS PV

Technical Report · 2007 · OSTI ID:1217217

von Roedern, Bolko

Related Subjects

14 SOLAR ENERGY
Cu(InGa)Se2
passivation
photovoltaics
recombination
selective contacts
solar cells

Title: CIGS photovoltaics: reviewing an evolving paradigm

Citation Formats

References (232)

Similar Records

Related Subjects