Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Stringfellow, William T.; Dobson, Patrick F.

doi:10.3390/en14206805

Title: Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Abstract

Lithium is the principal component of high-energy-density batteries and is a critical material necessary for the economy and security of the United States. Brines from geothermal power production have been identified as a potential domestic source of lithium; however, lithium-rich geothermal brines are characterized by complex chemistry, high salinity, and high temperatures, which pose unique challenges for economic lithium extraction. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze direct lithium extraction technology in the context of developing sustainable lithium production from geothermal brines. In this paper, we are focused on the challenges of applying direct lithium extraction technology to geothermal brines; however, applications to other brines (such as coproduced brines from oil wells) are considered. The most technologically advanced approach for direct lithium extraction from geothermal brines is adsorption of lithium using inorganic sorbents. Other separation processes include extraction using solvents, sorption on organic resin and polymer materials, chemical precipitation, and membrane-dependent processes. The Salton Sea geothermal field in California has been identified as the most significant lithium brine resource in the US and past and present efforts to extract lithium and other minerals from Salton Sea brines were evaluated. Extraction of lithium with inorganic molecular sieve ion-exchangemore »« less

Authors:

Stringfellow, William T.;

Publication Date:: 2021-10-18

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Geothermal Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:: 1826637

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1869650

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Energies

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Energies Journal Volume: 14 Journal Issue: 20; Journal ID: ISSN 1996-1073

Publisher:: MDPI AG

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

Subject:: 58 GEOSCIENCES; lithium; geothermal brines; critical materials; extraction technologies

Citation Formats


                    Stringfellow, William T., and Dobson, Patrick F. Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines.  Switzerland: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.3390/en14206805.

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                    Stringfellow, William T., & Dobson, Patrick F. Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines.  Switzerland.  https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206805

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                    Stringfellow, William T., and Dobson, Patrick F. Mon .  
"Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines".  Switzerland.  https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206805.

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@article{osti_1826637,

  title        = {Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines},

  author       = {Stringfellow, William T. and Dobson, Patrick F.},

  abstractNote = {Lithium is the principal component of high-energy-density batteries and is a critical material necessary for the economy and security of the United States. Brines from geothermal power production have been identified as a potential domestic source of lithium; however, lithium-rich geothermal brines are characterized by complex chemistry, high salinity, and high temperatures, which pose unique challenges for economic lithium extraction. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze direct lithium extraction technology in the context of developing sustainable lithium production from geothermal brines. In this paper, we are focused on the challenges of applying direct lithium extraction technology to geothermal brines; however, applications to other brines (such as coproduced brines from oil wells) are considered. The most technologically advanced approach for direct lithium extraction from geothermal brines is adsorption of lithium using inorganic sorbents. Other separation processes include extraction using solvents, sorption on organic resin and polymer materials, chemical precipitation, and membrane-dependent processes. The Salton Sea geothermal field in California has been identified as the most significant lithium brine resource in the US and past and present efforts to extract lithium and other minerals from Salton Sea brines were evaluated. Extraction of lithium with inorganic molecular sieve ion-exchange sorbents appears to offer the most immediate pathway for the development of economic lithium extraction and recovery from Salton Sea brines. Other promising technologies are still in early development, but may one day offer a second generation of methods for direct, selective lithium extraction. Initial studies have demonstrated that lithium extraction and recovery from geothermal brines are technically feasible, but challenges still remain in developing an economically and environmentally sustainable process at scale.},

  doi          = {10.3390/en14206805},

  journal      = {Energies},

  number       = 20,

  volume       = 14,

  place        = {Switzerland},

  year         = {2021},

  month        = {10}

}

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Title: Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

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Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using Manganese Oxide Adsorbent (H1.6Mn1.6O4) Derived from Li1.6Mn1.6O4 journal, May 2001

Dependence of Adsorptive Capability for Lithium Ions in Molten Salt on Surface Properties of Activated Alumina journal, January 1994

Supported Liquid Membrane Principle and Its Practices: A Short Review journal, January 2013

Multilayered ion-imprinted membranes with high selectivity towards Li+ based on the synergistic effect of 12-crown-4 and polyether sulfone journal, January 2018

Synthesis and properties of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 and its adsorption application journal, December 2011

Extraction of lithium from salt lake brines by bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide-based ionic liquids journal, September 2018

Lithium extraction from seawater by manganese oxide ion sieve MnO2·0.5H2O journal, March 2015

Novel extraction of valuable metals from circulating fluidized bed-derived high-alumina fly ash by acid–alkali–based alternate method journal, September 2019

Preparation of Crown‐Ether‐Functionalized Polysulfone Membrane by In Situ Surface Grafting for Selective Adsorption and Separation of Li + journal, March 2020

Hydrochloric acid regeneration in hydrometallurgical processes: a review journal, June 2017

Crystalline insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals—IX journal, May 1970

Synthesis of Iron-Doped Manganese Oxides with an Ion-Sieve Property: Lithium Adsorption from Bolivian Brine journal, February 2014

Separation and purification of lithium by solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane, analysis of their mechanism: a review: Separation and purification of lithium journal, April 2016

Characterization of 14-Crown-4 Ethers for the Extraction of Lithium from Natural Brines: Synthesis, Solubility Measurements in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, and Thermodynamic Modeling journal, May 2021

Solvent Extraction of Li + using Organophosphorus Ligands in the Presence of Ammonia journal, June 2014

Combining Selective Extraction and Easy Stripping of Lithium Using a Ternary Synergistic Solvent Extraction System through Regulation of Fe 3+ Coordination journal, January 2020

A Quantitative Metric for the Design of Selective Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Lithium from Geothermal Brine journal, July 2019

Recent progress in cathode materials research for advanced lithium ion batteries journal, May 2012

Computational Discovery of Li–M–O Ion Exchange Materials for Lithium Extraction from Brines journal, September 2018

Preparation and characterization of LiMn2O4 ion-sieve with high Li+ adsorption rate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis journal, October 2010

H 2 TiO 3 composite adsorbent foam for efficient and continuous recovery of Li + from liquid resources journal, September 2016

Solvent extraction of lithium from aqueous solution using an ammonium ionic liquid journal, April 2020

Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review journal, September 2018

Selectivity of new inorganic ion–exchangers based on oxides of titanum and manganese at sorpion of lithium from aqueous media journal, January 2016

Intercalation compounds of aluminum hydroxide journal, September 1999

Recovery of Lithium Ions from Seawater Using a Continuous Flow Adsorption Column Packed with Granulated Chitosan–Lithium Manganese Oxide journal, June 2016

Synthesis of Li+ adsorbent (H2TiO3) and its adsorption properties journal, January 2013

Hydrophilic nanoporous ion-exchange membranes as a stabilizing barrier for liquid–liquid membrane extraction of lithium ions journal, December 2014

Synthesis of Li–Al layered double hydroxides via a mechanochemical route journal, February 2016

Extraction of Non-Ferrous Metals and Iron with Systems based on Bis(2,4,4-Trimethylpentyl)Dithiophosphinic Acid (CYANEX 301), A Review journal, December 2017

Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review journal, December 2014

A prospective material for the highly selective extraction of lithium ions based on a photochromic crowned spirobenzopyran journal, January 2019

High lithium selectivity in competitive alkali metal solvent extraction by lipophilic crown carboxylic acids journal, August 1985

Extraction of Lithium from Single-Crystalline Lithium Manganese Oxide Nanotubes Using Ammonium Peroxodisulfate journal, November 2020

Recovery of lithium from salt lake brine using a mixed ternary solvent extraction system consisting of TBP, FeCl3 and P507 journal, November 2020

Preliminary studies of lithium recovery technology from seawater by electrodialysis using ionic liquid membrane journal, May 2013

Study on the recovery of lithium from high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brine by nanofiltration journal, October 2014

Highly selective transport of lithium across a supported liquid membrane journal, August 2020

Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Lithium Ion in Spherical PVC–MnO 2 Ion Sieve journal, August 2012

Manganese oxide porous crystals journal, January 1999

Assessment of world lithium resources and consequences of their geographic distribution on the expected development of the electric vehicle industry journal, April 2012

Classification and Characteristics of Natural Lithium Resources journal, August 2020

Lithium- and boron-bearing brines in the Central Andes: exploring hydrofacies on the eastern Puna plateau between 23° and 23°30′S journal, April 2016

The recovery of pure lithium chloride from “brines” containing higher contents of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride journal, December 1991

An Ionophore for High Lithium Loading and Selective Capture from Brine journal, May 2019

Concentrating brine for lithium recovery using GO composite pervaporation membranes journal, March 2021

Inorganic adsorbent containing polymeric membrane reservoir for the recovery of lithium from seawater journal, December 2008

A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, December 2017

Preparation of H 2 TiO 3 -lithium adsorbent by the sol–gel process and its adsorption performance journal, April 2016

LiMn2O4 spinel direct synthesis and lithium ion selective adsorption journal, January 2010

Membrane technologies for Li+/Mg2+ separation from salt-lake brines and seawater: A comprehensive review journal, January 2020

Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, October 2019

Advances in mineral processing technologies related to iron, magnesium, and lithium journal, December 2019

Understanding the Mechanism of Lithium Ion Extraction Using Tributyl Phosphate in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid journal, July 2020

A brine interface in the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California: Fluid geochemical and isotopic characteristics journal, August 1989

Structural characteristics and sorption properties of lithium-selective composite materials based on TiO2 and MnO2 journal, April 2018

Recovery of base metals from geothermal brines journal, October 1992

Mixed matrix nanofiber as a flow-through membrane adsorber for continuous Li+ recovery from seawater journal, July 2016

Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials. XLV. Recovery of lithium from seawater and hydrothermal water by titanium (iv) antimonate cation exchanger journal, October 1987

Recovery of magnesium from Uyuni salar brine as high purity magnesium oxalate journal, June 2013

Selective Recovery Process of Lithium from Seawater Using Integrated Ion Exchange Methods journal, May 2011

Separation of copper, zinc, cobalt and nickel ions by supported liquid membrane technique using LIX 84I, TOPS-99 and Cyanex 272
journal, February 2008

Lithium Extraction from a Multicomponent Mixture Using Supported Liquid Membranes
journal, January 2000

Minerals recovery from salton sea geothermal brines: a literature review and proposed cementation process
journal, January 1982

Experimental studies in the sorptive extraction of boron and lithium from thermal waters
journal, March 2017

Solvent extraction of lithium ions by tri-n-butyl phosphate using a room temperature ionic liquid
journal, March 2016

Selective adsorption of lithium from high Mg-containing brines using H x TiO 3 ion sieve
journal, December 2017

Simultaneous adsorption of Li(I) and Rb(I) by dual crown ethers modified magnetic ion imprinting polymers: Dual crown ethers modified magnetic ion imprinting polymers
journal, February 2019

Solvent extraction of lithium from aqueous solution using non-fluorinated functionalized ionic liquids as extraction agents
journal, January 2017

Enrichment mechanism of Li, B and K in the geothermal water and associated deposits from the Kawu area of the Tibetan plateau: Constraints from geochemical experimental data
journal, June 2018

Removal of calcium and magnesium from lithium concentrated solution by solvent extraction method using D2EHPA
journal, April 2020

U.S. lithium resources from geothermal and extraction feasibility
journal, June 2021

Synergistic interplay between D2EHPA and TBP towards the extraction of lithium using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane
journal, June 2016

Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing
journal, October 2018

Synthesis and Anion Exchange Chemistry of Rhombohedral Li/Al Layered Double Hydroxides
journal, January 2002

Extraction of strategically important elements from brines: Constraints and opportunities
journal, January 2020

A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants
journal, May 2018

Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using Manganese Oxide Adsorbent (H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄) Derived from Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄
journal, May 2001

Dependence of Adsorptive Capability for Lithium Ions in Molten Salt on Surface Properties of Activated Alumina
journal, January 1994

Supported Liquid Membrane Principle and Its Practices: A Short Review
journal, January 2013

Multilayered ion-imprinted membranes with high selectivity towards Li+ based on the synergistic effect of 12-crown-4 and polyether sulfone
journal, January 2018

Synthesis and properties of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 and its adsorption application
journal, December 2011

Extraction of lithium from salt lake brines by bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide-based ionic liquids
journal, September 2018

Lithium extraction from seawater by manganese oxide ion sieve MnO2·0.5H2O
journal, March 2015

Novel extraction of valuable metals from circulating fluidized bed-derived high-alumina fly ash by acid–alkali–based alternate method
journal, September 2019

Preparation of Crown‐Ether‐Functionalized Polysulfone Membrane by In Situ Surface Grafting for Selective Adsorption and Separation of Li ⁺
journal, March 2020

Hydrochloric acid regeneration in hydrometallurgical processes: a review
journal, June 2017

Crystalline insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals—IX
journal, May 1970

Synthesis of Iron-Doped Manganese Oxides with an Ion-Sieve Property: Lithium Adsorption from Bolivian Brine
journal, February 2014

Separation and purification of lithium by solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane, analysis of their mechanism: a review: Separation and purification of lithium
journal, April 2016

Characterization of 14-Crown-4 Ethers for the Extraction of Lithium from Natural Brines: Synthesis, Solubility Measurements in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, and Thermodynamic Modeling
journal, May 2021

Solvent Extraction of Li ⁺ using Organophosphorus Ligands in the Presence of Ammonia
journal, June 2014

Combining Selective Extraction and Easy Stripping of Lithium Using a Ternary Synergistic Solvent Extraction System through Regulation of Fe ³⁺ Coordination
journal, January 2020

A Quantitative Metric for the Design of Selective Supercritical CO ₂ Extraction of Lithium from Geothermal Brine
journal, July 2019

Recent progress in cathode materials research for advanced lithium ion batteries
journal, May 2012

Computational Discovery of Li–M–O Ion Exchange Materials for Lithium Extraction from Brines
journal, September 2018

Preparation and characterization of LiMn2O4 ion-sieve with high Li+ adsorption rate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
journal, October 2010

H 2 TiO 3 composite adsorbent foam for efficient and continuous recovery of Li + from liquid resources
journal, September 2016

Solvent extraction of lithium from aqueous solution using an ammonium ionic liquid
journal, April 2020

Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review
journal, September 2018

Selectivity of new inorganic ion–exchangers based on oxides of titanum and manganese at sorpion of lithium from aqueous media
journal, January 2016

Intercalation compounds of aluminum hydroxide
journal, September 1999

Recovery of Lithium Ions from Seawater Using a Continuous Flow Adsorption Column Packed with Granulated Chitosan–Lithium Manganese Oxide
journal, June 2016

Synthesis of Li+ adsorbent (H2TiO3) and its adsorption properties
journal, January 2013

Hydrophilic nanoporous ion-exchange membranes as a stabilizing barrier for liquid–liquid membrane extraction of lithium ions
journal, December 2014

Synthesis of Li–Al layered double hydroxides via a mechanochemical route
journal, February 2016

Extraction of Non-Ferrous Metals and Iron with Systems based on Bis(2,4,4-Trimethylpentyl)Dithiophosphinic Acid (CYANEX 301), A Review
journal, December 2017

Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review
journal, December 2014

A prospective material for the highly selective extraction of lithium ions based on a photochromic crowned spirobenzopyran
journal, January 2019

High lithium selectivity in competitive alkali metal solvent extraction by lipophilic crown carboxylic acids
journal, August 1985

Extraction of Lithium from Single-Crystalline Lithium Manganese Oxide Nanotubes Using Ammonium Peroxodisulfate
journal, November 2020

Recovery of lithium from salt lake brine using a mixed ternary solvent extraction system consisting of TBP, FeCl3 and P507
journal, November 2020

Preliminary studies of lithium recovery technology from seawater by electrodialysis using ionic liquid membrane
journal, May 2013

Study on the recovery of lithium from high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brine by nanofiltration
journal, October 2014

Highly selective transport of lithium across a supported liquid membrane
journal, August 2020

Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Lithium Ion in Spherical PVC–MnO ₂ Ion Sieve
journal, August 2012

Manganese oxide porous crystals
journal, January 1999

Assessment of world lithium resources and consequences of their geographic distribution on the expected development of the electric vehicle industry
journal, April 2012

Classification and Characteristics of Natural Lithium Resources
journal, August 2020

Lithium- and boron-bearing brines in the Central Andes: exploring hydrofacies on the eastern Puna plateau between 23° and 23°30′S
journal, April 2016

The recovery of pure lithium chloride from “brines” containing higher contents of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride
journal, December 1991

An Ionophore for High Lithium Loading and Selective Capture from Brine
journal, May 2019

Concentrating brine for lithium recovery using GO composite pervaporation membranes
journal, March 2021

Inorganic adsorbent containing polymeric membrane reservoir for the recovery of lithium from seawater
journal, December 2008

A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, December 2017

Preparation of H 2 TiO 3 -lithium adsorbent by the sol–gel process and its adsorption performance
journal, April 2016

LiMn2O4 spinel direct synthesis and lithium ion selective adsorption
journal, January 2010

Membrane technologies for Li+/Mg2+ separation from salt-lake brines and seawater: A comprehensive review
journal, January 2020

Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2019

Advances in mineral processing technologies related to iron, magnesium, and lithium
journal, December 2019

Understanding the Mechanism of Lithium Ion Extraction Using Tributyl Phosphate in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
journal, July 2020

A brine interface in the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California: Fluid geochemical and isotopic characteristics
journal, August 1989

Structural characteristics and sorption properties of lithium-selective composite materials based on TiO2 and MnO2
journal, April 2018

Recovery of base metals from geothermal brines
journal, October 1992

Mixed matrix nanofiber as a flow-through membrane adsorber for continuous Li+ recovery from seawater
journal, July 2016

Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials. XLV. Recovery of lithium from seawater and hydrothermal water by titanium (iv) antimonate cation exchanger
journal, October 1987

Recovery of magnesium from Uyuni salar brine as high purity magnesium oxalate
journal, June 2013

Selective Recovery Process of Lithium from Seawater Using Integrated Ion Exchange Methods
journal, May 2011

Precipitation and solvent extraction of magnesium from lithium-chloride solution by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in the presence of lactic acid as a complexing agent
journal, July 2018

A review on lithium recovery using electrochemical capturing systems
journal, March 2021

Solvent extraction of lithium
journal, October 1968