Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Stringfellow, William T.; Dobson, Patrick F.

doi:10.3390/en14206805

Title: Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Journal Article · 18 October 2021 · Energies

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206805 · OSTI ID:1826637

Stringfellow, William T. ^[1];

^[1]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Lithium is the principal component of high-energy-density batteries and is a critical material necessary for the economy and security of the United States. Brines from geothermal power production have been identified as a potential domestic source of lithium; however, lithium-rich geothermal brines are characterized by complex chemistry, high salinity, and high temperatures, which pose unique challenges for economic lithium extraction. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze direct lithium extraction technology in the context of developing sustainable lithium production from geothermal brines. In this paper, we are focused on the challenges of applying direct lithium extraction technology to geothermal brines; however, applications to other brines (such as coproduced brines from oil wells) are considered. The most technologically advanced approach for direct lithium extraction from geothermal brines is adsorption of lithium using inorganic sorbents. Other separation processes include extraction using solvents, sorption on organic resin and polymer materials, chemical precipitation, and membrane-dependent processes. The Salton Sea geothermal field in California has been identified as the most significant lithium brine resource in the US and past and present efforts to extract lithium and other minerals from Salton Sea brines were evaluated. Extraction of lithium with inorganic molecular sieve ion-exchange sorbents appears to offer the most immediate pathway for the development of economic lithium extraction and recovery from Salton Sea brines. Other promising technologies are still in early development, but may one day offer a second generation of methods for direct, selective lithium extraction. Initial studies have demonstrated that lithium extraction and recovery from geothermal brines are technically feasible, but challenges still remain in developing an economically and environmentally sustainable process at scale.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Geothermal Technologies Office; USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1826637

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1869650

Journal Information:: Energies, Vol. 14, Issue 20; ISSN 1996-1073

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (166)

Separation of copper, zinc, cobalt and nickel ions by supported liquid membrane technique using LIX 84I, TOPS-99 and Cyanex 272 Parhi, P.; Sarangi, K. Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.06.008	journal	February 2008
Lithium Extraction from a Multicomponent Mixture Using Supported Liquid Membranes Ma, Paul; Chen, Xiao Dong; Hossain, Md Monwar Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-100102353	journal	January 2000
Minerals recovery from salton sea geothermal brines: a literature review and proposed cementation process Maimoni, A. Geothermics, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(82)90031-1	journal	January 1982
Experimental studies in the sorptive extraction of boron and lithium from thermal waters Belova, T. P. Journal of Volcanology and Seismology, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0742046317020026	journal	March 2017
Solvent extraction of lithium ions by tri-n-butyl phosphate using a room temperature ionic liquid Shi, Chenglong; Jing, Yan; Jia, Yongzhong Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.01.025	journal	March 2016
Selective adsorption of lithium from high Mg-containing brines using H x TiO 3 ion sieve Wang, Shulei; Li, Ping; Zhang, Xin Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.09.009	journal	December 2017
Simultaneous adsorption of Li(I) and Rb(I) by dual crown ethers modified magnetic ion imprinting polymers: Dual crown ethers modified magnetic ion imprinting polymers Xu, Jicheng; Pu, Zhilong; Xu, Xuechao Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4778	journal	February 2019
Solvent extraction of lithium from aqueous solution using non-fluorinated functionalized ionic liquids as extraction agents Shi, Chenglong; Jing, Yan; Xiao, Jiang Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.08.034	journal	January 2017
Enrichment mechanism of Li, B and K in the geothermal water and associated deposits from the Kawu area of the Tibetan plateau: Constraints from geochemical experimental data Tan, Hongbing; Su, Jinbao; Xu, Peng Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.04.001	journal	June 2018
Removal of calcium and magnesium from lithium concentrated solution by solvent extraction method using D2EHPA Shi, Dong; Cui, Bin; Li, Lijuan Desalination, Vol. 479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114306	journal	April 2020
U.S. lithium resources from geothermal and extraction feasibility Toba, Ange-Lionel; Nguyen, Ruby Thuy; Cole, Carson Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105514	journal	June 2021
Synergistic interplay between D2EHPA and TBP towards the extraction of lithium using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane Sharma, Ajay D.; Patil, Nivarutti D.; Patwardhan, Ashwin W. Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 51, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1202280	journal	June 2016
Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing Flexer, Victoria; Baspineiro, Celso Fernando; Galli, Claudia Inés Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 639 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223	journal	October 2018
Synthesis and Anion Exchange Chemistry of Rhombohedral Li/Al Layered Double Hydroxides Fogg, Andrew M.; Freij, Amal J.; Parkinson, Gordon M. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0105099	journal	January 2002
Extraction of strategically important elements from brines: Constraints and opportunities Pramanik, Biplob Kumar; Nghiem, Long Duc; Hai, Faisal I. Water Research, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115149	journal	January 2020
A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants Nguyen, Thi; Lee, Man Processes, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6050055	journal	May 2018
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using Manganese Oxide Adsorbent (H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄) Derived from Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ Chitrakar, Ramesh; Kanoh, Hirofumi; Miyai, Yoshitaka Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 40, Issue 9, p. 2054-2058 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie000911h	journal	May 2001
Dependence of Adsorptive Capability for Lithium Ions in Molten Salt on Surface Properties of Activated Alumina Fujii, Kiyosumi Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Vol. 102, Issue 1192 https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.102.1097	journal	January 1994
Supported Liquid Membrane Principle and Its Practices: A Short Review Parhi, P. K. Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 2013 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/618236	journal	January 2013
Multilayered ion-imprinted membranes with high selectivity towards Li+ based on the synergistic effect of 12-crown-4 and polyether sulfone Lu, Jian; Qin, Yingying; Zhang, Qi Applied Surface Science, Vol. 427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.016	journal	January 2018
Synthesis and properties of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 and its adsorption application Shi, Xichang; Zhou, Dingfang; Zhang, Zhibing Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 110, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.09.004	journal	December 2011
Extraction of lithium from salt lake brines by bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide-based ionic liquids Wang, Xingquan; Jing, Yan; Liu, Hong Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 707 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.030	journal	September 2018
Lithium extraction from seawater by manganese oxide ion sieve MnO2·0.5H2O Liu, Luofeng; Zhang, Hongwei; Zhang, Yushan Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 468 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.12.025	journal	March 2015
Novel extraction of valuable metals from circulating fluidized bed-derived high-alumina fly ash by acid–alkali–based alternate method Ma, Zhibin; Zhang, Sen; Zhang, Huirong Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.113	journal	September 2019
Preparation of Crown‐Ether‐Functionalized Polysulfone Membrane by In Situ Surface Grafting for Selective Adsorption and Separation of Li ⁺ Li, Jixue; Yi, Hong; Wang, Mingxia ChemistrySelect, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201904836	journal	March 2020
Hydrochloric acid regeneration in hydrometallurgical processes: a review McKinley, Caitlyn; Ghahreman, Ahmad Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, Vol. 127, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/03719553.2017.1330839	journal	June 2017
Crystalline insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals—IX Alberti, G.; Massucci, M. A. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(70)80662-5	journal	May 1970
Synthesis of Iron-Doped Manganese Oxides with an Ion-Sieve Property: Lithium Adsorption from Bolivian Brine Chitrakar, Ramesh; Makita, Yoji; Ooi, Kenta Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie4043642	journal	February 2014
Separation and purification of lithium by solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane, analysis of their mechanism: a review: Separation and purification of lithium Swain, Basudev Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, Vol. 91, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4976	journal	April 2016
Characterization of 14-Crown-4 Ethers for the Extraction of Lithium from Natural Brines: Synthesis, Solubility Measurements in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, and Thermodynamic Modeling Pálsdóttir, Arna; Alabi, Christopher A.; Tester, Jefferson W. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 60, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00346	journal	May 2021
Solvent Extraction of Li ⁺ using Organophosphorus Ligands in the Presence of Ammonia El-Eswed, Bassam; Sunjuk, Mahmoud; Al-Degs, Y. S. Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 49, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2013.879665	journal	June 2014
Combining Selective Extraction and Easy Stripping of Lithium Using a Ternary Synergistic Solvent Extraction System through Regulation of Fe ³⁺ Coordination Su, Hui; Li, Zheng; Zhang, Jian ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06432	journal	January 2020
A Quantitative Metric for the Design of Selective Supercritical CO ₂ Extraction of Lithium from Geothermal Brine Ruttinger, Andrew W.; Pálsdóttir, Arna; Tester, Jefferson W. ChemSusChem, Vol. 12, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901200	journal	July 2019
Recent progress in cathode materials research for advanced lithium ion batteries Xu, Bo; Qian, Danna; Wang, Ziying Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 73, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2012.05.003	journal	May 2012
Computational Discovery of Li–M–O Ion Exchange Materials for Lithium Extraction from Brines Snydacker, David H.; Hegde, Vinay I.; Aykol, Muratahan Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03509	journal	September 2018
Preparation and characterization of LiMn2O4 ion-sieve with high Li+ adsorption rate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis Özgür, Cem Solid State Ionics, Vol. 181, Issue 31-32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2010.08.001	journal	October 2010
H 2 TiO 3 composite adsorbent foam for efficient and continuous recovery of Li + from liquid resources Limjuco, Lawrence A.; Nisola, Grace M.; Lawagon, Chosel P. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 504 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.072	journal	September 2016
Solvent extraction of lithium from aqueous solution using an ammonium ionic liquid Shi, Chenglong; Li, Hongxia; Liu, Bing Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 304 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112756	journal	April 2020
Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Kavanagh, Laurence; Keohane, Jerome; Garcia Cabellos, Guiomar Resources, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030057	journal	September 2018
Selectivity of new inorganic ion–exchangers based on oxides of titanum and manganese at sorpion of lithium from aqueous media Chaban, M. A.; Rozhdestvenskaya, L. M.; Palchik, A. V. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X16010021	journal	January 2016
Intercalation compounds of aluminum hydroxide Isupov, V. P. Journal of Structural Chemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02903444	journal	September 1999
Recovery of Lithium Ions from Seawater Using a Continuous Flow Adsorption Column Packed with Granulated Chitosan–Lithium Manganese Oxide Ryu, Taegong; Haldorai, Yuvaraj; Rengaraj, Arunkumar Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 55, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01632	journal	June 2016
Synthesis of Li+ adsorbent (H2TiO3) and its adsorption properties Shi, Xi-chang; Zhang, Zhi-bing; Zhou, Ding-fang Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62453-X	journal	January 2013
Hydrophilic nanoporous ion-exchange membranes as a stabilizing barrier for liquid–liquid membrane extraction of lithium ions Song, Jianfeng; Li, Xue-Mei; Zhang, Yunyan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 471 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.010	journal	December 2014
Synthesis of Li–Al layered double hydroxides via a mechanochemical route Qu, Jun; He, Xiaoman; Wang, Bentao Applied Clay Science, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.11.017	journal	February 2016
Extraction of Non-Ferrous Metals and Iron with Systems based on Bis(2,4,4-Trimethylpentyl)Dithiophosphinic Acid (CYANEX 301), A Review Fleitlikh, I. Yu.; Grigorieva, N. A.; Logutenko, O. A. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2017.1411034	journal	December 2017
Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review Meshram, Pratima; Pandey, B. D.; Mankhand, T. R. Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.10.012	journal	December 2014
A prospective material for the highly selective extraction of lithium ions based on a photochromic crowned spirobenzopyran Li, Enze; Kang, Jin; Ye, Peiyuan Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB02906G	journal	January 2019
High lithium selectivity in competitive alkali metal solvent extraction by lipophilic crown carboxylic acids Bartsch, Richard A.; Czech, Bronislaw P.; Kang, San Ihn Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 107, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00303a030	journal	August 1985
Extraction of Lithium from Single-Crystalline Lithium Manganese Oxide Nanotubes Using Ammonium Peroxodisulfate Shi, Kaiyuan; Luo, Mingwu; Ying, Jie iScience, Vol. 23, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101768	journal	November 2020
Recovery of lithium from salt lake brine using a mixed ternary solvent extraction system consisting of TBP, FeCl3 and P507 Su, Hui; Li, Zheng; Zhang, Jian Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105487	journal	November 2020
Preliminary studies of lithium recovery technology from seawater by electrodialysis using ionic liquid membrane Hoshino, Tsuyoshi Desalination, Vol. 317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.02.014	journal	May 2013
Study on the recovery of lithium from high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brine by nanofiltration Bi, Qiuyan; Zhang, Zhiqiang; Zhao, Chenying Water Science and Technology, Vol. 70, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.426	journal	October 2014
Highly selective transport of lithium across a supported liquid membrane Zante, Guillaume; Boltoeva, Maria; Masmoudi, Abderrazak Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109593	journal	August 2020
Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Lithium Ion in Spherical PVC–MnO ₂ Ion Sieve Xiao, Guoping; Tong, Kefeng; Zhou, Longsheng Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 51, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie300087s	journal	August 2012
Manganese oxide porous crystals Feng, Qi; Kanoh, Hirofumi; Ooi, Kenta Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/a805369c	journal	January 1999
Assessment of world lithium resources and consequences of their geographic distribution on the expected development of the electric vehicle industry Grosjean, Camille; Miranda, Pamela Herrera; Perrin, Marion Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.023	journal	April 2012
Classification and Characteristics of Natural Lithium Resources Bowell, Robert J.; Lagos, Laura; de los Hoyos, Camilo R. Elements, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.4.259	journal	August 2020
Lithium- and boron-bearing brines in the Central Andes: exploring hydrofacies on the eastern Puna plateau between 23° and 23°30′S Steinmetz, R. L. López Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0656-x	journal	April 2016
The recovery of pure lithium chloride from “brines” containing higher contents of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride Bukowsky, H.; Uhlemann, E.; Steinborn, D. Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(91)90056-R	journal	December 1991
An Ionophore for High Lithium Loading and Selective Capture from Brine Gohil, Hardipsinh; Chatterjee, Sobhan; Yadav, Sanjay Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00135	journal	May 2019
Concentrating brine for lithium recovery using GO composite pervaporation membranes Cha-umpong, Withita; Li, Qiyuan; Razmjou, Amir Desalination, Vol. 500 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114894	journal	March 2021
Inorganic adsorbent containing polymeric membrane reservoir for the recovery of lithium from seawater Chung, K.; Lee, J.; Kim, W. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 325, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.041	journal	December 2008
A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Lv, Weiguang; Wang, Zhonghang; Cao, Hongbin ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03811	journal	December 2017
Preparation of H 2 TiO 3 -lithium adsorbent by the sol–gel process and its adsorption performance Zhang, Liyuan; Zhou, Dali; Yao, Qianqian Applied Surface Science, Vol. 368 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.203	journal	April 2016
LiMn2O4 spinel direct synthesis and lithium ion selective adsorption Zhang, Qin-Hui; Li, Shao-Peng; Sun, Shu-Ying Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.06.045	journal	January 2010
Membrane technologies for Li+/Mg2+ separation from salt-lake brines and seawater: A comprehensive review Zhang, Ye; Wang, Li; Sun, Wei Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.002	journal	January 2020
Review of Lithium Production and Recovery from Minerals, Brines, and Lithium-Ion Batteries Meng, Fei; McNeice, James; Zadeh, Shirin S. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2019.1668387	journal	October 2019
Advances in mineral processing technologies related to iron, magnesium, and lithium Hu, Chaoquan; He, Yufei; Liu, Dongfan Reviews in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0053	journal	December 2019
Understanding the Mechanism of Lithium Ion Extraction Using Tributyl Phosphate in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Masmoudi, Abderrazak; Zante, Guillaume; Trébouet, Dominique Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 38, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2020.1788201	journal	July 2020
A brine interface in the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California: Fluid geochemical and isotopic characteristics Williams, Alan E.; McKibben, Michael A. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90312-8	journal	August 1989
Structural characteristics and sorption properties of lithium-selective composite materials based on TiO2 and MnO2 Chaban, M. O.; Rozhdestvenska, L. M.; Palchyk, O. V. Applied Nanoscience, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0749-1	journal	April 2018
Recovery of base metals from geothermal brines Duyvesteyn, Willem P. C. Geothermics, Vol. 21, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(92)90030-D	journal	October 1992
Mixed matrix nanofiber as a flow-through membrane adsorber for continuous Li+ recovery from seawater Park, Myoung Jun; Nisola, Grace M.; Vivas, Eleazer L. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 510 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.062	journal	July 2016
Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials. XLV. Recovery of lithium from seawater and hydrothermal water by titanium (iv) antimonate cation exchanger Abe, Mitsuo; Chitrakar, Ramesh Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(87)90045-4	journal	October 1987
Recovery of magnesium from Uyuni salar brine as high purity magnesium oxalate Tran, Khuyen Thi; Van Luong, Tri; An, Jeon-Woong Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.05.013	journal	June 2013
Selective Recovery Process of Lithium from Seawater Using Integrated Ion Exchange Methods Nishihama, Syouhei; Onishi, Kenta; Yoshizuka, Kazuharu Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2011.573435	journal	May 2011
Precipitation and solvent extraction of magnesium from lithium-chloride solution by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in the presence of lactic acid as a complexing agent Ghorbanzadeh, Milad; Gorzin, Hesamoddin; Ahmadi Eshtehardi, Hamid Materials Research Express, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aad1c4	journal	July 2018
A review on lithium recovery using electrochemical capturing systems Zavahir, Sifani; Elmakki, Tasneem; Gulied, Mona Desalination, Vol. 500 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114883	journal	March 2021
Solvent extraction of lithium Lee, D. A.; Taylor, W. L.; McDowell, W. J. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(68)80410-5	journal	October 1968
Green and efficient extraction strategy to lithium isotope separation with double ionic liquids as the medium and ionic associated agent Jingjing, Xu; Zaijun, Li; Zhiguo, Gu Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 295, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-012-2251-7	journal	September 2012
Study on extraction of lithium from salt lake brine by membrane electrolysis Liu, Xuheng; Chen, Xingyu; He, Lihua Desalination, Vol. 376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.08.013	journal	November 2015
Transport of lithium through a supported liquid membrane of LIX54 and TOPO in kerosene Bansal, Bipan; Chen, Xiao Dong; Hossain, Md. Monwar Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 44, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2005.05.003	journal	December 2005
Synthesis of spinel-type lithium antimony manganese oxides and their Li+ extraction/ion insertion reactions Chitrakar, Ramesh; Kanoh, Hirofumi; Makita, Yoji Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/b002465l	journal	January 2000
Novel Lithium-Ion Cathode Materials Based on Layered Manganese Oxides Ammundsen, B.; Paulsen, J. Advanced Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 12-13 https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200107)13:12/13<943::AID-ADMA943>3.0.CO;2-J	journal	July 2001
Elimination of boron and lithium coexisting in geothermal water by adsorption-membrane filtration hybrid process Recepoğlu, Yaşar K.; Kabay, Nalan; Yılmaz-Ipek, İdil Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 53, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1405985	journal	November 2017
Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media Nguyen, Viet Nhan Hoa; Nguyen, Thi Hong; Lee, Man Seung Metals, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/met10081105	journal	August 2020
Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries using solvent-impregnated resins Guo, Fuqiang; Nishihama, Syouhei; Yoshizuka, Kazuharu Environmental Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2012.746734	journal	May 2013
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using a New Type of Ion-Sieve Adsorbent Based on MgMn ₂ O ₄ Miyai, Yoshitaka; Ooi, Kenta; Katoh, Shunsaku Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 23, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496398808057641	journal	January 1988
Effect of crystal phases of titanium dioxide on adsorption performance of H2TiO3-lithium adsorbent Zhang, Liyuan; Zhou, Dali; He, Gang Materials Letters, Vol. 135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.176	journal	November 2014
Lithium recovery from effluent of spent lithium battery recycling process using solvent extraction Zhang, Licheng; Li, Lijuan; Rui, Hongming Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 398 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122840	journal	November 2020
Solvent extraction and entrainment problem Spasic, Aleksandar M.; Manojlovic, Vaso; Jovanovic, Mica Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.30544/480	journal	July 2020
Basic Study on Lithium Recovery from Lithium Containing Solution Yoshinaga, Tetsutaro; Kawano, Kentaro; Imoto, Hirotsugu Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.59.1207	journal	April 1986
Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction Nan, Junmin; Han, Dongmei; Zuo, Xiaoxi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 152 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.134	journal	December 2005
Recovering valuable metals from the leaching liquor of blended cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery Yang, Yue; Liu, Fanhan; Song, Shaole Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104358	journal	October 2020
Highly selective lithium recovery from high Mg/Li ratio brines Liu, Gui; Zhao, Zhongwei; He, Lihua Desalination, Vol. 474 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114185	journal	January 2020
Continuous lithium mining from aqueous resources by an adsorbent filter with a 3D polymeric nanofiber network infused with ion sieves Chung, Wook-Jin; Torrejos, Rey Eliseo C.; Park, Myoung Jun Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 309 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.133	journal	February 2017
Application of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) for simultaneous separation and recovery of boron and lithium from aqueous solutions Bunani, Samuel; Yoshizuka, Kazuharu; Nishihama, Syouhei Desalination, Vol. 424 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.029	journal	December 2017
The beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: A review Tadesse, Bogale; Makuei, Fidele; Albijanic, Boris Minerals Engineering, Vol. 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.11.023	journal	January 2019
Lithium Resources and Production: Critical Assessment and Global Projections Mohr, Steve H.; Mudd, Gavin M.; Giurco, Damien Minerals, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/min2010065	journal	March 2012
Adsorption behavior of Li+ onto nano-lithium ion sieve from hybrid magnesium/lithium manganese oxide Tian, Liyan; Ma, Wei; Han, Mei Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.008	journal	January 2010
Ti-based compounds as anode materials for Li-ion batteries Zhu, Guan-Nan; Wang, Yong-Gang; Xia, Yong-Yao Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee03410g	journal	January 2012
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Water by Solvent Extraction Technique Hano, T.; Matsumoto, M.; Ohtake, T. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299208918100	journal	April 1992
Simultaneous recycling of nickel metal hydride, lithium ion and primary lithium batteries: Accomplishment of European Guidelines by optimizing mechanical pre-treatment and solvent extraction operations Granata, G.; Pagnanelli, F.; Moscardini, E. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.016	journal	August 2012
Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Water by Combined Adsorption Methods Park, Jeongeon; Sato, Hideki; Nishihama, Syouhei Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2012.687165	journal	July 2012
Study of the Intercalation of Lithium Salt in Gibbsite Using Time-Resolved in Situ X-ray Diffraction Fogg, Andrew M.; O'Hare, Dermot Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm981151s	journal	July 1999
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on Lithium Adsorption from Geothermal Water by λ-MnO ₂ Recepoğlu, Yaşar K.; Kabay, Nalan; Yılmaz-Ipek, İdil Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2017.1319235	journal	April 2017
Lithium(1+) and magnesium(2+) extraction and lithium(1+) insertion reactions with lithium magnesium manganese oxide (LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4) spinel in the aqueous phase Feng, Qi; Miyai, Yoshitaka; Kanoh, Hirofumi Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00027a013	journal	March 1993
Li extraction from high Mg/Li ratio brine with LiFePO4/FePO4 as electrode materials Zhao, Zhongwei; Si, Xiufen; Liu, Xuheng Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.11.013	journal	February 2013
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater by Manganese Oxide Adsorbent Ooi, Kenta; Miyai, Yoshitaka; Katoh, Shunsaku Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 21, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496398608056148	journal	October 1986
Lithium(1+) extraction/insertion with spinel-type lithium manganese oxides. Characterization of redox-type and ion-exchange-type sites Feng, Qi; Miyai, Yoshitaka; Kanoh, Hirofumi Langmuir, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/la00043a029	journal	July 1992
The effect of ionic liquids as co-extractant with crown ether for the extraction of lithium in dichloromethane-water system Zhu, Wenbo; Jia, Yongzhong; Zhang, Quanyou Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.046	journal	July 2019
Lithium-Rich Claystone in the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada, USA: Geologic, Mineralogical, and Geochemical Characteristics and Possible Origin Castor, Stephen B.; Henry, Christopher D. Minerals, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/min10010068	journal	January 2020
Membrane-based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium resources: A review Li, Xianhui; Mo, Yinghui; Qing, Weihua Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 591 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117317	journal	December 2019
Separation of lithium from sodium in chloride solutions using SSX systems with LIX 54 and Cyanex 923 Pranolo, Yoko; Zhu, Zhaowu; Cheng, Chu Yong Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.01.009	journal	April 2015
Effect of Na+ on Li extraction from brine using LiFePO4/FePO4 electrodes Liu, Xuheng; Chen, Xingyu; Zhao, Zhongwei Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.03.010	journal	May 2014
Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials. XXXIV. Selective separation of lithium from seawater by tin(IV) antimonate cation exchanger Abe, Mitsuo; Hayashi, Kenji Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(84)90049-5	journal	February 1984
Design principles of ion selective nanostructured membranes for the extraction of lithium ions Razmjou, Amir; Asadnia, Mohsen; Hosseini, Ehsan Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13648-7	journal	December 2019
Progress in hydrometallurgical technologies to recover critical raw materials and precious metals from low-concentrated streams Perez, Jeffrey Paulo H.; Folens, Karel; Leus, Karen Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.029	journal	March 2019
Study on lithium separation from salt lake brines by nanofiltration (NF) and low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) Somrani, A.; Hamzaoui, A. H.; Pontie, M. Desalination, Vol. 317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.009	journal	May 2013
Application of functionalized ether in lithium ion batteries Hu, Fang; Song, Taeseup RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 85 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11023E	journal	January 2017
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brine with Lithium–Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Chloride Sorbents Paranthaman, Mariappan Parans; Li, Ling; Luo, Jiaqi Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 51, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03464	journal	November 2017
Synthesis and Structure of the Gibbsite Intercalation Compounds [LiAl ₂ (OH) ₆ ]X {X = Cl, Br, NO ₃ } and [LiAl ₂ (OH) ₆ ]Cl·H ₂ O Using Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Besserguenev, A. V.; Fogg, A. M.; Francis, R. J. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm960316z	journal	January 1997
Uranium-thorium series radionuclides in brines and reservoir rocks from two deep geothermal boreholes in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, southeastern California Zukin, Jeffrey G.; Hammond, Douglas E.; Teh-Lung, Ku Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 51, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90152-9	journal	October 1987
Recent advances on Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries Zhu, Xiaobo; Lin, Tongen; Manning, Eric Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-018-4235-1	journal	June 2018
Synthesis of Li/Al LDH using aluminum and LiOH Wang, Shan-Li; Lin, Cheng-Hsien; Yan, Ya-Yi Applied Clay Science, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.02.001	journal	February 2013
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using Nano-Manganese Oxide Adsorbents Prepared by Gel Process Chung, Kang Sup; Lee, Jae Chun; Kim, Eun Jin Materials Science Forum, Vol. 449-452 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.449-452.277	journal	March 2004
Membranes in Lithium Ion Batteries Yang, Min; Hou, Junbo Membranes, Vol. 2, Issue 3, p. 367-383 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2030367	journal	July 2012
Determination of Trace Lithium in Uranium Compounds by Adsorption on Activated Alumina Using a Micro-column Method Luo, Ming-biao; Li, Bo-ping; Yang, Zhi Analytical Sciences, Vol. 24, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.24.1013	journal	January 2008
Selective lithium extraction and concentration from diluted alkaline aqueous media by a polymer inclusion membrane and application to seawater Paredes, Cristhian; Rodríguez de San Miguel, Eduardo Desalination, Vol. 487 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114500	journal	August 2020
Sulfides associated with the Salton Sea geothermal brine Skinner, Brian J.; White, Donald E.; Rose, Harry J. Economic Geology, Vol. 62, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.62.3.316	journal	May 1967
Adsorption of lithium ions on lithium‐aluminum hydroxides: Equilibrium and kinetics Jiang, Huixiong; Yang, Ying; Sun, Shuying The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23640	journal	October 2019
Liquid-liquid extraction of lithium using lipophilic dibenzo-14-crown-4 ether carboxylic acid in hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquid Torrejos, Rey Eliseo C.; Nisola, Grace M.; Song, Ho Seong Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.05.010	journal	September 2016
Investigations of the possibility of lithium acquisition from geothermal water using natural and synthetic zeolites applying poly(acrylic acid) Wiśniewska, Małgorzata; Fijałkowska, Gracja; Ostolska, Iwona Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.287	journal	September 2018
Highly porous and surface-expanded spinel hydrogen manganese oxide (HMO)/Al2O3 composite for effective lithium (Li) recovery from seawater Hong, Hye-Jin; Ryu, Taegong; Park, In-Su Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 337 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.130	journal	April 2018
A positively charged composite nanofiltration membrane modified by EDTA for LiCl/MgCl 2 separation Li, Wei; Shi, Chang; Zhou, Ayang Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.05.044	journal	October 2017
A highly efficient solvent system containing ionic liquid in tributyl phosphate for lithium ion extraction Shi, Chenglong; Duan, Dongping; Jia, Yongzhong Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2014.10.004	journal	December 2014
Selective recovery of lithium from geothermal water by EGDE cross-linked spherical CTS/LMO Wang, Hongshuang; Cui, Jinjie; Li, Mingli Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124410	journal	June 2020
Fabrication and evaluation of aminoethyl benzo-12-crown-4 functionalized polymer brushes adsorbents formed by surface-initiated ATRP based on macroporous polyHIPEs and postsynthetic modification Wang, Pan; Dai, Jiangdong; Ma, Yue Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122495	journal	January 2020
Materials for lithium recovery from salt lake brine Xu, Ping; Hong, Jun; Qian, Xiaoming Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 56, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05019-1	journal	August 2020
Lithium aluminum‐layered double hydroxide chlorides ( LDH ): Formation enthalpies and energetics for lithium ion capture Wu, Lili; Li, Ling; Evans, Samuel F. Journal of the American Ceramic Society https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16150	journal	October 2018
Stabilization of Highly Saline Geothermal Brines Featherstone, John L.; Powell, Douglas R. Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 33, Issue 04 https://doi.org/10.2118/8269-PA	journal	April 1981
Preliminary study on recovering lithium chloride from lithium-containing waters by nanofiltration Wen, X.; Ma, P.; Zhu, C. Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 49, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.10.004	journal	May 2006
Novel approaches for lithium extraction from salt-lake brines: A review Liu, Gui; Zhao, Zhongwei; Ghahreman, Ahmad Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.05.005	journal	August 2019
Toward utilising geothermal waters for cleaner and sustainable production: potential of Li recovery from geothermal brines in Turkey Cetiner, Ziya S.; Doğan, Özgür; Özdilek, Göksel International Journal of Global Warming, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2015.070045	journal	January 2015
Synthesis of orthorhombic LiMnO2 by solid-phase reaction under steam atmosphere and a study of its heat and acid-treated phases Chitrakar, Ramesh; Sakane, Kohji; Umeno, Aya Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 169, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00018-X	journal	November 2002
Lithium Recovery from Aqueous Resources and Batteries: A Brief Review Li, Ling; Deshmane, Vishwanath G.; Paranthaman, M. Parans Johnson Matthey Technology Review, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696676	journal	April 2018
Tri-n-butyl phosphate–ionic liquid mixtures for Li+ extraction from Mg2+-containing brines at 303–343 K Shi, Chenglong; Jing, Yan; Jia, Yongzhong Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 91, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024417040033	journal	March 2017
Understanding the future of lithium: Part 1, resource model Ambrose, Hanjiro; Kendall, Alissa Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12949	journal	October 2019
The Relative Stability of the Alkali Metal Chelates of Dibenzoylmethane. Fernelius, W. Conard; Van Uitert, LeGrand G.; Rumpf, J. A. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.08-1726b	journal	January 1954
Solvent extraction of lithium from simulated shale gas produced water with a bifunctional ionic liquid Zante, Guillaume; Trébouet, Dominique; Boltoeva, Maria Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104783	journal	December 2020
Effect of structure on the sorption properties of chlorine-containing form of double aluminum lithium hydroxide Kotsupalo, N. P.; Ryabtsev, A. D.; Poroshina, I. A. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427213040046	journal	April 2013
Synergistic Solvent Impregnated Resin for Adsorptive Separation of Lithium Ion Onishi, Kenta; Nakamura, Takahide; Nishihama, Syouhei Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 49, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie100145d	journal	June 2010
Lithium recovery from desalination brines using specific ion-exchange resins Arroyo, Fátima; Morillo, José; Usero, José Desalination, Vol. 468 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114073	journal	October 2019
Adsorption of lithium ions on novel nanocrystal MnO2 Zhang, Qin-Hui; Sun, Shuying; Li, Shaopeng Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 62, Issue 18-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.016	journal	September 2007
Selective Adsorption of Lithium Ions from Molten Salt by Activated Alumina Fujii, Kiyosumi Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Vol. 102, Issue 1190 https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.102.902	journal	January 1994
2-(Allyloxy) methylol-12-crown-4 ether functionalized polymer brushes from porous PolyHIPE using UV-initiated surface polymerization for recognition and recovery of lithium Bai, Xue; Dai, Jiangdong; Ma, Yue Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122386	journal	January 2020
Recovery of lithium from Uyuni salar brine An, Jeon Woong; Kang, Dong Jun; Tran, Khuyen Thi Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 117-118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.02.008	journal	April 2012
Selective removal of magnesium from lithium‐rich brine for lithium purification by synergic solvent extraction using β‐diketones and Cyanex 923 Li, Zheng; Binnemans, Koen AIChE Journal, Vol. 66, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16246	journal	April 2020
Adsorption on inorganic materials Ho, Patience C.; Nelson, Frederick; Kraus, Kurt A. Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 147 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85137-7	journal	January 1978
Global lithium resources: Relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits Kesler, Stephen E.; Gruber, Paul W.; Medina, Pablo A. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.05.006	journal	October 2012
Recovery of lithium from salt-lake brines using solvent extraction with TBP as extractant and FeCl3 as co-extraction agent Zhou, Zhiyong; Fan, Jiahui; Liu, Xueting Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105244	journal	January 2020
Separation of magnesium and lithium from brine using a Desal nanofiltration membrane Sun, Shu-Ying; Cai, Li-Juan; Nie, Xiao-Yao Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.06.012	journal	September 2015
Potash extraction from cerro prieto geothermal brine Mercado, Sergio; Hurtado, Roberto Geothermics, Vol. 21, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(92)90028-8	journal	October 1992
“Geothermal lithium”: a new resource for Italy? Dini, Andrea; Lattanzi, Pierfranco; Ruggieri, Giovanni Academia Letters https://doi.org/10.20935/AL170	journal	January 2021
Mechanochemical synthesis of silica-lithium manganese oxide composite for the efficient recovery of lithium ions from seawater Ryu, Taegong; Rengaraj, Arunkumar; Haldorai, Yuvaraj Solid State Ionics, Vol. 308 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2017.05.020	journal	October 2017

Similar Records

Retrospective on Recent DOE-Funded Studies Concerning the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements & Lithium from Geothermal Brines (Final Report)

Technical Report · 2020 · OSTI ID:1667374

Stringfellow, William T.; Dobson, Patrick F.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Technical Report · 2021 · OSTI ID:1782801

Warren, Ian

Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brine with Lithium–Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Chloride Sorbents

Journal Article · 2017 · Environmental Science and Technology · OSTI ID:1424451

Paranthaman, Mariappan Parans; Li, Ling; Luo, Jiaqi; +4 more

Related Subjects

58 GEOSCIENCES
lithium
geothermal brines
critical materials
extraction technologies

Title: Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Citation Formats

References (166)

Similar Records

Related Subjects