Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer

Thompson, Jonathan R.; Wilder, Logan M.; Crooks, Richard M.

doi:10.1039/D1SC03192A

Title: Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer

Abstract

Here we use experiments and finite element simulations to investigate the electrokinetics within straight microchannels that contain a bipolar electrode and an unbuffered electrolyte solution. Our findings indicate that in the presence of a sufficiently high electric field, water electrolysis proceeds at the bipolar electrode and leads to variations in both solution conductivity and ionic current density along the length of the microchannel. The significance of this finding is twofold. First, the results indicate that both solution conductivity and ionic current density variations significantly contribute to yield sharp electric field gradients near the bipolar electrode poles. The key point is that ionic current density variations constitute a fundamentally new mechanism for forming electric field gradients in solution. Second, we show that the electric field gradients that form near the bipolar electrode poles in unbuffered solution are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water in a bifurcated microchannel. This result expands the potential scope of membrane-free separations using bipolar electrodes.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]

Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA

Publication Date:: Wed Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2021

Research Org.:: Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division (CSGB); Robert A. Welch Foundation

OSTI Identifier:: 1822983

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1904649

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-06ER15758; F-0032

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Chemical Science

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Chemical Science Journal Volume: 12 Journal Issue: 41; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-6520

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Thompson, Jonathan R., Wilder, Logan M., and Crooks, Richard M. Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer.  United Kingdom: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1039/D1SC03192A.

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                    Thompson, Jonathan R., Wilder, Logan M., & Crooks, Richard M. Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer.  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SC03192A

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                    Thompson, Jonathan R., Wilder, Logan M., and Crooks, Richard M. Wed .  
"Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer".  United Kingdom.  https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SC03192A.

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@article{osti_1822983,

  title        = {Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer},

  author       = {Thompson, Jonathan R. and Wilder, Logan M. and Crooks, Richard M.},

  abstractNote = {Here we use experiments and finite element simulations to investigate the electrokinetics within straight microchannels that contain a bipolar electrode and an unbuffered electrolyte solution. Our findings indicate that in the presence of a sufficiently high electric field, water electrolysis proceeds at the bipolar electrode and leads to variations in both solution conductivity and ionic current density along the length of the microchannel. The significance of this finding is twofold. First, the results indicate that both solution conductivity and ionic current density variations significantly contribute to yield sharp electric field gradients near the bipolar electrode poles. The key point is that ionic current density variations constitute a fundamentally new mechanism for forming electric field gradients in solution. Second, we show that the electric field gradients that form near the bipolar electrode poles in unbuffered solution are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water in a bifurcated microchannel. This result expands the potential scope of membrane-free separations using bipolar electrodes.},

  doi          = {10.1039/D1SC03192A},

  journal      = {Chemical Science},

  number       = 41,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {United Kingdom},

  year         = {Wed Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2021},

  month        = {Wed Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2021}

}

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Title: Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer

Abstract

Citation Formats

Microplastics in the environment: A critical review of current understanding and identification of future research needs journal, November 2019

Contact Conductivity Detection in Poly(methyl methacylate)-Based Microfluidic Devices for Analysis of Mono- and Polyanionic Molecules journal, May 2002

Recent Advancements in Bipolar Electrochemical Methods of Analysis journal, November 2020

Surface properties of beached plastics journal, March 2015

Electrophoretic exclusion for the selective transport of small molecules journal, November 2009

A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure journal, March 2020

Field Gradient Focusing: A Novel Method for Protein Separation journal, December 1996

Continuous Redirection and Separation of Microbeads by Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization journal, June 2017

Transport of colloids through porous beds in the presence of natural organic matter journal, December 1998

Focusing proteins in an electric field gradient journal, March 1996

Voltage-Rectified Current and Fluid Flow in Conical Nanopores journal, September 2016

DNA Hybridization Assays Using Temperature Gradient Focusing and Peptide Nucleic Acids journal, September 2004

Enrichment of Cations via Bipolar Electrode Focusing journal, August 2012

Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment journal, February 2020

Coupled Electrochemical Reactions at Bipolar Microelectrodes and Nanoelectrodes journal, January 2012

Microplastics in the soil environment: Occurrence, risks, interactions and fate – A review journal, November 2019

Zeta-potential measurement using the Smoluchowski equation and the slope of the current–time relationship in electroosmotic flow journal, May 2003

Investigation of Electrophoretic Exclusion Method for the Concentration and Differentiation of Proteins journal, December 2010

Bipolar Electrochemistry journal, July 2013

Dual-channel bipolar electrode focusing: simultaneous separation and enrichment of both anions and cations journal, January 2012

The role of surface conformations in the deposition kinetics of humic matter-coated colloids in porous media journal, February 1995

Bipolar Electrode Focusing: Simultaneous Concentration Enrichment and Separation in a Microfluidic Channel Containing a Bipolar Electrode journal, November 2009

Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review journal, August 2017

Recent advancements in ion concentration polarization journal, January 2016

Bipolar Electrode Focusing: The Effect of Current and Electric Field on Concentration Enrichment journal, December 2009

Digitally Controlled Electrophoretic Focusing journal, March 1999

Recent advances in microparticle continuous separation journal, January 2008

Photoelectrochemical ion concentration polarization: membraneless ion filtration based on light-driven electrochemical reactions journal, January 2017

Bipolar electrode focusing: tuning the electric field gradient journal, January 2011

Electrokinetics in Microfluidic Channels Containing a Floating Electrode journal, August 2008

Microplastics and human health journal, February 2021

Bipolar Electrodes: A Useful Tool for Concentration, Separation, and Detection of Analytes in Microelectrochemical Systems journal, November 2010

Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) journal, October 1998

Nanofluidic concentration devices for biomolecules utilizing ion concentration polarization: theory, fabrication, and applications journal, January 2010

Electrochemically-gated delivery of analyte bands in microfluidic devices using bipolar electrodes journal, January 2013

Microfluidic Temperature Gradient Focusing journal, April 2002

Negative Dielectrophoretic Capture and Repulsion of Single Cells at a Bipolar Electrode: The Impact of Faradaic Ion Enrichment and Depletion journal, January 2015

Towards a miniaturised system for dynamic field gradient focused separation of proteins journal, July 2004

Electrophoretic exclusion microscale sample preparation for cryo-EM structural determination of proteins journal, September 2019

Protein Focusing in a Conductivity Gradient journal, April 1998

Bipolar electrode depletion: membraneless filtration of charged species using an electrogenerated electric field gradient journal, January 2011

Electric field gradient focusing journal, October 2005

Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization journal, January 2020

Bipolar Electrochemistry: From Materials Science to Motion and Beyond journal, May 2013

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Bipolar Electrode Focusing: Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization journal, March 2011

Using electrophoretic exclusion to manipulate small molecules and particles on a microdevice: Microfluidics and Miniaturization journal, April 2012

Concurrent DNA preconcentration and separation in bipolar electrode-based microfluidic device journal, January 2015

Microplastics in the environment: A critical review of current understanding and identification of future research needs
journal, November 2019

Contact Conductivity Detection in Poly(methyl methacylate)-Based Microfluidic Devices for Analysis of Mono- and Polyanionic Molecules
journal, May 2002

Recent Advancements in Bipolar Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
journal, November 2020

Surface properties of beached plastics
journal, March 2015

Electrophoretic exclusion for the selective transport of small molecules
journal, November 2009

A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure
journal, March 2020

Field Gradient Focusing: A Novel Method for Protein Separation
journal, December 1996

Continuous Redirection and Separation of Microbeads by Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization
journal, June 2017

Transport of colloids through porous beds in the presence of natural organic matter
journal, December 1998

Focusing proteins in an electric field gradient
journal, March 1996

Voltage-Rectified Current and Fluid Flow in Conical Nanopores
journal, September 2016

DNA Hybridization Assays Using Temperature Gradient Focusing and Peptide Nucleic Acids
journal, September 2004

Enrichment of Cations via Bipolar Electrode Focusing
journal, August 2012

Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment
journal, February 2020

Coupled Electrochemical Reactions at Bipolar Microelectrodes and Nanoelectrodes
journal, January 2012

Microplastics in the soil environment: Occurrence, risks, interactions and fate – A review
journal, November 2019

Zeta-potential measurement using the Smoluchowski equation and the slope of the current–time relationship in electroosmotic flow
journal, May 2003

Investigation of Electrophoretic Exclusion Method for the Concentration and Differentiation of Proteins
journal, December 2010

Bipolar Electrochemistry
journal, July 2013

Dual-channel bipolar electrode focusing: simultaneous separation and enrichment of both anions and cations
journal, January 2012

The role of surface conformations in the deposition kinetics of humic matter-coated colloids in porous media
journal, February 1995

Bipolar Electrode Focusing: Simultaneous Concentration Enrichment and Separation in a Microfluidic Channel Containing a Bipolar Electrode
journal, November 2009

Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review
journal, August 2017

Recent advancements in ion concentration polarization
journal, January 2016

Bipolar Electrode Focusing: The Effect of Current and Electric Field on Concentration Enrichment
journal, December 2009

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journal, March 1999

Recent advances in microparticle continuous separation
journal, January 2008

Photoelectrochemical ion concentration polarization: membraneless ion filtration based on light-driven electrochemical reactions
journal, January 2017

Bipolar electrode focusing: tuning the electric field gradient
journal, January 2011

Electrokinetics in Microfluidic Channels Containing a Floating Electrode
journal, August 2008

Microplastics and human health
journal, February 2021

Bipolar Electrodes: A Useful Tool for Concentration, Separation, and Detection of Analytes in Microelectrochemical Systems
journal, November 2010

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journal, October 1998

Nanofluidic concentration devices for biomolecules utilizing ion concentration polarization: theory, fabrication, and applications
journal, January 2010

Electrochemically-gated delivery of analyte bands in microfluidic devices using bipolar electrodes
journal, January 2013

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journal, April 2002

Negative Dielectrophoretic Capture and Repulsion of Single Cells at a Bipolar Electrode: The Impact of Faradaic Ion Enrichment and Depletion
journal, January 2015

Towards a miniaturised system for dynamic field gradient focused separation of proteins
journal, July 2004

Electrophoretic exclusion microscale sample preparation for cryo-EM structural determination of proteins
journal, September 2019

Protein Focusing in a Conductivity Gradient
journal, April 1998

Bipolar electrode depletion: membraneless filtration of charged species using an electrogenerated electric field gradient
journal, January 2011

Electric field gradient focusing
journal, October 2005

Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization
journal, January 2020

Bipolar Electrochemistry: From Materials Science to Motion and Beyond
journal, May 2013

Bipolar Electrodes with 100% Current Efficiency for Sensors
journal, March 2017

Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment of data quality
journal, May 2019

Bipolar Electrode Focusing: Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization
journal, March 2011

Using electrophoretic exclusion to manipulate small molecules and particles on a microdevice: Microfluidics and Miniaturization
journal, April 2012

Concurrent DNA preconcentration and separation in bipolar electrode-based microfluidic device
journal, January 2015