A Review of Cyber-Physical Security for Photovoltaic Systems

Ye, Jin; Giani, Annarita; Elasser, Ahmed; Mazumder, Sudip K.; Farnell, Chris; Mantooth, Homer Alan; Kim, Taesic; Liu, Jianzhe; Chen, Bo; Seo, Gab-Su; Song, Wenzhan; Greidanus, Mateo D. Roig; Sahoo, Subham; Blaabjerg, Frede; Zhang, Jinan; Guo, Lulu; Ahn, Bohyun; Shadmand, Mohammad B.; Gajanur, Nanditha R.; Abbaszada, Mohammad A.

doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3111728

Title: A Review of Cyber-Physical Security for Photovoltaic Systems

Journal Article · 10 September 2021 · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2021.3111728 · OSTI ID:1822830

Ye, Jin ^[1]; Giani, Annarita ^[2]; Elasser, Ahmed ^[2]; Mazumder, Sudip K. ^[3]; Farnell, Chris ^[4]; Mantooth, Homer Alan ^[4]; Kim, Taesic ^[5]; Liu, Jianzhe ^[6]; Chen, Bo ^[6]; Seo, Gab-Su ^[7]; Song, Wenzhan ^[1]; Greidanus, Mateo D. Roig ^[3]; Sahoo, Subham ^[8]; Blaabjerg, Frede ^[8]; Zhang, Jinan ^[1]; Guo, Lulu ^[1]; Ahn, Bohyun ^[5]; Shadmand, Mohammad B. ^[3]; Gajanur, Nanditha R. ^[3]; Abbaszada, Mohammad A. ^[3]

Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
General Electric Research Center, Niskayuna, NY (United States)
Univ. of Illinois, Chicago, IL (United States)
Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR (United States)
Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville, TX (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Aalborg Univ. (Denmark)

In this paper, the challenges and a future vision of the cyber-physical security of photovoltaic (PV) systems are discussed from a firmware, network, PV converter controls, and grid security perspective. The vulnerabilities of PV systems are investigated under a variety of cyber-attacks, ranging from data integrity attacks to software-based attacks. A success rate metric is designed to evaluate the impact and facilitate decision making. Model-based and data-driven methods for threat detection and mitigation are summarized. In addition, the blockchain technology that addresses cyber-attacks in software and cyber networks is described. Simulation and experimental results that show the impact of cyber-attacks at the converter (device) and grid (system) levels are presented. Finally, potential research opportunities are discussed for next-generation, cyber-secure power electronics systems. These opportunities include multi-scale controllability, self-/event-triggering control, artificial intelligence/machine learning, hot patching, and online security. As of today, this study will be one of the few comprehensive studies in this emerging and fast-growing area.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; AC02-06CH11357; EE0009026

OSTI ID:: 1822830

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5D00-80671; MainId:77455; UUID:4e0c7d23-a835-45f3-878b-b008bb6d2827; MainAdminID:63001

Journal Information:: IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Journal Name: IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 10; ISSN 2168-6777

Publisher:: IEEECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Multilayer Resilience Paradigm Against Cyber Attacks in DC Microgrids Sahoo, Subham; Dragicevic, Tomislav; Blaabjerg, Frede IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3014258	journal	March 2021
Detection and Diagnosis of Data Integrity Attacks in Solar Farms Based on Multilayer Long Short-Term Memory Network Li, Fangyu; Li, Qi; Zhang, Jinan IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3017935	journal	March 2021
Multiple Bad Data Detectability and Identifiability: A Geometric Approach Clements, K. A.; Davis, P. W. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.1986.4308015	journal	January 1986
A Hybrid Framework for Fault Detection, Classification, and Location—Part I: Concept, Structure, and Methodology Jiang, Joe-Air; Chuang, Cheng-Long; Wang, Yung-Chung IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2141157	journal	July 2011
Distribution System State Estimation With High Penetration of Demand Response Enabled Loads Liu, Jianzhe; Singh, Ravindra; Pal, Bikash C. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 36, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3047269	journal	July 2021
Behavior-Rule Based Intrusion Detection Systems for Safety Critical Smart Grid Applications Mitchell, Robert; Chen, Ing-Ray IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2013.2258948	journal	September 2013
Blind False Data Injection Attack Using PCA Approximation Method in Smart Grid Yu, Zong-Han; Chin, Wen-Long IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2382714	journal	May 2015
Detection of Cyber Attacks Against Voltage Control in Distribution Power Grids With PVs Isozaki, Yasunori; Yoshizawa, Shinya; Fujimoto, Yu IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2427380	journal	July 2016
Integrity Attacks on Real-Time Pricing in Smart Grids: Impact and Countermeasures Giraldo, Jairo; Cardenas, Alvaro; Quijano, Nicanor IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2521339	journal	September 2017
Power System Reliability Evaluation Considering Load Redistribution Attacks Xiang, Yingmeng; Ding, Zhilu; Zhang, Yichi IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2569589	journal	January 2016
Active Synchronous Detection of Deception Attacks in Microgrid Control Systems Li, Yan; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Liang IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2614884	journal	January 2017
Microgrid Risk Analysis Considering the Impact of Cyber Attacks on Solar PV and ESS Control Systems Liu, Xindong; Shahidehpour, Mohammad; Cao, Yijia IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2622289	journal	May 2017
Real-Time Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grid: A Deep Learning-Based Intelligent Mechanism He, Youbiao; Mendis, Gihan J.; Wei, Jin IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2703842	journal	September 2017
Online Cyber-Attack Detection in Smart Grid: A Reinforcement Learning Approach Kurt, Mehmet Necip; Ogundijo, Oyetunji; Li, Chong IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2878570	journal	September 2019
Software-Defined Microgrid Control for Resilience Against Denial-of-Service Attacks Danzi, Pietro; Angjelichinoski, Marko; Stefanovic, Cedomir IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2879727	journal	September 2019
Attack Identification and Correction for PMU GPS Spoofing in Unbalanced Distribution Systems Zhang, Ying; Wang, Jianhui; Liu, Jianzhe IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2019.2937554	journal	January 2020
Cyber-Attack Recovery Strategy for Smart Grid Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning Wei, Fanrong; Wan, Zhiqiang; He, Haibo IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2019.2956161	journal	May 2020
Resilient Networked AC Microgrids Under Unbounded Cyber Attacks Zuo, Shan; Beg, Omar Ali; Lewis, Frank L. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.2984266	journal	September 2020
Perturbation-Based Diagnosis of False Data Injection Attack Using Distributed Energy Resources Jhala, Kumarsinh; Pradhan, Parth; Natarajan, Balasubramaniam IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3029954	journal	March 2021
Binary Hypothesis Testing With Byzantine Sensors: Fundamental Tradeoff Between Security and Efficiency Ren, Xiaoqiang; Yan, Jiaqi; Mo, Yilin IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 66, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2017.2788420	journal	March 2018
SDN-Enabled Cyber-Physical Security in Networked Microgrids Li, Yan; Qin, Yanyuan; Zhang, Peng IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2018.2889451	journal	July 2019
Fault Diagnosis for Electric Drive Systems of Electrified Vehicles Based on Structural Analysis Zhang, Jiyu; Yao, Hongyang; Rizzoni, Giorgio IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 66, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.2556691	journal	February 2017
SNIFU: Secure Network Interception for Firmware Updates in legacy PLCs Benkraouda, Hadjer; Chakkantakath, Muhammad Ashif; Keliris, Anastasis 2020 IEEE 38th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS) https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS48691.2020.9107609	conference	April 2020
False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids Liu, Yao; Ning, Peng; Reiter, Michael K. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1145/1952982.1952995	journal	May 2011
Addressing smart grid cyber security Giani, Annarita; Bent, Russell Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research Workshop on - CSIIRW '13 https://doi.org/10.1145/2459976.2460026	conference	January 2013
Security Vulnerability and Patch Management in Electric Utilities Zhang, Fengli; Li, Qinghua Proceedings of the First Workshop on Radical and Experiential Security https://doi.org/10.1145/3203422.3203432	conference	May 2018
Mismatch Based Diagnosis of PV Fields Relying on Monitored String Currents Guerriero, Pierluigi; Piegari, Luigi; Rizzo, Renato International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2017 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2834685	journal	January 2017
A hybrid technique based on convolutional neural network and support vector regression for intelligent diagnosis of rotating machinery You, Wei; Shen, Changqing; Guo, Xiaojie Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814017704146	journal	June 2017
Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters Lin, Yashen; Eto, Joseph H.; Johnson, Brian b. https://doi.org/10.2172/1721727	report	November 2020
Roadmap for photovoltaic cyber security Johnson, Jay https://doi.org/10.2172/1782667	report	December 2017
A Blockchain-Based OCF Firmware Update for IoT Devices Witanto, Elizabeth Nathania; Oktian, Yustus Eko; Lee, Sang-Gon Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196744	journal	September 2020
Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Energy Trading on Blockchain Using Dual Binary Encoding for Inner Product Encryption Gaybullaev, Turabek; Kwon, Hee-Yong; Kim, Taesic Sensors, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062024	journal	March 2021

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