Are Contact Angle Measurements Useful for Oxide-Coated Liquid Metals?

Joshipura, Ishan D.; Persson, K. Alex; Truong, Vi Khanh; Oh, Ji-Hyun; Kong, Minsik; Vong, Man Hou; Ni, Chujun; Alsafatwi, Mohanad; Parekh, Dishit P.; Zhao, Hong; Dickey, Michael D.

doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01173

Title: Are Contact Angle Measurements Useful for Oxide-Coated Liquid Metals?

Journal Article · 07 September 2021 · Langmuir

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01173 · OSTI ID:1821272

^[1]; Persson, K. Alex ^[2];

^[3]; Oh, Ji-Hyun ^[2]; Kong, Minsik ^[2]; Vong, Man Hou ^[2]; Ni, Chujun ^[2]; Alsafatwi, Mohanad ^[2]; Parekh, Dishit P. ^[2];

^[4];

^[2]

North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)
RMIT Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia); North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)
Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA (United States)

This work establishes that static contact angles for gallium-based liquid metals have no utility despite the continued and common use of such angles in the literature. In the presence of oxygen, these metals rapidly form a thin (~1–3 nm) surface oxide “skin” that adheres to many surfaces and mechanically impedes its flow. This property is problematic for contact angle measurements, which presume the ability of liquids to flow freely to adopt shapes that minimize the interfacial energy. We show here that advancing angles for a metal are always high (>140°)—even on substrates to which it adheres—because the solid native oxide must rupture in tension to advance the contact line. The advancing angle for the metal depends subtly on the substrate surface chemistry but does not vary strongly with hydrophobicity of the substrate. During receding measurements, the metal droplet initially sags as the liquid withdraws from the “sac” formed by the skin and thus the contact area with the substrate initially increases despite its volumetric recession. Furthermore, the oxide pins at the perimeter of the deflated “sac” on all the surfaces are tested, except for certain rough surfaces. With additional withdrawal of the liquid metal, the pinned angle gets smaller until eventually the oxide “sac” collapses. Thus, static contact angles can be manipulated mechanically from 0° to >140° due to hysteresis and are therefore uninformative. We also provide recommendations and best practices for wetting experiments, which may find use in applications that use these alloys such as soft electronics, composites, and microfluidics.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); US Army Research Office (ARO); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1821272

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL--809437; 1015330

Journal Information:: Langmuir, Journal Name: Langmuir Journal Issue: 37 Vol. 37; ISSN 0743-7463

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Contact angle
Liquid metals
Liquids
Metals
Oxides

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