Quantifying T Cell Cross-Reactivity: Influenza and Coronaviruses

Gaevert, Jessica Ann; Luque Duque, Daniel; Lythe, Grant; Molina-París, Carmen; Thomas, Paul Glyndwr

doi:10.3390/v13091786

Title: Quantifying T Cell Cross-Reactivity: Influenza and Coronaviruses

Journal Article · 07 September 2021 · Viruses

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091786 · OSTI ID:1819216

;

If viral strains are sufficiently similar in their immunodominant epitopes, then populations of cross-reactive T cells may be boosted by exposure to one strain and provide protection against infection by another at a later date. This type of pre-existing immunity may be important in the adaptive immune response to influenza and to coronaviruses. Patterns of recognition of epitopes by T cell clonotypes (a set of cells sharing the same T cell receptor) are represented as edges on a bipartite network. We describe different methods of constructing bipartite networks that exhibit cross-reactivity, and the dynamics of the T cell repertoire in conditions of homeostasis, infection and re-infection. Cross-reactivity may arise simply by chance, or because immunodominant epitopes of different strains are structurally similar. We introduce a circular space of epitopes, so that T cell cross-reactivity is a quantitative measure of the overlap between clonotypes that recognize similar (that is, close in epitope space) epitopes.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 1819216

Journal Information:: Viruses, Journal Name: Viruses Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 13; ISSN VIRUBR; ISSN 1999-4915

Publisher:: MDPI AGCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

References (93)

Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis Fehr, Anthony R.; Perlman, Stanley Coronaviruses https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1	book	January 2015
Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: Evaluation of the Alaska/77-ts-1 A 2 temperature-sensitive recombinant virus in seronegative adult volunteers Murphy, B. R.; Chanock, R. M.; Douglas, R. G. Archives of Virology, Vol. 65, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01317328	journal	June 1980
A general method for numerically simulating the stochastic time evolution of coupled chemical reactions Gillespie, Daniel T. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90041-3	journal	December 1976
A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell receptor Mason, Don Immunology Today, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01299-7	journal	September 1998
Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the world-wide web Barabási, Albert-László; Albert, Réka; Jeong, Hawoong Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol. 281, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(00)00018-2	journal	June 2000
Designing and Maintaining the Mature TCR Repertoire Viret, Christophe; Wong, F. Susan; Janeway, Charles A. Immunity, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80055-2	journal	May 1999
The Peptide Ligands Mediating Positive Selection in the Thymus Control T Cell Survival and Homeostatic Proliferation in the Periphery Ernst, Bettina; Lee, Dong-Sup; Chang, Jennifer M. Immunity, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80092-8	journal	August 1999
Low-Affinity Ligands for the TCR Drive Proliferation of Mature CD8+ T Cells in Lymphopenic Hosts Goldrath, Ananda W.; Bevan, Michael J. Immunity, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80093-X	journal	August 1999
Dissecting the Multifactorial Causes of Immunodominance in Class I–Restricted T Cell Responses to Viruses Chen, Weisan; Antón, Luis C.; Bennink, Jack R. Immunity, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80161-2	journal	January 2000
Individual Variations in the Murine T Cell Response to a Specific Peptide Reflect Variability in Naive Repertoires Bousso, Philippe; Casrouge, Armanda; Altman, John D. Immunity, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80599-3	journal	August 1998
Modelling Immune System: Principles, Models, Analysis and Perspectives Li, Xiang-hua; Wang, Zheng-xuan; Lu, Tian-yang Journal of Bionic Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529(08)60101-8	journal	March 2009
T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV Liu, William J.; Zhao, Min; Liu, Kefang Antiviral Research, Vol. 137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.006	journal	January 2017
Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals Grifoni, Alba; Weiskopf, Daniela; Ramirez, Sydney I. Cell, Vol. 181, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015	journal	June 2020
SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19 Grifoni, Alba; Sidney, John; Vita, Randi Cell Host & Microbe, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.010	journal	July 2021
Naive CD4+ T Cell Frequency Varies for Different Epitopes and Predicts Repertoire Diversity and Response Magnitude Moon, James J.; Chu, H. Hamlet; Pepper, Marion Immunity, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.007	journal	August 2007
Homeostasis of Naive and Memory T Cells Surh, Charles D.; Sprent, Jonathan Immunity, Vol. 29, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.11.002	journal	December 2008
Maintenance of Peripheral Naive T Cells Is Sustained by Thymus Output in Mice but Not Humans den Braber, Ineke; Mugwagwa, Tendai; Vrisekoop, Nienke Immunity, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.006	journal	February 2012
Do most lymphocytes in humans really reside in the gut? Ganusov, Vitaly V.; De Boer, Rob J. Trends in Immunology, Vol. 28, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2007.08.009	journal	December 2007
Stochastic niche structure and diversity maintenance in the T cell repertoire Stirk, Emily R.; Molina-París, Carmen; van den Berg, Hugo A. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 255, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.07.017	journal	November 2008
Stochastic competitive exclusion in the maintenance of the naïve T cell repertoire Stirk, Emily R.; Lythe, Grant; van den Berg, Hugo A. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 265, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.05.004	journal	August 2010
How many TCR clonotypes does a body maintain? Lythe, Grant; Callard, Robin E.; Hoare, Rollo L. Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.10.016	journal	January 2016
The limiting conditional probability distribution in a stochastic model of T cell repertoire maintenance Stirk, Emily R.; Lythe, Grant; van den Berg, Hugo A. Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 224, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2009.12.004	journal	April 2010
A new mechanism shapes the naïve CD8 + T cell repertoire: the selection for full diversity Gonçalves, Pedro; Ferrarini, Marco; Molina-Paris, Carmen Molecular Immunology, Vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.026	journal	May 2017
Memory T cell responses targeting the SARS coronavirus persist up to 11 years post-infection Ng, Oi-Wing; Chia, Adeline; Tan, Anthony T. Vaccine, Vol. 34, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.063	journal	April 2016
Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions Gillespie, Daniel T. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 81, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100540a008	journal	December 1977
Small Worlds Among Interlocking Directors: Network Structure and Distance in Bipartite Graphs Robins, Garry; Alexander, Malcolm Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CMOT.0000032580.12184.c0	journal	May 2004
Complete but curtailed T-cell response to very low-affinity antigen Zehn, Dietmar; Lee, Sarah Y.; Bevan, Michael J. Nature, Vol. 458, Issue 7235 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07657	journal	January 2009
Quantifiable predictive features define epitope-specific T cell receptor repertoires Dash, Pradyot; Fiore-Gartland, Andrew J.; Hertz, Tomer Nature, Vol. 547, Issue 7661 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22383	journal	June 2017
Lethal H5N1 influenza viruses escape host anti-viral cytokine responses Heui Seo, Sang; Hoffmann, Erich; Webster, Robert G. Nature Medicine, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm757	journal	August 2002
Tracking epitope-specific T cells Moon, James J.; Chu, H. Hamlet; Hataye, Jason Nature Protocols, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.9	journal	April 2009
The evolution of epidemic influenza Nelson, Martha I.; Holmes, Edward C. Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2053	journal	January 2007
The many important facets of T-cell repertoire diversity Nikolich-Žugich, Janko; Slifka, Mark K.; Messaoudi, Ilhem Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1292	journal	February 2004
Why must T cells be cross-reactive? Sewell, Andrew K. Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3279	journal	August 2012
Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation Kaech, Susan M.; Cui, Weiguo Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3307	journal	October 2012
Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis Perlman, Stanley; Netland, Jason Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147	journal	May 2009
Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Lipsitch, Marc; Grad, Yonatan H.; Sette, Alessandro Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 20, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4	journal	October 2020
Human CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity across influenza A, B and C viruses Koutsakos, Marios; Illing, Patricia T.; Nguyen, Thi H. O. Nature Immunology, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0320-6	journal	February 2019
Chasing Seasonal Influenza — The Need for a Universal Influenza Vaccine Paules, Catharine I.; Sullivan, Sheena G.; Subbarao, Kanta New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 378, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1714916	journal	January 2018
Complete modification of TCR specificity and repertoire selection does not perturb a CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy Kedzierska, K.; Guillonneau, C.; Gras, S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810274105	journal	December 2008
Cross-reactive CD8 ⁺ T-cell immunity between the pandemic H1N1-2009 and H1N1-1918 influenza A viruses Gras, Stephanie; Kedzierski, Lukasz; Valkenburg, Sophie A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007270107	journal	June 2010
Statistical inference of the generation probability of T-cell receptors from sequence repertoires Murugan, A.; Mora, T.; Walczak, A. M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212755109	journal	September 2012
Heightened self-reactivity associated with selective survival, but not expansion, of naïve virus-specific CD8 ⁺ T cells in aged mice Quinn, Kylie M.; Zaloumis, Sophie G.; Cukalac, Tania Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525167113	journal	January 2016
Homeostatic expansion and phenotypic conversion of naive T cells in response to self peptide/MHC ligands Kieper, W. C.; Jameson, S. C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 96, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.23.13306	journal	November 1999
Estimating the Precursor Frequency of Naive Antigen-specific CD8 T Cells Blattman, Joseph N.; Antia, Rustom; Sourdive, David J. D. Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 195, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20001021	journal	March 2002
Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-7 Jointly Regulate Homeostatic Proliferation of Memory Phenotype CD8+ Cells but Are Not Required for Memory Phenotype CD4+ Cells Tan, Joyce T.; Ernst, Bettina; Kieper, William C. Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 195, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020066	journal	June 2002
Nasal Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Experimental Influenza A Virus Infection: Results of a Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Intravenous Zanamivir Treatment Fritz, R. Scott; Hayden, Frederick G.; Calfee, David P. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 180, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1086/314938	journal	September 1999
Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution Hadfield, James; Megill, Colin; Bell, Sidney M. Bioinformatics, Vol. 34, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407	journal	May 2018
Production of Interferon in Volunteers Infected with Asian Influenza Jao, R. L.; Wheelock, E. F.; Jackson, G. G. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 121, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/121.4.419	journal	April 1970
Circulating CD4 T Cells Elicited by Endemic Coronaviruses Display Vast Disparities in Abundance and Functional Potential Linked to Antigen Specificity and Age Richards, Katherine A.; Glover, Maryah; Crawford, Jeremy C. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 223, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab076	journal	February 2021
Mathematics in modern immunology Castro, Mario; Lythe, Grant; Molina-París, Carmen Interface Focus, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0093	journal	April 2016
Estimating biologically relevant parameters under uncertainty for experimental within-host murine West Nile virus infection Banerjee, Soumya; Guedj, Jeremie; Ribeiro, Ruy M. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 13, Issue 117 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0130	journal	April 2016
Homeostasis of Naive and Memory T Lymphocytes Kawabe, Takeshi; Yi, Jaeu; Sprent, Jonathan Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a037879	journal	March 2021
Uncovering collective listening habits and music genres in bipartite networks Lambiotte, R.; Ausloos, M. Physical Review E, Vol. 72, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.72.066107	journal	December 2005
Latent geometry of bipartite networks Kitsak, Maksim; Papadopoulos, Fragkiskos; Krioukov, Dmitri Physical Review E, Vol. 95, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.032309	journal	March 2017
Current best estimates for the average lifespans of mouse and human leukocytes: reviewing two decades of deuterium-labeling experiments Borghans, José A. M.; Tesselaar, Kiki; de Boer, Rob J. Immunological Reviews, Vol. 285, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12693	journal	August 2018
The natural history of naive T cells from birth to maturity Seddon, Benedict; Yates, Andrew J. Immunological Reviews, Vol. 285, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12694	journal	August 2018
Some deterministic and stochastic mathematical models of naïve T-cell homeostasis Lythe, Grant; Molina-París, Carmen Immunological Reviews, Vol. 285, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12696	journal	August 2018
Effects of patient room layout on viral accruement on healthcare professionals' hands Wilson, Amanda M.; King, Marco‐Felipe; López‐García, Martín Indoor Air, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12834	journal	April 2021
Heterologous immunity between viruses: Heterologous immunity between viruses Welsh, Raymond M.; Che, Jenny W.; Brehm, Michael A. Immunological Reviews, Vol. 235, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00897.x	journal	April 2010
Differential Requirements for Survival and Proliferation of CD8 Naïve or Memory T Cells Tanchot, C. Science, Vol. 276, Issue 5321 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5321.2057	journal	June 1997
Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks Barabási, Albert-László; Albert, Réka Science, Vol. 286, Issue 5439 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.509	journal	October 1999
Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans Mateus, Jose; Grifoni, Alba; Tarke, Alison Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6512 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3871	journal	August 2020
SARS-CoV-2 genome-wide T cell epitope mapping reveals immunodominance and substantial CD8 ⁺ T cell activation in COVID-19 patients Saini, Sunil Kumar; Hersby, Ditte Stampe; Tamhane, Tripti Science Immunology, Vol. 6, Issue 58 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7550	journal	April 2021
Viral Mutation Rates Sanjuán, Rafael; Nebot, Miguel R.; Chirico, Nicola Journal of Virology, Vol. 84, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00694-10	journal	July 2010
Kinetics of Influenza A Virus Infection in Humans Baccam, P.; Beauchemin, C.; Macken, C. A. Journal of Virology, Vol. 80, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01623-05	journal	July 2006
Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Directed to Seasonal Influenza A Viruses Cross-React with the Newly Emerging H7N9 Virus van de Sandt, C. E.; Kreijtz, J. H. C. M.; de Mutsert, G. Journal of Virology, Vol. 88, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02843-13	journal	November 2013
A Previously Unrecognized H-2D ^b -Restricted Peptide Prominent in the Primary Influenza A Virus-Specific CD8 ⁺ T-Cell Response Is Much Less Apparent following Secondary Challenge Belz, Gabrielle T.; Xie, Weidong; Altman, John D. Journal of Virology, Vol. 74, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.8.3486-3493.2000	journal	April 2000
Evaluation of Influenza A/Hong Kong/123/77 (H1N1) ts -1A2 and Cold-Adapted Recombinant Viruses in Seronegative Adult Volunteers Murphy, Brian R.; Rennels, Margret B.; Douglas, R. Gordon Infection and Immunity, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.29.2.348-355.1980	journal	August 1980
On the Composition of the Preimmune Repertoire of T Cells Specific for Peptide–Major Histocompatibility Complex Ligands Jenkins, Marc K.; Chu, H. Hamlet; McLachlan, James B. Annual Review of Immunology, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101253	journal	March 2010
Using T Cell Receptor Repertoires to Understand the Principles of Adaptive Immune Recognition Bradley, Philip; Thomas, Paul G. Annual Review of Immunology, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041757	journal	April 2019
Constraints, Drivers, and Implications of Influenza A Virus Reassortment Lowen, Anice C. Annual Review of Virology, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041726	journal	September 2017
Local and systemic cytokine responses during experimental human influenza A virus infection. Relation to symptom formation and host defense. Hayden, F. G.; Fritz, R.; Lobo, M. C. Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 101, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI1355	journal	February 1998
Quantifying the development of the peripheral naive CD4+ T-cell pool in humans Bains, Iren; Antia, Rustom; Callard, Robin Blood, Vol. 113, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-10-184184	journal	May 2009
Closing the gap between T-cell life span estimates from stable isotope-labeling studies in mice and humans Westera, Liset; Drylewicz, Julia; den Braber, Ineke Blood, Vol. 122, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-03-488411	journal	September 2013
Exploring the effect of biological delays in kinetic models of influenza within a host or cell culture Holder, Benjamin P.; Beauchemin, Catherine AA BMC Public Health, Vol. 11, Issue Suppl 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S1-S10	journal	January 2011
Multivariate Competition Processes Iglehart, Donald L. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177703758	journal	March 1964
Innate Immunity and the Inter-exposure Interval Determine the Dynamics of Secondary Influenza Virus Infection and Explain Observed Viral Hierarchies Cao, Pengxing; Yan, Ada W. C.; Heffernan, Jane M. PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004334	journal	August 2015
Diverse Heterologous Primary Infections Radically Alter Immunodominance Hierarchies and Clinical Outcomes Following H7N9 Influenza Challenge in Mice Duan, Susu; Meliopoulos, Victoria A.; McClaren, Jennifer L. PLOS Pathogens, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004642	journal	February 2015
Modeling the Viral Dynamics of Influenza A Virus Infection Smith, Amber M.; Ribeiro, Ruy M. Critical Reviews™ in Immunology, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v30.i3.60	journal	January 2010
Computer modelling of influenza epidemics for the whole country (USSR) Baroyan, O. V.; Rvachev, L. A.; Basilevsky, U. V. Advances in Applied Probability, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1426167	journal	January 1971
Specific T-cell Activation in an Unspecific T-cell Repertoire Van Den Berg, Hugo A.; Molina-París, Carmen; Sewell, Andrew K. Science Progress, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3184/003685011X13139280383942	journal	September 2011
Estimating the Diversity, Completeness, and Cross-Reactivity of the T Cell Repertoire Zarnitsyna, Veronika I.; Evavold, Brian D.; Schoettle, Louis N. Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00485	journal	January 2013
Past Life and Future Effects—How Heterologous Infections Alter Immunity to Influenza Viruses Souquette, Aisha; Thomas, Paul G. Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01071	journal	May 2018
Potential CD8+ T Cell Cross-Reactivity Against SARS-CoV-2 Conferred by Other Coronavirus Strains Lee, Chloe H.; Pinho, Mariana Pereira; Buckley, Paul R. Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.579480	journal	November 2020
Mechanotransduction in T Cell Development, Differentiation and Function Rushdi, Muaz; Li, Kaitao; Yuan, Zhou Cells, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020364	journal	February 2020
The Induction of Virus-Specific CTL as a Function of Increasing Epitope Expression: Responses Rise Steadily Until Excessively High Levels of Epitope Are Attained Wherry, E. John; Puorro, Kristin A.; Porgador, Angel The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 163, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.7.3735	journal	October 1999
TCR Signals Mediated by Src Family Kinases Are Essential for the Survival of Naive T Cells Seddon, Benedict; Zamoyska, Rose The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 169, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2997	journal	September 2002
Hidden Epitopes Emerge in Secondary Influenza Virus-Specific CD8 ⁺ T Cell Reponses Thomas, Paul G.; Brown, Scott A.; Keating, Rachael The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 178, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3091	journal	February 2007
Discriminating between Different Pathways of Memory CD8 ⁺ T Cell Differentiation Ganusov, Vitaly V. The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 179, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5006	journal	October 2007
T Cell Responses to Whole SARS Coronavirus in Humans Li, Chris Ka-fai; Wu, Hao; Yan, Huiping The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 181, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5490	journal	October 2008
Immunological memory cells Ratajczak, Weronika; Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina; Tokarz-Deptuła, Beata Central European Journal of Immunology, Vol. 43, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2018.77390	journal	January 2018
Human T cell receptor occurrence patterns encode immune history, genetic background, and receptor specificity DeWitt, William S.; Smith, Anajane; Schoch, Gary eLife, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38358	journal	August 2018
The naive T-cell receptor repertoire has an extremely broad distribution of clone sizes de Greef, Peter C.; Oakes, Theres; Gerritsen, Bram eLife, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.49900	journal	March 2020

Similar Records

Identification of immunodominant CD8 epitope in the stalk domain of influenza B viral hemagglutinin

Journal Article · 2018 · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · OSTI ID:23136981

Muralidharan, Abenaya; Gravel, Caroline; Duran, Amparo; +6 more

Analysis of T cell receptor repertoire in monozygotic twins concordant and discordant for chronic hepatitis B infection

Journal Article · 2018 · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · OSTI ID:23137339

Jiang, Qiong; Liu, Yao; Xu, Baoyan; +3 more

Universal antibodies against the highly conserved influenza fusion peptide cross-neutralize several subtypes of influenza A virus

Journal Article · 2010 · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · OSTI ID:22204709

Hashem, Anwar M.; Van Domselaar, Gary; Li, Changgui; +7 more

Title: Quantifying T Cell Cross-Reactivity: Influenza and Coronaviruses

Citation Formats

References (93)

Similar Records

Related Subjects