Title: TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet

Journal Article · · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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  1. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK, Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
  2. George Mason University, Physics and Astronomy Department, 4400 University Drive MS 3F3, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
  3. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Av. Diagonal las Torres 2640, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile, Millennium Institute for Astrophysics, Campus San Joaquín UC Facultad de Física Instituto de Astrofísica, Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
  4. Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba QLD 4350 Australia
  5. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  6. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
  7. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto, Portugal, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
  8. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Banting Fellow
  9. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
  10. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto, Portugal
  11. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, NL-2333 CA Leiden, the Netherlands, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
  12. Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
  13. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
  14. Depto. Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC/INTA), ESAC Campus, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain
  15. Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, Chemin des Maillettes 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland, University of Zürich, Institute for Computational Science, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
  16. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
  17. Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, Chemin des Maillettes 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
  18. Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
  19. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
  20. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
  21. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
  22. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
  23. Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, 211 Bryant Space Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
  24. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
  25. University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
  26. Department of Physics, and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Universite de Montreal, Montreal QC H3C 3J7, Canada
  27. Observatoire de l’Université de Genève, Chemin des Maillettes 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
  28. Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
  29. Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab, Casilla 603, La Serena 1700000, Chile
  30. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  31. International Center for Advanced Studies (ICAS) and ICIFI (CONICET), ECyT-UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, (1650) Buenos Aires, Argentina
  32. University of Zürich, Institute for Computational Science, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
  33. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, 210 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
  34. Department of Astronomy, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
  35. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
  36. European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
  37. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC, MC 314-6, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  38. Department of Earth Sciences | University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
  39. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
  40. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
  41. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow
  42. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
  43. Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
  44. Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  45. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, 13388, France
  46. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
  47. Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba QLD 4350 Australia, 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
  48. Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile, Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
  49. Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA 19081, USA
  50. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
  51. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
  52. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA
  53. NCCR PlanetS, Centre for Space & Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
  54. U.S. Naval Observatory, 3450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20392, USA
  55. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, NCCR PlanetS, Centre for Space & Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
  56. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
  57. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
  58. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
  59. Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
  60. Patashnick Voorheesville Observatory, Voorheesville, NY 12186, USA
  61. Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
  62. Hazelwood Observatory, Australia
  63. Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope, Perth, Western Australia
  64. Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20815, USA, NASA Hubble Fellow, Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
  65. Exoplanetary Science at UNSW, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
  66. Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
  67. Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
  68. School of Astronomy and Space Science, Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics in Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
+ Show Author Affiliations

ABSTRACT We present the bright (Vmag = 9.12), multiplanet system TOI-431, characterized with photometry and radial velocities (RVs). We estimate the stellar rotation period to be 30.5 ± 0.7 d using archival photometry and RVs. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) objects of Interest (TOI)-431 b is a super-Earth with a period of 0.49 d, a radius of 1.28 ± 0.04 R⊕, a mass of 3.07 ± 0.35 M⊕, and a density of 8.0 ± 1.0 g cm−3; TOI-431 d is a sub-Neptune with a period of 12.46 d, a radius of 3.29 ± 0.09 R⊕, a mass of $$9.90^{+1.53}_{-1.49}$$ M⊕, and a density of 1.36 ± 0.25 g cm−3. We find a third planet, TOI-431 c, in the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher RV data, but it is not seen to transit in the TESS light curves. It has an Msin i of $$2.83^{+0.41}_{-0.34}$$ M⊕, and a period of 4.85 d. TOI-431 d likely has an extended atmosphere and is one of the most well-suited TESS discoveries for atmospheric characterization, while the super-Earth TOI-431 b may be a stripped core. These planets straddle the radius gap, presenting an interesting case-study for atmospheric evolution, and TOI-431 b is a prime TESS discovery for the study of rocky planet phase curves.

Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain
OSTI ID:
1818591
Journal Information:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 507; ISSN 0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University PressCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United Kingdom
Language:
English

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