On the Existence of the Plateau Emission in High-energy Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves Observed by Fermi-LAT

Dainotti, M. G.; Omodei, N.; Srinivasaragavan, G. P.; Vianello, G.; Willingale, R.; O’Brien, P.; Nagataki, S.; Petrosian, V.; Nuygen, Z.; Hernandez, X.; Axelsson, M.; Bissaldi, E.; Longo, F.

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abfe17

Title: On the Existence of the Plateau Emission in High-energy Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves Observed by Fermi-LAT

Journal Article · 08 July 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abfe17 · OSTI ID:1814505

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^[2]; Willingale, R. ^[4]; O’Brien, P. ^[2];

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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo (Japan); Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Univ. of Leicester (United Kingdom)
Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory (ABBL), Saitama (Japan). RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Univ. Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City (Mexico)
Stockholm Univ. (Sweden); KTH Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden)
Università e Politecnico di Bari (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Bari (Italy)
Univ. degli Studi di Trieste (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Trieste (Italy)

The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi) shows long-lasting high-energy emission in many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), similar to X-ray afterglows observed by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift). Some LAT light curves (LCs) show a late-time flattening reminiscent of X-ray plateaus. We explore the presence of plateaus in LAT temporally extended emission analyzing GRBs from the second Fermi-LAT GRB Catalog from 2008 to 2016 May with known redshifts, and check whether they follow closure relations corresponding to four distinct astrophysical environments predicted by the external forward shock model. We find that three LCs can be fit by the same phenomenological model used to fit X-ray plateaus and show tentative evidence for the existence of plateaus in their high-energy extended emission. The most favorable scenario is a slow-cooling regime, whereas the preferred density profile for each GRBs varies from a constant-density interstellar medium to an r^–2 wind environment. We also compare the end time of the plateaus in γ-rays and X-rays using a statistical comparison with 222 Swift GRBs with plateaus and known redshifts from 2005 January to 2019 August. Within this comparison, the case of GRB 090510 shows an indication of chromaticity at the end time of the plateau. Finally, we update the 3D fundamental plane relation among the rest-frame end time of the plateau, its correspondent luminosity, and the peak prompt luminosity for 222 GRBs observed by Swift. We find that these three LAT GRBs follow this relation.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1814505

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 255; ISSN 0067-0049

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Calibration of gamma-ray burst luminosity indicators Liang, E.; Zhang, B. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 369, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00169.x	journal	June 2006
A time-luminosity correlation for γ-ray bursts in the X-rays: GRB time-luminosity correlation in X-ray Dainotti, M. G.; Cardone, V. F.; Capozziello, S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 391, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00560.x	journal	October 2008
Bright X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows Burrows, D. N. Science, Vol. 309, Issue 5742 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116168	journal	September 2005
Properties of Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitor Stars Kumar, P.; Narayan, R.; Johnson, J. L. Science, Vol. 321, Issue 5887 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159003	journal	July 2008
Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Arimoto, M. Science, Vol. 323, Issue 5922 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169101	journal	February 2009
Gamma-Ray Bursts: Progress, Problems & Prospects Zhang, Bing; MÉSzÁRos, Peter International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 19, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X0401746X	journal	June 2004
Theories of Gamma-Ray Bursts Mészáros, P. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093821	journal	September 2002
Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Correlations Dainotti, M. G.; Del Vecchio, R.; Tarnopolski, M. Advances in Astronomy, Vol. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4969503	journal	January 2018
Importance Nested Sampling and the MultiNest Algorithm Feroz, Farhan; Hobson, Michael P.; Cameron, Ewan The Open Journal of Astrophysics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.21105/astro.1306.2144	journal	November 2019
Study of grb Light-Curve Decay Indices in the Afterglow Phase Vecchio, Roberta Del; Dainotti, Maria Giovanna; Ostrowski, Michał The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 828, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/36	journal	August 2016
Nonlinear Particle Acceleration and Thermal Particles in GRB Afterglows Warren, Donald C.; Ellison, Donald C.; Barkov, Maxim V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa56c3	journal	February 2017
Effects of Fallback Accretion on Protomagnetar Outflows in Gamma-Ray Bursts and Superluminous Supernovae Metzger, Brian D.; Beniamini, Paz; Giannios, Dimitrios The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab70c	journal	April 2018
Investigating the Nature of Late-time High-energy GRB Emission through Joint Fermi / Swift Observations Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; Barbiellini, G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad000	journal	August 2018
On the Magnetar Origin of the GRBs Presenting X-Ray Afterglow Plateaus Stratta, Giulia; Dainotti, Maria Giovanna; Dall’Osso, Simone The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadd8f	journal	December 2018
A Decade of Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Fermi -LAT: The Second GRB Catalog Ajello, M.; Arimoto, M.; Axelsson, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1d4e	journal	June 2019
The Shallow Decay Segment of GRB X-Ray Afterglow Revisited Zhao, Litao; Zhang, Binbin; Gao, He The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab38c4	journal	September 2019
Closure Relations of Gamma-Ray Bursts in High Energy Emission Tak, Donggeun; Omodei, Nicola; Lucas Uhm, Z. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3982	journal	September 2019
The Fourth Fermi-GBM Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog: A Decade of Data von Kienlin, A.; Meegan, C. A.; Paciesas, W. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab7a18	journal	April 2020
Structured Jets and X-Ray Plateaus in Gamma-Ray Burst Phenomena Oganesyan, Gor; Ascenzi, Stefano; Branchesi, Marica The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab8221	journal	April 2020
Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows in the Multimessenger Era: Numerical Models and Closure Relations Ryan, Geoffrey; Eerten, Hendrik van; Piro, Luigi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab93cf	journal	June 2020
On the Investigation of the Closure Relations for Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Swift in the Post-plateau Phase and the GRB Fundamental Plane Srinivasaragavan, G. P.; Dainotti, M. G.; Fraija, N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb702	journal	October 2020
The X-Ray Fundamental Plane of the Platinum Sample, the Kilonovae, and the SNe Ib/c Associated with GRBs Dainotti, M. G.; Lenart, A. Ł.; Sarracino, G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 904, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbe8a	journal	November 2020
GRB Fermi-LAT Afterglows: Explaining Flares, Breaks, and Energetic Photons Fraija, N.; Laskar, T.; Dichiara, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc41a	journal	December 2020
The Maximum Energy of Shock-accelerated Electrons in a Microturbulent Magnetic Field Warren, Donald C.; Beauchemin, Catherine A. A.; Barkov, Maxim V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc694	journal	January 2021
A Fundamental Plane for long Gamma-Ray Bursts with X-Ray Plateaus Dainotti, M. G.; Postnikov, S.; Hernandez, X. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 825, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/825/2/L20	journal	July 2016
The Optical Luminosity–Time Correlation for More than 100 Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows Dainotti, M. G.; Livermore, S.; Kann, D. A. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abcda9	journal	December 2020

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