Title: QCD thermalization: Ab initio approaches and interdisciplinary connections

Journal Article · · Reviews of Modern Physics
 [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [4]
  1. Heidelberg Univ. (Germany)
  2. Max Planck Inst. for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam (Germany)
  3. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland)
  4. Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Heavy-ion collisions at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and CERN's Large Hadron Collider provide strong evidence for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma, with temperatures extracted from relativistic viscous hydrodynamic simulations shown to be well above the transition temperature from hadron matter. Outstanding problems in QCD include how the strongly correlated quark gluon matter forms in a heavy-ion collision, its properties off-equilibrium, and the thermalization process in the plasma. In this work, we review the theoretical progress in this field in weak coupling QCD effective field theories and in strong coupling holographic approaches based on gauge-gravity duality. We outline the interdisciplinary connections of different stages of the thermalization process to non equilibrium dynamics in other systems across energy scales ranging from inflationary cosmology, to strong field QED, to ultracold atomic gases, with emphasis on the universal dynamics of non-thermal and hydrodynamic attractors. We survey measurements in heavy-ion collisions that are sensitive to the early non-equilibrium stages of the collision and discuss the potential for future measurements. We summarize the current state-of-the art in thermalization studies and identify promising avenues for further progress.

Research Organization:
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); German Research Foundation (DFG); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP) (SC-26)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0012704
OSTI ID:
1811470
Report Number(s):
BNL-221935-2021-JAAM
Journal Information:
Reviews of Modern Physics, Journal Name: Reviews of Modern Physics Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 93; ISSN 0034-6861
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Jets in strongly coupled N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory journal January 2009
Universality of the hydrodynamic limit in AdS/CFT and the membrane paradigm journal January 2009
Second order hydrodynamic coefficients from kinetic theory journal March 2009
Low-cost fermions in classical field simulations journal March 2009
O ( g ) plasma effects in jet quenching journal March 2009
Grazing collisions of gravitational shock waves and entropy production in heavy ion collisions journal June 2009
Light quark energy loss in strongly coupled N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma journal June 2009
Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I journal November 1973
Leading order QCD shear viscosity from the three-particle irreducible effective action journal October 2009
Black brane entropy and hydrodynamics: The boost-invariant case journal December 2009
Boost invariant flow, black hole formation, and far-from-equilibrium dynamics in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory journal July 2010
Angular correlations in gluon production at high energy journal February 2011
Strong versus weak wave-turbulence in relativistic field theory journal April 2011
Universality of unintegrated gluon distributions at small x journal May 2011
Holographic thermalization journal July 2011
Conformal symmetry and the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation journal October 2011
Nonlinear amplification of instabilities with longitudinal expansion journal April 2012
Numerical relativity approach to the initial value problem in asymptotically anti–de Sitter spacetime for plasma thermalization: An ADM formulation journal June 2012
Ultraviolet cascade in classical Yang-Mills theory journal September 2012
Turbulent thermalization of weakly coupled non-Abelian plasmas journal September 2012
Instability induced pressure isotropization in a longitudinally expanding system journal October 2012
Photon impact factor and k T factorization for DIS in the next-to-leading order journal January 2013
The nonlinear glasma journal January 2013
Instabilities of an anisotropically expanding non-Abelian plasma: 3 D + 3 V discretized hard-loop simulations journal January 2013
Analysis of combined HERA data in the impact-parameter dependent saturation model journal February 2013
Holographic thermalization with radial flow journal March 2013
Kinetic theory with Berry curvature from quantum field theories journal April 2013
Comparison of the color glass condensate to dihadron correlations in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions journal May 2013
Confinement from correlation functions journal August 2013
Fluctuations of the initial color fields in high-energy heavy-ion collisions journal October 2013
Rapidity evolution of Wilson lines at the next-to-leading order journal December 2013
Amplified fermion production from overpopulated Bose fields journal January 2014
Jalilian-Marian, Iancu, McLerran, Weigert, Leonidov, Kovner evolution at next to leading order journal March 2014
Entanglement growth during thermalization in holographic systems journal March 2014
Turbulent thermalization process in heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies journal April 2014
UV cascade in classical Yang-Mills theory via kinetic theory journal April 2014
Universal attractor in a highly occupied non-Abelian plasma journal June 2014
Fermion production from real-time lattice gauge theory in the classical-statistical regime journal July 2014
Nonrenormalizability of the classical statistical approximation journal September 2014
Linearized nonequilibrium dynamics in nonconformal plasma journal June 2015
Universal self-similar dynamics of relativistic and nonrelativistic field theories near nonthermal fixed points journal July 2015
Nonequilibrium fixed points in longitudinally expanding scalar theories: Infrared cascade, Bose condensation, and a challenge for kinetic theory journal November 2015
Hydrodynamics, resurgence, and transasymptotics journal December 2015
Condensates in relativistic scalar theories journal March 2016
Off-equilibrium sphaleron transitions in the glasma journal April 2016
Transient anomalous charge production in strong-field QCD journal April 2016
Early quark production and approach to chemical equilibrium journal April 2016
Resurgence in extended hydrodynamics journal April 2016
Next-to-leading order Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with resummation journal May 2016
Numerical study of chiral plasma instability within the classical statistical field theory approach journal July 2016
Thermalization of Wightman functions in AdS/CFT and quasinormal modes journal July 2016
Revealing proton shape fluctuations with incoherent diffraction at high energy journal August 2016
Entropy production, hydrodynamics, and resurgence in the primordial quark-gluon plasma from holography journal November 2016
Plasmon mass scale in classical nonequilibrium gauge theory journal January 2017
Nonthermal fixed points in quantum field theory beyond the weak-coupling limit journal February 2017
Nonequilibrium study of the chiral magnetic effect from real-time simulations with dynamical fermions journal February 2017
Effective kinetic description of the expanding overoccupied glasma journal May 2017
Schwinger-Keldysh formalism on the lattice: A faster algorithm and its application to field theory journal June 2017
Radiation and the classical double copy for color charges journal June 2017
Worldline construction of a covariant chiral kinetic theory journal July 2017
Fixing extensions to general relativity in the nonlinear regime journal October 2017
Infrared divergences in QED revisited journal October 2017
Importance of initial and final state effects for azimuthal correlations in p + Pb collisions journal November 2017
Real-time simulation of the Schwinger effect with matrix product states journal December 2017
Parton model description of multiparticle azimuthal correlations in p A collisions journal January 2018
Nonequilibrium quark production in the expanding QCD plasma journal February 2018
Plasmon mass scale in two-dimensional classical nonequilibrium gauge theory journal February 2018
Anisotropic nonequilibrium hydrodynamic attractor journal February 2018
Far-from-equilibrium attractors and nonlinear dynamical systems approach to the Gubser flow journal February 2018
Chiral anomaly, Berry phase, and chiral kinetic theory from worldlines in quantum field theory journal March 2018
Analytical attractor and the divergence of the slow-roll expansion in relativistic hydrodynamics journal March 2018
Hydrodynamization in kinetic theory: Transient modes and the gradient expansion journal May 2018
Large- N kinetic theory for highly occupied systems journal June 2018
Spectral function for overoccupied gluodynamics from real-time lattice simulations journal July 2018
Nonequilibrium axial charge production in expanding glasma flux tubes journal July 2018
Review of Particle Physics journal August 2018
Rapidity gap distribution in diffractive deep-inelastic scattering and parton genealogy journal August 2018
How does relativistic kinetic theory remember about initial conditions? journal September 2018
Chemical equilibration in weakly coupled QCD journal March 2019
Constructing phase space distributions with internal symmetries journal March 2019
Hydrodynamic attractor and the fate of perturbative expansions in Gubser flow journal June 2019
Dynamical systems and nonlinear transient rheology of the far-from-equilibrium Bjorken flow journal June 2019
Chaos and quantum thermalization journal August 1994
Langevin equations with multiplicative noise: Resolution of time discretization ambiguities for equilibrium systems journal June 2000
Symmetric path integrals for stochastic equations with multiplicative noise journal June 2000
Nuclear Enhancement of Universal Dynamics of High Parton Densities journal January 2008
Interaction Quench in the Hubbard Model journal May 2008
Nonthermal Fixed Points: Effective Weak Coupling for Strongly Correlated Systems Far from Equilibrium journal July 2008
Gravity Duals for Nonrelativistic Conformal Field Theories journal August 2008
Real-Time Gauge/Gravity Duality journal August 2008
Class of Quantum Many-Body States That Can Be Efficiently Simulated journal September 2008
Thermodynamics and Bulk Viscosity of Approximate Black Hole Duals to Finite Temperature Quantum Chromodynamics journal September 2008
Consistent Anti–de Sitter-Space/Conformal-Field-Theory Dual for a Time-Dependent Finite Temperature System journal January 2009
Consistent Holographic Description of Boost-Invariant Plasma journal January 2009
Horizon Formation and Far-from-Equilibrium Isotropization in a Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Plasma journal May 2009
Elliptic Flow of Charged Particles in Pb-Pb Collisions at s N N = 2.76     TeV journal December 2010
Holography and Colliding Gravitational Shock Waves in Asymptotically Ad S 5 Spacetime journal January 2011
Elliptic and Triangular Flow in Event-by-Event D = 3 + 1 Viscous Hydrodynamics journal January 2011
Thermalization of Strongly Coupled Field Theories journal May 2011
Quantum Theory of Fermion Production after Inflation journal August 2011
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Relativistic Field Theories Far from Equilibrium journal April 2012
Strong Coupling Isotropization of Non-Abelian Plasmas Simplified journal May 2012
Characteristics of Thermalization of Boost-Invariant Plasma from Holography journal May 2012
Fluctuating Glasma Initial Conditions and Flow in Heavy Ion Collisions journal June 2012
Chiral Kinetic Theory journal October 2012
Event-by-Event Anisotropic Flow in Heavy-ion Collisions from Combined Yang-Mills and Viscous Fluid Dynamics journal January 2013
Hydrodynamic Gradient Expansion in Gauge Theory Plasmas journal May 2013
Medium-Induced QCD Cascade: Democratic Branching and Wave Turbulence journal July 2013
From Full Stopping to Transparency in a Holographic Model of Heavy Ion Collisions journal October 2013
Fully Dynamical Simulation of Central Nuclear Collisions journal November 2013
Longitudinal Coherence in a Holographic Model of Asymmetric Collisions journal June 2014
Eccentric Protons? Sensitivity of Flow to System Size and Shape in p + p , p + Pb , and Pb + Pb Collisions journal September 2014
Approach to Equilibrium in Weakly Coupled Non-Abelian Plasmas journal October 2014
Universality Far from Equilibrium: From Superfluid Bose Gases to Heavy-Ion Collisions journal February 2015
Equilibration Rates in a Strongly Coupled Nonconformal Quark-Gluon Plasma journal June 2015
Collisions in Chiral Kinetic Theory journal July 2015
Hydrodynamics Beyond the Gradient Expansion: Resurgence and Resummation journal August 2015
Importance of the Bulk Viscosity of QCD in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal September 2015
Isotropization and Hydrodynamization in Weakly Coupled Heavy-Ion Collisions journal October 2015
Colliding Shock Waves and Hydrodynamics in Small Systems journal December 2015
Evidence of Strong Proton Shape Fluctuations from Incoherent Diffraction journal July 2016
Anomaly-Induced Dynamical Refringence in Strong-Field QED journal August 2016
Chiral Magnetic Effect and Anomalous Transport from Real-Time Lattice Simulations journal September 2016
Mass Ordering of Spectra from Fragmentation of Saturated Gluon States in High-Multiplicity Proton-Proton Collisions journal October 2016
Universal Self-Similar Scaling of Spatial Wilson Loops Out of Equilibrium journal May 2017
Coupling Constant Corrections in a Holographic Model of Heavy Ion Collisions journal July 2017
Next-to-Leading Order Computation of Exclusive Diffractive Light Vector Meson Production in a Saturation Framework journal August 2017
Color Memory: A Yang-Mills Analog of Gravitational Wave Memory journal December 2017
Relativistic Fluid Dynamics Far From Local Equilibrium journal January 2018
Multiparticle Collectivity from Initial State Correlations in High Energy Proton-Nucleus Collisions journal January 2018
Second-Order Hydrodynamics in Next-to-Leading-Order QCD journal July 2018
Diffractive Electron-Nucleus Scattering and Ancestry in Branching Random Walks journal August 2018
Holographic Collisions across a Phase Transition journal December 2018
Dynamical Topological Transitions in the Massive Schwinger Model with a θ Term journal February 2019
Prescaling and Far-from-Equilibrium Hydrodynamics in the Quark-Gluon Plasma journal March 2019
Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory journal March 2019
Chemical Equilibration in Hadronic Collisions journal April 2019
Breaking the Fluctuation-Dissipation Relation by Universal Transport Processes journal April 2019
Prescaling in a Far-from-Equilibrium Bose Gas journal May 2019
Convergence of the Gradient Expansion in Hydrodynamics journal June 2019
Hydrodynamic Attractors, Initial State Energy, and Particle Production in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions journal December 2019
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox and Quantum Entanglement at Subnucleonic Scales journal February 2020
Early- and Late-Time Behavior of Attractors in Heavy-Ion Collisions journal March 2020
Multigluon Correlations and Evidence of Saturation from Dijet Measurements at an Electron-Ion Collider journal March 2020
Postmerger Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Phase Transitions in Binary Mergers journal April 2020
Real-Time Dynamics of Plasma Balls from Holography journal May 2020
Hydrodynamic Attractors in Phase Space journal September 2020
Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions? journal June 1973
Initial temperature and thermalization time in heavy-ion collisions journal February 1986
Information in black hole radiation journal December 1993
Reheating after Inflation journal December 1994
Classical Decay of the Inflaton journal July 1996
Initial Energy Density of Gluons Produced in Very-High-Energy Nuclear Collisions journal May 2000
Hawking Radiation As Tunneling journal December 2000
Initial Gluon Multiplicity in Heavy-Ion Collisions journal February 2001
Geometric Scaling for the Total γ * p Cross Section in the Low x Region journal January 2001
Shear Viscosity of Strongly Coupled N = 4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Plasma journal August 2001
Coherent Gluon Production in Very-High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions journal October 2001
Classical Aspects of Quantum Fields Far from Equilibrium journal January 2002
Relativistic Turbulence: A Long Way from Preheating to Equilibrium journal March 2003
Parametric Resonance in Quantum Field Theory journal September 2003
Geometric Scaling as Traveling Waves journal December 2003
Energy Dependence of the Cronin Effect from Nonlinear QCD Evolution journal February 2004
Universality of the Shear Viscosity from Supergravity Duals journal August 2004
Prethermalization journal September 2004
Apparent Thermalization due to Plasma Instabilities in the Quark-Gluon Plasma journal February 2005
Hard-Loop Dynamics of Non-Abelian Plasma Instabilities journal March 2005
Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Quantum Field Theories from Black Hole Physics journal March 2005
Chemical Thermalization in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions journal January 2006
Collective Non-Abelian Instabilities in a Melting Color Glass Condensate journal February 2006
Holographic Derivation of Entanglement Entropy from the anti–de Sitter Space/Conformal Field Theory Correspondence journal May 2006
Viscous Plasma Evolution from Gravity Using Anti–de Sitter/Conformal-Field-Theory Correspondence journal January 2007
System Size, Energy, Pseudorapidity, and Centrality Dependence of Elliptic Flow journal June 2007
From spin chains to real-time thermal field theory using tensor networks journal August 2020
Extracting the Field Theory Description of a Quantum Many-Body System from Experimental Data journal January 2020
Real-Time Dynamics in U(1) Lattice Gauge Theories with Tensor Networks journal March 2016
Confinement and String Breaking for QED 2 in the Hamiltonian Picture journal November 2016
A Rapidly Expanding Bose-Einstein Condensate: An Expanding Universe in the Lab journal April 2018
Finite Correlation Length Scaling in Lorentz-Invariant Gapless iPEPS Wave Functions journal July 2018
Finite Correlation Length Scaling with Infinite Projected Entangled-Pair States journal July 2018
Theory of dynamic critical phenomena journal July 1977
Many-body physics with ultracold gases journal July 2008
Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases journal April 2010
Colloquium : Area laws for the entanglement entropy journal February 2010
Extremely high-intensity laser interactions with fundamental quantum systems journal August 2012
Relaxation and Prethermalization in an Isolated Quantum System journal September 2012
From Cosmology to Cold Atoms: Observation of Sakharov Oscillations in a Quenched Atomic Superfluid journal August 2013
Experimental observation of a generalized Gibbs ensemble journal April 2015
Critical dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a homogeneous Bose gas journal January 2015
Quantum thermalization through entanglement in an isolated many-body system journal August 2016
Site-resolved measurement of the spin-correlation function in the Fermi-Hubbard model journal September 2016
Correlations in high-harmonic generation of matter-wave jets revealed by pattern recognition journal January 2019
Quantum scale anomaly and spatial coherence in a 2D Fermi superfluid journal July 2019
A scalable realization of local U(1) gauge invariance in cold atomic mixtures journal March 2020
Electron-Ion Collider: The next QCD frontier: Understanding the glue that binds us all journal September 2016
Heavy quarks in turbulent QCD plasmas journal March 2018
Hadrons and nuclei journal November 2019
Hot-dense Lattice QCD journal November 2019
Limiting fragmentation in hadron–hadron collisions at high energies journal October 2006
Wilson line correlator in the MV model: relating the glasma to deep inelastic scattering journal April 2008
On the running coupling in the JIMWLK equation journal February 2013
Combination and QCD analysis of charm production cross section measurements in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA journal February 2013
Light-heavy-ion collisions: a window into pre-equilibrium QCD dynamics? journal July 2015
Retarded correlators in kinetic theory: branch cuts, poles and hydrodynamic onset transitions journal June 2016
Quantum corrections to the classical statistical approximation for the expanding quantum field journal January 2019
Opacity dependence of elliptic flow in kinetic theory journal September 2019
Analytic structure of nonhydrodynamic modes in kinetic theory journal September 2019
Flow in AA and pA as an interplay of fluid-like and non-fluid like excitations journal November 2019
Magnetic fields in heavy ion collisions: flow and charge transport journal March 2020
Perspectives on Higgs Physics II book November 1997
SHOCK WAVE COLLISIONS IN AdS 5 : APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS journal December 2011
Estimate of the Magnetic Field Strength in Heavy-Ion Collisions journal December 2009
High Energy Scattering in Quantum Chromodynamics journal October 2007
Entropy Creation in Relativistic Heavy ion Collisions journal November 2011
Early thermalization, hydrodynamics and energy loss in AdS/CFT journal October 2015
Parton energy loss and momentum broadening at NLO in high temperature QCD plasmas journal November 2015
Novel collective phenomena in high-energy proton–proton and proton–nucleus collisions journal January 2016
A Holographic Dual of Bjorken Flow journal January 2009
Polarization and Vorticity in the Quark–Gluon Plasma journal October 2020
Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture and the Big Questions journal October 2018
The First fm/ c of Heavy-Ion Collisions journal October 2019
Collective Flow and Viscosity in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal October 2013
First Results from Pb+Pb Collisions at the LHC journal November 2012
The Color Glass Condensate journal November 2010
Simulating quantum field theory with a quantum computer conference May 2019
The sPHENIX experiment at RHIC
  • Roland, Gunther
  • Proceedings of International Conference on Hard and Electromagnetic Probes of High-Energy Nuclear Collisions — PoS(HardProbes2018) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.345.0013
conference April 2019
Future physics opportunities for high-density QCD at the LHC with heavy-ion and proton beams text January 2019
Ostrogradsky's theorem on Hamiltonian instability journal January 2015
The large $N$ limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity journal January 1998
Anti de Sitter space and holography journal January 1998
Anti-de Sitter space, thermal phase transition, and confinement in gauge theories journal January 1998
Holography, Hydrodynamization and Heavy-ion Collisions journal January 2016
Notes on Anomaly Induced Transport journal January 2016
Spectral Function for Overoccupied Gluodynamics from Classical Lattice Simulations journal January 2019

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