Using the red chromatic coordinate to characterize the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis
Abstract
Vegetation phenology has received increasing attention in climate change research. Near-surface sensing using digital repeat photography has proven to be useful for ecosystem-scale monitoring of vegetation phenology. However, our understanding of the link between phenological metrics derived from digital repeat photography and the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis is still incomplete, especially for evergreen plant species. Using 49 site-years of digital images from the PhenoCam Network from eight evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) and six deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) sites in North America, we explored the potential of the green chromatic (GCC) and red chromatic coordinates (RCC) in tracking forest canopy photosynthesis by comparing camera-derived start- and end-of-growing season (SOS and EOS, respectively) with corresponding estimates derived from eddy covariance-derived daily gross primary productivity (GPP). We found that for DBF sites, both GCC and RCC performed comparable in capturing SOS and EOS. However, similar to earlier studies, GCC had limited potential in capturing GPP-based SOS or EOS for ENF sites. In contrast, we found RCC was a better predictor of both GPP-based SOS and EOS for ENF sites. Environmental and ecological explanations were both provided that phenological transitions derived from RCC were highly correlated with spring and autumn meteorological conditions, asmore »
- Authors:
-
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China); Univ. of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)
- Univ. de Montréal, QC (Canada)
- Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
- The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1802806
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0016011
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 285-286; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-1923
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; phenology; PhenoCam; gross primary productivity; GCC; RCC; DBF; ENF
Citation Formats
Liu, Ying, Wu, Chaoyang, Sonnentag, Oliver, Desai, Ankur R., and Wang, Jian. Using the red chromatic coordinate to characterize the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107910.
Liu, Ying, Wu, Chaoyang, Sonnentag, Oliver, Desai, Ankur R., & Wang, Jian. Using the red chromatic coordinate to characterize the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107910
Liu, Ying, Wu, Chaoyang, Sonnentag, Oliver, Desai, Ankur R., and Wang, Jian. Wed .
"Using the red chromatic coordinate to characterize the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107910. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1802806.
@article{osti_1802806,
title = {Using the red chromatic coordinate to characterize the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis},
author = {Liu, Ying and Wu, Chaoyang and Sonnentag, Oliver and Desai, Ankur R. and Wang, Jian},
abstractNote = {Vegetation phenology has received increasing attention in climate change research. Near-surface sensing using digital repeat photography has proven to be useful for ecosystem-scale monitoring of vegetation phenology. However, our understanding of the link between phenological metrics derived from digital repeat photography and the phenology of forest canopy photosynthesis is still incomplete, especially for evergreen plant species. Using 49 site-years of digital images from the PhenoCam Network from eight evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) and six deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) sites in North America, we explored the potential of the green chromatic (GCC) and red chromatic coordinates (RCC) in tracking forest canopy photosynthesis by comparing camera-derived start- and end-of-growing season (SOS and EOS, respectively) with corresponding estimates derived from eddy covariance-derived daily gross primary productivity (GPP). We found that for DBF sites, both GCC and RCC performed comparable in capturing SOS and EOS. However, similar to earlier studies, GCC had limited potential in capturing GPP-based SOS or EOS for ENF sites. In contrast, we found RCC was a better predictor of both GPP-based SOS and EOS for ENF sites. Environmental and ecological explanations were both provided that phenological transitions derived from RCC were highly correlated with spring and autumn meteorological conditions, as well as having overall higher correlations with phenology based on LAI, a critical variable for describing canopy development. Our results demonstrate that RCC is an underappreciated metric for tracking vegetation phenology, especially for ENF sites where GCC failed to provide reliable estimates for GPP-based SOS or EOS. Our results improve confidence in using digital repeat photography to characterize the phenology of canopy photosynthesis across forest types.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107910},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
number = ,
volume = 285-286,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2020},
month = {Wed Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2020}
}
Works referenced in this record:
Pigment dynamics and autumn leaf senescence in a New England deciduous forest, eastern USA: Autumn leaf pigments
journal, November 2003
- Lee, David W.; O'Keefe, John; Holbrook, N. Michele
- Ecological Research, Vol. 18, Issue 6
Greenness indices from digital cameras predict the timing and seasonal dynamics of canopy-scale photosynthesis
journal, January 2015
- Toomey, Michael; Friedl, Mark A.; Frolking, Steve
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 1
Deriving land surface phenology indicators from CO2 eddy covariance measurements
journal, June 2013
- Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; D’Odorico, Petra
- Ecological Indicators, Vol. 29
Snow-vegetation relations in a High Arctic ecosystem: Inter-annual variability inferred from new monitoring and modeling concepts
journal, December 2006
- Buus-Hinkler, Jørgen; Hansen, Birger U.; Tamstorf, Mikkel P.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 105, Issue 3
Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau
journal, June 2015
- Shen, Miaogen; Piao, Shilong; Cong, Nan
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 10
Interannual variability of net ecosystem productivity in forests is explained by carbon flux phenology in autumn: Autumn phenology and NEP
journal, February 2013
- Wu, Chaoyang; Chen, Jing M.; Black, T. Andrew
- Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 22, Issue 8
Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future
journal, April 2003
- Baldocchi, Dennis D.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 9, Issue 4
Large-scale variations in the vegetation growing season and annual cycle of atmospheric CO 2 at high northern latitudes from 1950 to 2011
journal, August 2013
- Barichivich, Jonathan; Briffa, Keith R.; Myneni, Ranga B.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 10
Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity
journal, October 2010
- Richardson, Andrew D.; Andy Black, T.; Ciais, Philippe
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 365, Issue 1555
Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring
journal, May 2000
- Black, T. A.; Chen, W. J.; Barr, A. G.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 27, Issue 9
Leaf development and photosynthetic properties of three tropical tree species with delayed greening
journal, March 2005
- Cai, Z. -Q.; Slot, M.; Fan, Z. -X.
- Photosynthetica, Vol. 43, Issue 1
What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2: Tansley review
journal, November 2004
- Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Long, Stephen P.
- New Phytologist, Vol. 165, Issue 2
Linking near-surface and satellite remote sensing measurements of deciduous broadleaf forest phenology
journal, February 2012
- Hufkens, Koen; Friedl, Mark; Sonnentag, Oliver
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 117
Photoperiod and temperature responses of bud swelling and bud burst in four temperate forest tree species
journal, April 2014
- Basler, D.; Korner, C.
- Tree Physiology, Vol. 34, Issue 4
Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China
journal, November 2015
- Liu, Qiang; Fu, Yongshuo H.; Zeng, Zhenzhong
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 2
Comparing in-situ leaf observations in early spring with flux tower CO2 exchange, MODIS EVI and modeled LAI in a northern mixed forest
journal, November 2019
- Donnelly, Alison; Yu, Rong; Liu, Lingling
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 278
Beyond leaf color: Comparing camera-based phenological metrics with leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties throughout the growing season of a temperate deciduous forest: Seasonality of leaf properties
journal, March 2014
- Yang, Xi; Tang, Jianwu; Mustard, John F.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 119, Issue 3
Multisite analysis of land surface phenology in North American temperate and boreal deciduous forests from Landsat
journal, December 2016
- Melaas, Eli K.; Sulla-Menashe, Damien; Gray, Josh M.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 186
European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern
journal, October 2006
- Menzel, Annette; Sparks, Tim H.; Estrella, Nicole
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 10
Elements of a dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis
journal, June 2012
- Zhu, Xin-Guang; Song, Qingfeng; Ort, Donald R.
- Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 3
Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008: PHENOLOGY SHIFTS AT START VS. END OF GROWING SEASON
journal, February 2011
- Jeong, Su-Jong; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Gim, Hyeon-Ju
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 7
Modeling greenup date of dominant grass species in the Inner Mongolian Grassland using air temperature and precipitation data
journal, September 2013
- Chen, Xiaoqiu; Li, Jing; Xu, Lin
- International Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 58, Issue 4
Using digital camera images to detect canopy condition of deciduous broad-leaved trees
journal, March 2011
- Nagai, Shin; Maeda, Takahisa; Gamo, Minoru
- Plant Ecology & Diversity, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Constraints to growth of boreal forests
journal, June 2000
- Jarvis, Paul; Linder, Sune
- Nature, Vol. 405, Issue 6789
Early snowmelt significantly enhances boreal springtime carbon uptake
journal, October 2017
- Pulliainen, Jouni; Aurela, Mika; Laurila, Tuomas
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 42
Measuring Wheat Senescence with a Digital Camera
journal, May 1999
- Adamsen, F. J.; Pinter, Paul J.; Barnes, Edward M.
- Crop Science, Vol. 39, Issue 3
Annual carbon balance of Canada's forests during 1895-1996
journal, September 2000
- Chen, Jing; Chen, Wenjun; Liu, Jane
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 14, Issue 3
Delayed autumn phenology in the Northern Hemisphere is related to change in both climate and spring phenology
journal, May 2016
- Liu, Qiang; Fu, Yongshuo H.; Zhu, Zaichun
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 11
Interspecific and interannual variation in the duration of spring phenophases in a northern mixed forest
journal, September 2017
- Donnelly, Alison; Yu, Rong; Caffarra, Amelia
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 243
Interannual variability of net carbon exchange is related to the lag between the end-dates of net carbon uptake and photosynthesis: Evidence from long records at two contrasting forest stands
journal, October 2012
- Wu, Chaoyang; Chen, Jing M.; Gonsamo, Alemu
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 164
Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: Scaling from the field to the satellite
journal, January 2006
- Fisher, J.; Mustard, J.; Vadeboncoeur, M.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 100, Issue 2
Digital photography for assessing the link between vegetation phenology and
CO2 exchange in two contrasting northern ecosystems
journal, January 2016
- Linkosalmi, Maiju; Aurela, Mika; Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka
- Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems, Vol. 5, Issue 2
The relationship between carbon dioxide uptake and canopy colour from two camera systems in a deciduous forest in southern England
journal, December 2012
- Mizunuma, Toshie; Wilkinson, Matthew; L. Eaton, Edward
- Functional Ecology, Vol. 27, Issue 1
USA National Phenology Network’s volunteer-contributed observations yield predictive models of phenological transitions
journal, August 2017
- Crimmins, Theresa M.; Crimmins, Michael A.; Gerst, Katharine L.
- PLOS ONE, Vol. 12, Issue 8
Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages
journal, August 2002
- Sims, Daniel A.; Gamon, John A.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 81, Issue 2-3
Estimating the stem carbon production of a coniferous forest using an ecosystem simulation model driven by the remotely sensed red edge
journal, January 2000
- Lucas, N. S.; Curran, P. J.; Plummer, S. E.
- International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 21, Issue 4
Unexpected role of winter precipitation in determining heat requirement for spring vegetation green-up at northern middle and high latitudes
journal, May 2014
- Fu, Yongshuo H.; Piao, Shilong; Zhao, Hongfang
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 12
Inconsistencies of interannual variability and trends in long-term satellite leaf area index products
journal, July 2017
- Jiang, Chongya; Ryu, Youngryel; Fang, Hongliang
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 10
Inter-annual variability in the leaf area index of a boreal aspen-hazelnut forest in relation to net ecosystem production
journal, November 2004
- Barr, Alan G.; Black, T. A.; Hogg, E. H.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 126, Issue 3-4
Bringing Color into the Picture: Using Digital Repeat Photography to Investigate Phenology Controls of the Carbon Dioxide Exchange in a Boreal Mire
journal, November 2014
- Peichl, Matthias; Sonnentag, Oliver; Nilsson, Mats B.
- Ecosystems, Vol. 18, Issue 1
Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS
journal, March 2003
- Zhang, Xiaoyang; Friedl, Mark A.; Schaaf, Crystal B.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 84, Issue 3
Combining satellite derived phenology with climate data for climate change impact assessment
journal, May 2012
- Ivits, E.; Cherlet, M.; Tóth, G.
- Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 88-89
Tracking vegetation phenology across diverse North American biomes using PhenoCam imagery
journal, March 2018
- Richardson, Andrew D.; Hufkens, Koen; Milliman, Tom
- Scientific Data, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Autumn coloring, photosynthetic performance and leaf development of deciduous broad-leaved trees in relation to forest succession
journal, December 1990
- Koike, T.
- Tree Physiology, Vol. 7, Issue 1-2-3-4
A tale of two springs: using recent climate anomalies to characterize the sensitivity of temperate forest phenology to climate change
journal, May 2014
- Friedl, Mark A.; Gray, Josh M.; Melaas, Eli K.
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 5
Assessment of five satellite-derived LAI datasets for GPP estimations through ecosystem models
journal, November 2019
- Xie, Xinyao; Li, Ainong; Jin, Huaan
- Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 690
Ecological responses to recent climate change
journal, March 2002
- Walther, Gian-Reto; Post, Eric; Convey, Peter
- Nature, Vol. 416, Issue 6879
Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: phenological research in the 21st century
journal, June 2009
- Morisette, Jeffrey T.; Richardson, Andrew D.; Knapp, Alan K.
- Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 7, Issue 5
The effect of a red leaf pigment on the relationship between red edge and chlorophyll concentration
journal, January 1991
- Curran, Paul J.; Dungan, Jennifer L.; Macler, Bruce A.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 35, Issue 1
Nature's Swiss Army Knife: The Diverse Protective Roles of Anthocyanins in Leaves
journal, January 2004
- Gould, Kevin S.
- Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vol. 2004, Issue 5
Color Indices for Weed Identification Under Various Soil, Residue, and Lighting Conditions
journal, January 1995
- D. M. Woebbecke,
- Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 38, Issue 1
Photosynthesis and resource distribution through plant canopies
journal, September 2007
- Niinemets, ÜLo
- Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 30, Issue 9
Improved modeling of land surface phenology using MODIS land surface reflectance and temperature at evergreen needleleaf forests of central North America
journal, April 2016
- Liu, Yuxia; Wu, Chaoyang; Peng, Dailiang
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 176
Climatic controls on the carbon and water balances of a boreal aspen forest, 1994?2003
journal, March 2007
- Barr, Alan G.; Black, T. A.; Hogg, E. H.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 3
From Caprio's lilacs to the USA National Phenology Network
journal, August 2012
- Schwartz, Mark D.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Weltzin, Jake F.
- Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 10, Issue 6
Predicting spring phenology and frost damage risk of Betula spp. under climatic warming: a comparison of two models
journal, November 2000
- Linkosalo, T.; Carter, T. R.; Hakkinen, R.
- Tree Physiology, Vol. 20, Issue 17
Near-surface remote sensing of spatial and temporal variation in canopy phenology
journal, September 2009
- Richardson, Andrew D.; Braswell, Bobby H.; Hollinger, David Y.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 6
Photostasis and cold acclimation: sensing low temperature through photosynthesis
journal, January 2006
- Ensminger, Ingo; Busch, Florian; Huner, Norman P. A.
- Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 126, Issue 1
Remote sensing of spring phenology in northeastern forests: A comparison of methods, field metrics and sources of uncertainty
journal, May 2014
- White, Katharine; Pontius, Jennifer; Schaberg, Paul
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 148
Digital repeat photography for phenological research in forest ecosystems
journal, January 2012
- Sonnentag, Oliver; Hufkens, Koen; Teshera-Sterne, Cory
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 152
Response of rangeland vegetation to snow cover dynamics in Nepal Trans Himalaya
journal, August 2012
- Paudel, Keshav Prasad; Andersen, Peter
- Climatic Change, Vol. 117, Issue 1-2
Assessing the use of camera-based indices for characterizing canopy phenology in relation to gross primary production in a deciduous broad-leaved and an evergreen coniferous forest in Japan
journal, September 2012
- Saitoh, Taku M.; Nagai, Shin; Saigusa, Nobuko
- Ecological Informatics, Vol. 11
Remotely estimating photosynthetic capacity, and its response to temperature, in vegetation canopies using imaging spectroscopy
journal, September 2015
- Serbin, Shawn P.; Singh, Aditya; Desai, Ankur R.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 167
On the uncertainty of phenological responses to climate change, and implications for a terrestrial biosphere model
journal, January 2012
- Migliavacca, M.; Sonnentag, O.; Keenan, T. F.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 6
Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests
journal, March 2004
- Kimball, John S.; McDonald, Kyle C.; Running, Steven W.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 90, Issue 2
Use of digital webcam images to track spring green-up in a deciduous broadleaf forest
journal, March 2007
- Richardson, Andrew D.; Jenkins, Julian P.; Braswell, Bobby H.
- Oecologia, Vol. 152, Issue 2
Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood
journal, October 2001
- Feild, Taylor S.; Lee, David W.; Holbrook, N. Michele
- Plant Physiology, Vol. 127, Issue 2
Species‐specific spring and autumn leaf phenology captured by time‐lapse digital cameras
journal, January 2018
- Xie, Yingying; Civco, Daniel L.; Silander, John A.
- Ecosphere, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Influences on the Distribution of Anthocyanins and Betacyanins in Leaves of Tropical Plants
journal, September 2001
- Lee, David W.; Collins, Timothy M.
- International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 162, Issue 5
Landscape controls on the timing of spring, autumn, and growing season length in mid-Atlantic forests
journal, September 2011
- Elmore, Andrew J.; Guinn, Steven M.; Minsley, Burke J.
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 2
Vegetation phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its response to climate change (1982–2013)
journal, January 2018
- Zhang, Qiang; Kong, Dongdong; Shi, Peijun
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 248
Inter-comparison of four models for smoothing satellite sensor time-series data to estimate vegetation phenology
journal, August 2012
- Atkinson, Peter M.; Jeganathan, C.; Dash, Jadu
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 123
Global Warming and Flowering Times in Thoreau'S Concord: a Community Perspective
journal, February 2008
- Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.; Primack, Richard B.
- Ecology, Vol. 89, Issue 2
Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming: Tansley review no. 123
journal, March 2001
- Saxe, Henrik; Cannell, Melvin G. R.; Johnsen, Øystein
- New Phytologist, Vol. 149, Issue 3
Quantitative phenological observations of a mixed beech forest in northern Switzerland with digital photography: PHENOLOGY BY USE OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
journal, October 2008
- Ahrends, Hella Ellen; Brügger, Robert; Stöckli, Reto
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 113, Issue G4
Predicting deciduous forest carbon uptake phenology by upscaling FLUXNET measurements using remote sensing data
journal, November 2012
- Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; Wu, Chaoyang
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 165
Intercomparison, interpretation, and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982-2006
journal, October 2009
- White, Michael A.; de BEURS, Kirsten M.; Didan, Kamel
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 10
A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
journal, January 2003
- Parmesan, Camille; Yohe, Gary
- Nature, Vol. 421, Issue 6918
Modeling growing season phenology in North American forests using seasonal mean vegetation indices from MODIS
journal, May 2014
- Wu, Chaoyang; Gonsamo, Alemu; Gough, Christopher M.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 147
Using phenocams to monitor our changing Earth: toward a global phenocam network
journal, March 2016
- Brown, Tim B.; Hultine, Kevin R.; Steltzer, Heidi
- Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 14, Issue 2
Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacityand net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest
journal, June 2001
- Wilson, K. B.; Baldocchi, D. D.; Hanson, P. J.
- Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 24, Issue 6
Boreal ecosystems sequestered more carbon in warmer years: BOREAL ECOSYSTEMS
journal, May 2006
- Chen, Jing M.; Chen, Baozhang; Higuchi, Kaz
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 10
A new algorithm predicting the end of growth at five evergreen conifer forests based on nighttime temperature and the enhanced vegetation index
journal, October 2018
- Yuan, Huanhuan; Wu, Chaoyang; Lu, Linlin
- ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 144
Continuous observation of tree leaf area index at ecosystem scale using upward-pointing digital cameras
journal, November 2012
- Ryu, Youngryel; Verfaillie, Joseph; Macfarlane, Craig
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 126
A comparison of multiple phenology data sources for estimating seasonal transitions in deciduous forest carbon exchange
journal, December 2011
- Garrity, Steven R.; Bohrer, Gil; Maurer, Kyle D.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 12
Tree phenology and carbon dioxide fluxes: use of digital photography for process-based interpretation at the ecosystem scale
journal, September 2009
- Ahrends, He; Etzold, S.; Kutsch, Wl
- Climate Research, Vol. 39
Internal and external photoprotection in developing leaves of the CAM plant Cotyledon orbiculata
journal, May 1997
- Barker, D. H.; Seaton, G. G. R.; Robinson, S. A.
- Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 20, Issue 5
The red edge position and shape as indicators of plant chlorophyll content, biomass and hydric status.
journal, May 1994
- Filella, I.; Penuelas, J.
- International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 15, Issue 7
Using digital camera images to analyse snowmelt and phenology of a subalpine grassland
journal, November 2014
- Julitta, Tommaso; Cremonese, Edoardo; Migliavacca, Mirco
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 198-199
Responses of spring phenology to climate change
journal, May 2004
- Badeck, Franz-W.; Bondeau, Alberte; Bottcher, Kristin
- New Phytologist, Vol. 162, Issue 2
A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky–Golay filter
journal, June 2004
- Chen, Jin; Jönsson, Per.; Tamura, Masayuki
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 91, Issue 3-4
Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere
journal, February 2006
- Schwartz, Mark D.; Ahas, Rein; Aasa, Anto
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 2
Measuring phenological variability from satellite imagery
journal, October 1994
- Reed, Bradley C.; Brown, Jesslyn F.; VanderZee, Darrel
- Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 5, Issue 5
A Cellular Timetable of Autumn Senescence
journal, November 2005
- Keskitalo, Johanna; Bergquist, Gustaf; Gardeström, Per
- Plant Physiology, Vol. 139, Issue 4
Snow cover phenology affects alpine vegetation growth dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau: Satellite observed evidence, impacts of different biomes, and climate drivers
journal, June 2018
- Wang, Xiaoyue; Wu, Chaoyang; Peng, Dailiang
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 256-257
Relationships between phenology, radiation and precipitation in the Amazon region: PHENOLOGY DRIVERS IN THE AMAZON
journal, March 2011
- Bradley, Andrew V.; Gerard, France F.; Barbier, Nicolas
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 6
Using digital repeat photography and eddy covariance data to model grassland phenology and photosynthetic CO2 uptake
journal, October 2011
- Migliavacca, Mirco; Galvagno, Marta; Cremonese, Edoardo
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 10
Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves
journal, May 1992
- Chen, J. M.; Black, T. A.
- Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 15, Issue 4
Quantifying Chlorophylls and Caroteniods at Leaf and Canopy Scales
journal, December 1998
- Blackburn, George Alan
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 66, Issue 3
The match and mismatch between photosynthesis and land surface phenology of deciduous forests
journal, December 2015
- D’Odorico, Petra; Gonsamo, Alemu; Gough, Christopher M.
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 214-215
Global vegetation phenology from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Evaluation of global patterns and comparison with in situ measurements: GLOBAL PHENOLOGY FROM MODIS
journal, December 2006
- Zhang, Xiaoyang; Friedl, Mark A.; Schaaf, Crystal B.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 111, Issue G4
Networked web-cameras monitor congruent seasonal development of birches with phenological field observations
journal, February 2018
- Peltoniemi, Mikko; Aurela, Mika; Böttcher, Kristin
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 249
Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system
journal, February 2013
- Richardson, Andrew D.; Keenan, Trevor F.; Migliavacca, Mirco
- Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 169
Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices
journal, November 2002
- Huete, A.; Didan, K.; Miura, T.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 83, Issue 1-2
Color enhancement of highly correlated images. II. Channel ratio and “chromaticity” transformation techniques
journal, August 1987
- Gillespie, Alan R.; Kahle, Anne B.; Walker, Richard E.
- Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 22, Issue 3
Tracking forest phenology and seasonal physiology using digital repeat photography: a critical assessment
journal, September 2014
- Keenan, T. F.; Darby, B.; Felts, E.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 6
Phenological response to climate change in China: a meta-analysis
journal, June 2014
- Ge, Quansheng; Wang, Huanjiong; Rutishauser, This
- Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 1
Evaluating remote sensing of deciduous forest phenology at multiple spatial scales using PhenoCam imagery
journal, January 2014
- Klosterman, S. T.; Hufkens, K.; Gray, J. M.
- Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 16
Climatic Consequences of Leaf Presence in the Eastern United States
journal, February 2001
- Fitzjarrald, David R.; Acevedo, Otávio C.; Moore, Kathleen E.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 14, Issue 4
The Association between Extremes in North American Snow Cover Extent and United States Temperatures
journal, July 1993
- Leathers, Daniel J.; Robinson, Dayid A.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 6, Issue 7