Northern Hemisphere Winter Air Temperature Patterns and Their Associated Atmospheric and Ocean Conditions
Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere (NH) has experienced winter Arctic warming and continental cooling in recent decades, but the dominant patterns in winter surface air temperature (SAT) are not well understood. Here, a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis is performed to identify the leading patterns in winter daily SAT fields from 1979 to 2018, and their associated atmospheric and ocean conditions are also examined. Three distinct winter SAT patterns with two phases of nearly opposite signs and a time scale of 7–12 days are found: one pattern exhibits concurrent SAT anomalies of the same sign over North America (NA) and northern Eurasia, while the other two patterns show SAT anomalies of opposite signs between, respectively, NA and the Bering Sea, and the Kara Sea and East Asia (EA). Winter SAT variations may arise from changes in the SOM frequencies. Specifically, the observed increasing trends of winter cold extremes over NA, central Eurasia, and EA during 1998–2013 can be understood as a result of the increasing occurrences of some specific SAT patterns. These SOMs are closely related to poleward advection of midlatitude warm air and equatorward movements of polar cold airmass. These meridional displacements of cold and warm airmasses cause concurrent anomalies over differentmore »
- Authors:
-
- State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States); Nanjing Univ. of Technology (China)
- State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States)
- Nanjing Univ. of Technology (China)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1802436
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0012602
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Climate
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 33; Journal Issue: 14; Journal ID: ISSN 0894-8755
- Publisher:
- American Meteorological Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Atmosphere; Surface temperature; Classification; Interannual variability; Interdecadal variability
Citation Formats
Deng, Jiechun, Dai, Aiguo, and Chyi, Dorina. Northern Hemisphere Winter Air Temperature Patterns and Their Associated Atmospheric and Ocean Conditions. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0533.1.
Deng, Jiechun, Dai, Aiguo, & Chyi, Dorina. Northern Hemisphere Winter Air Temperature Patterns and Their Associated Atmospheric and Ocean Conditions. United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0533.1
Deng, Jiechun, Dai, Aiguo, and Chyi, Dorina. Wed .
"Northern Hemisphere Winter Air Temperature Patterns and Their Associated Atmospheric and Ocean Conditions". United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0533.1. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1802436.
@article{osti_1802436,
title = {Northern Hemisphere Winter Air Temperature Patterns and Their Associated Atmospheric and Ocean Conditions},
author = {Deng, Jiechun and Dai, Aiguo and Chyi, Dorina},
abstractNote = {The Northern Hemisphere (NH) has experienced winter Arctic warming and continental cooling in recent decades, but the dominant patterns in winter surface air temperature (SAT) are not well understood. Here, a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis is performed to identify the leading patterns in winter daily SAT fields from 1979 to 2018, and their associated atmospheric and ocean conditions are also examined. Three distinct winter SAT patterns with two phases of nearly opposite signs and a time scale of 7–12 days are found: one pattern exhibits concurrent SAT anomalies of the same sign over North America (NA) and northern Eurasia, while the other two patterns show SAT anomalies of opposite signs between, respectively, NA and the Bering Sea, and the Kara Sea and East Asia (EA). Winter SAT variations may arise from changes in the SOM frequencies. Specifically, the observed increasing trends of winter cold extremes over NA, central Eurasia, and EA during 1998–2013 can be understood as a result of the increasing occurrences of some specific SAT patterns. These SOMs are closely related to poleward advection of midlatitude warm air and equatorward movements of polar cold airmass. These meridional displacements of cold and warm airmasses cause concurrent anomalies over different regions not only in SAT but also in water vapor and surface downward longwave radiation. Anomalous sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific, midlatitude North Pacific, and North Atlantic and anomalous Arctic sea ice concentrations also concur to support and maintain the anomalous atmospheric circulation that causes the SAT anomalies.},
doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-19-0533.1},
journal = {Journal of Climate},
number = 14,
volume = 33,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jul 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Wed Jul 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
The Melting Arctic and Midlatitude Weather Patterns: Are They Connected?
journal, October 2015
- Overland, James; Francis, Jennifer A.; Hall, Richard
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 20
Extreme wave activity during 2013/2014 winter and morphological impacts along the Atlantic coast of Europe
journal, March 2016
- Masselink, Gerd; Castelle, Bruno; Scott, Tim
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 5
On the cooccurrence of wintertime temperature anomalies over eastern Asia and eastern North America: COOCCURRENCE OF TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES
journal, July 2017
- Chen, Ruyan; Huang, Wenyu; Wang, Bin
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 122, Issue 13
Arctic sea ice decline and continental cold anomalies: Upstream and downstream effects of Greenland blocking: ARCTIC SEA ICE DECLINE AND COLD WINTERS
journal, April 2017
- Chen, Xiaodan; Luo, Dehai
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 7
A Cold Event in Asia during January–February 2012 and Its Possible Association with Arctic Sea Ice Loss
journal, September 2017
- Wu, Bingyi; Yang, Kun; Francis, Jennifer A.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 19
Isentropic Analysis of Polar Cold Airmass Streams in the Northern Hemispheric Winter
journal, June 2014
- Iwasaki, Toshiki; Shoji, Takamichi; Kanno, Yuki
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 71, Issue 6
Dipole Anomaly in the Winter Arctic Atmosphere and Its Association with Sea Ice Motion
journal, January 2006
- Wu, Bingyi; Wang, Jia; Walsh, John E.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 2
The Partitioning of Poleward Heat Transport between the Atmosphere and Ocean
journal, May 2006
- Czaja, Arnaud; Marshall, John
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 63, Issue 5
Charge and discharge of polar cold air mass in northern hemispheric winter
journal, September 2015
- Kanno, Yuki; Abdillah, Muhammad Rais; Iwasaki, Toshiki
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 17
Latent and Sensible Heat Flux Anomalies over the Northern Oceans: The Connection to Monthly Atmospheric Circulation
journal, April 1992
- Cayan, Daniel R.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Unusual Late-Season Cold Surges during the 2005 Asian Winter Monsoon: Roles of Atlantic Blocking and the Central Asian Anticyclone
journal, October 2009
- Lu, Mong-Ming; Chang, Chih-Pei
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 22, Issue 19
Effects of Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking on Arctic Sea Ice Decline in Winter at Weekly Time Scales
journal, August 2018
- Yao, Yao; Luo, Dehai; Zhong, Linhao
- Atmosphere, Vol. 9, Issue 9
Human Influence on the Record-breaking Cold Event in January of 2016 in Eastern China
journal, January 2018
- Qian, Cheng; Wang, Jun; Dong, Siyan
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 99, Issue 1
Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis
journal, May 2011
- Serreze, Mark C.; Barry, Roger G.
- Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 77, Issue 1-2
Weakened Potential Vorticity Barrier Linked to Recent Winter Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Midlatitude Cold Extremes
journal, June 2019
- Luo, Dehai; Chen, Xiaodan; Overland, James
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 32, Issue 14
Predicting the Dominant Patterns of Subseasonal Variability of Wintertime Surface Air Temperature in Extratropical Northern Hemisphere
journal, May 2018
- Lin, Hai
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 9
Twenty-five winters of unexpected Eurasian cooling unlikely due to Arctic sea-ice loss
journal, October 2016
- McCusker, Kelly E.; Fyfe, John C.; Sigmond, Michael
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 9, Issue 11
Subseasonal variability of North American wintertime surface air temperature
journal, October 2014
- Lin, Hai
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 45, Issue 5-6
The North American winter ‘dipole’ and extremes activity: a CMIP5 assessment: Amplification of North American dipole
journal, February 2015
- Wang, Shih-Yu Simon; Huang, Wan-Ru; Yoon, Jin-Ho
- Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 3
Distinguishing Interannual Variations of the Northern and Southern Modes of the East Asian Winter Monsoon
journal, January 2014
- Chen, Zhang; Wu, Renguang; Chen, Wen
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 2
Sea ice motion in response to geostrophic winds
journal, January 1982
- Thorndike, A. S.; Colony, R.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, Issue C8
A climatology of daily synoptic circulation patterns and associated surface meteorology over southern South America
journal, April 2019
- Loikith, Paul C.; Pampuch, Luana Albertani; Slinskey, Emily
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 53, Issue 7-8
Role of internal atmospheric variability in the 2015 extreme winter climate over the North American continent
journal, March 2017
- Xie, Jinbo; Zhang, Minghua
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 5
Stratospheric Connection to Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Weather: Implications for Prediction
journal, June 2002
- Thompson, David W. J.; Baldwin, Mark P.; Wallace, John M.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 15, Issue 12
The structure and large-scale organization of extreme cold waves over the conterminous United States
journal, March 2017
- Xie, Zuowei; Black, Robert X.; Deng, Yi
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 49, Issue 11-12
Comparison of Intraseasonal East Asian Winter Cold Temperature Anomalies in Positive and Negative Phases of the Arctic Oscillation
journal, August 2018
- Song, Lei; Wu, Renguang
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 16
Winter Atmospheric Circulation Anomaly Associated with Recent Arctic Winter Warm Anomalies
journal, November 2017
- Wu, Bingyi
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 21
Arctic Sea Ice Variability on a Timescale of Weeks and Its Relation to Atmospheric Forcing
journal, December 1994
- Fang, Zhifang; Wallace, John M.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 7, Issue 12
Key Role of the North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Pattern in Generating the Extreme 2013/14 North American Winter
journal, October 2015
- Baxter, Stephen; Nigam, Sumant
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 20
Two distinct influences of Arctic warming on cold winters over North America and East Asia
journal, August 2015
- Kug, Jong-Seong; Jeong, Jee-Hoon; Jang, Yeon-Soo
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 8, Issue 10
A new dynamical index for classification of cold surge types over East Asia
journal, January 2015
- Park, Tae-Won; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Jeong, Jee-Hoon
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 45, Issue 9-10
Wintertime North Pacific Teleconnection Patterns: Seasonal and Interannual Variability
journal, October 2015
- Yuan, Jiacan; Tan, Benkui; Feldstein, Steven B.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 20
The Continuum of North Pacific Sea Level Pressure Patterns: Intraseasonal, Interannual, and Interdecadal Variability
journal, February 2010
- Johnson, Nathaniel C.; Feldstein, Steven B.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, Issue 4
Arctic Sea Ice Variability in the Context of Recent Atmospheric Circulation Trends
journal, February 2000
- Deser, Clara; Walsh, John E.; Timlin, Michael S.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 13, Issue 3
The Robustness of Midlatitude Weather Pattern Changes due to Arctic Sea Ice Loss
journal, November 2016
- Chen, Hans W.; Zhang, Fuqing; Alley, Richard B.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 21
Interannual atmospheric variability and associated fluctuations in Arctic Sea ice extent
journal, January 1979
- Walsh, John E.; Johnson, Claudia M.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, Issue C11
Atmospheric GCM Response to Extratropical SST Anomalies: Synthesis and Evaluation*
journal, August 2002
- Kushnir, Y.; Robinson, W. A.; Bladé, I.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 15, Issue 16
The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
journal, April 2011
- Dee, D. P.; Uppala, S. M.; Simmons, A. J.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 137, Issue 656
Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather
journal, August 2014
- Cohen, Judah; Screen, James A.; Furtado, Jason C.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 7, Issue 9
Arctic Air Masses in a Warming World
journal, March 2016
- Gervais, Melissa; Atallah, Eyad; Gyakum, John R.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 7
Arctic amplification is caused by sea-ice loss under increasing CO2
journal, January 2019
- Dai, Aiguo; Luo, Dehai; Song, Mirong
- Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Asymmetric Modulation of ENSO Teleconnections by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
journal, September 2018
- Dong, Bo; Dai, Aiguo; Vuille, Mathias
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Issue 18
NCEP–DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2)
journal, November 2002
- Kanamitsu, Masao; Ebisuzaki, Wesley; Woollen, Jack
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 83, Issue 11
The East Asian winter monsoon: re-amplification in the mid-2000s
journal, December 2013
- Wang, Lin; Chen, Wen
- Chinese Science Bulletin, Vol. 59, Issue 4
Tests for detecting a shift in the mean of hydrological time series
journal, July 1984
- Buishand, T. A.
- Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 73, Issue 1-2
Was the North American extreme climate in winter 2013/14 a SST forced response?
journal, June 2018
- Peng, Peitao; Kumar, Arun; Chen, Mingyue
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 52, Issue 5-6
Interannual Variation of the East Asian Cold Surge Activity
journal, January 2004
- Chen, Tsing-Chang; Huang, Wan-Ru; Yoon, Jin-ho
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 17, Issue 2
Global Warming and Winter Weather
journal, February 2014
- Wallace, J. M.; Held, I. M.; Thompson, D. W. J.
- Science, Vol. 343, Issue 6172
Warm Arctic—cold continents: climate impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea
journal, January 2011
- Overland, James E.; Wood, Kevin R.; Wang, Muyin
- Polar Research, Vol. 30, Issue 1
Understanding the Anomalously Cold European Winter of 2005/06 Using Relaxation Experiments
journal, August 2010
- Jung, T.; Palmer, T. N.; Rodwell, M. J.
- Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 138, Issue 8
Impact of Ural Blocking on Winter Warm Arctic–Cold Eurasian Anomalies. Part I: Blocking-Induced Amplification
journal, June 2016
- Luo, Dehai; Xiao, Yiqing; Yao, Yao
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 11
Winter Weather Patterns over Northern Eurasia and Arctic Sea Ice Loss
journal, October 2013
- Wu, Bingyi; Handorf, Dörthe; Dethloff, Klaus
- Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 141, Issue 11
Relationship between the Arctic Oscillation and Cold Surges over East Asia
journal, January 2011
- Park, Tae-Won; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Yang, Song
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 1
Changes in Atmospheric Blocking Circulations Linked with Winter Arctic Warming: A New Perspective
journal, September 2018
- Luo, Dehai; Chen, Xiaodan; Dai, Aiguo
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 31, Issue 18
Attribution of the Recent Winter Sea Ice Decline over the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean
journal, May 2015
- Park, Doo-Sun R.; Lee, Sukyoung; Feldstein, Steven B.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 10
Ural Blocking as an Amplifier of the Arctic Sea Ice Decline in Winter
journal, April 2017
- Gong, Tingting; Luo, Dehai
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 7
Extreme Cold Wave over East Asia in January 2016: A Possible Response to the Larger Internal Atmospheric Variability Induced by Arctic Warming
journal, February 2019
- Ma, Shuangmei; Zhu, Congwen
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 32, Issue 4
Recent amplification of the North American winter temperature dipole: TRENDS IN NORTH AMERICAN DIPOLE EXTREMES
journal, September 2016
- Singh, Deepti; Swain, Daniel L.; Mankin, Justin S.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 17
What caused the recent “Warm Arctic, Cold Continents” trend pattern in winter temperatures?
journal, May 2016
- Sun, Lantao; Perlwitz, Judith; Hoerling, Martin
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 10
Nonlinear Climate Responses to Increasing CO2 and Anthropogenic Aerosols Simulated by CESM1
journal, December 2019
- Deng, Jiechun; Dai, Aiguo; Xu, Haiming
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 33, Issue 1
Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Associated with East Asian Cold Air Outbreaks. Part I: Interannual Variability
journal, April 2017
- Abdillah, Muhammad Rais; Kanno, Yuki; Iwasaki, Toshiki
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 8
Anomalous Temperature Regimes during the Cool Season: Long-Term Trends, Low-Frequency Mode Modulation, and Representation in CMIP5 Simulations
journal, November 2013
- Westby, Rebecca M.; Lee, Yun-Young; Black, Robert X.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 22
On the Role of Tropical Ocean Forcing of the Persistent North American West Coast Ridge of Winter 2013/14
journal, November 2016
- Seager, Richard; Henderson, Naomi
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 22
The North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Teleconnection Pattern: Mature-Phase Structure and Winter Impacts
journal, May 2008
- Linkin, Megan E.; Nigam, Sumant
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 9
Winter 2010 in Europe: A cold extreme in a warming climate: COLD WINTER 2010 IN EUROPE
journal, October 2010
- Cattiaux, J.; Vautard, R.; Cassou, C.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 20
A physical analysis of the severe 2013/2014 cold winter in North America
journal, October 2015
- Yu, Bin; Zhang, Xuebin
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 19
Winter Monthly Mean Atmospheric Anomalies over the North Pacific and North America Associated with El Niño SSTs
journal, October 2000
- Wang, Hui; Fu, Rong
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 13, Issue 19
Little influence of Arctic amplification on mid-latitude climate
journal, February 2020
- Dai, Aiguo; Song, Mirong
- Nature Climate Change, Vol. 10, Issue 3
Physics of U.S. Surface Temperature Response to ENSO
journal, September 2011
- Zhang, Tao; Hoerling, Martin P.; Perlwitz, Judith
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 18
The Recent Increase in the Occurrence of a Boreal Summer Teleconnection and Its Relationship with Temperature Extremes
journal, September 2017
- Lee, Min-Hee; Lee, Sukyoung; Song, Hyo-Jong
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 18
Interannual variability of sea‐ice cover in Hudson bay, Baffin bay and the Labrador sea
journal, June 1994
- Wang, Jia; Mysak, Lawrence A.; Ingram, R. Grant
- Atmosphere-Ocean, Vol. 32, Issue 2
Modification of the wintertime Pacific–North American pattern related North American climate anomalies by the Asian–Bering–North American teleconnection
journal, December 2018
- Yu, Bin; Lin, Hai
- Climate Dynamics, Vol. 53, Issue 1-2