Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy and Kelvin Probe Measurements on Metal Halide Perovskites: Advantages and Pitfalls

Zhang, Fengyu; Silver, Scott H.; Noel, Nakita K.; Ullrich, Florian; Rand, Barry P.; Kahn, Antoine

doi:10.1002/aenm.201903252

Title: Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy and Kelvin Probe Measurements on Metal Halide Perovskites: Advantages and Pitfalls

Journal Article · 28 January 2020 · Advanced Energy Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903252 · OSTI ID:1799528

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Princeton Univ., NJ (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering; OSTI
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Princeton Inst. for the Science and Technology of Materials
Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany). Materials Science Dept.
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment

In this essay, a case study is presented on the electronic structure of several metal halide perovskites (MHP) using Kelvin probe (KP)-based surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) to demonstrate the advantages, but also the pitfalls, of using these techniques to characterize the surfaces of these materials. The first part addresses the loss of halide species from perovskite surfaces upon supragap illumination in vacuum. This has the potential to cause both a long-term alteration of the sample work function and a modification of the KP tip during SPV measurements. If undetected, this leads to a misinterpretation of the MHP surface potential. The second part illustrates the difficulties in determining the valence band maximum (VBM) of MHP surfaces with UPS and stresses the importance of taking into account the low density of states at the VBM edge. Given this circumstance, specific care must be taken to eliminate measurement artifacts in order to ascertain the presence or absence of low densities of electronic gap states above the VBM. This essay also highlights issues such as film degradation, nonequilibrium situations (e.g., SPV), and satellite emissions, which occur during photoemission spectroscopy.

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Research Organization:: Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008560

OSTI ID:: 1799528

Journal Information:: Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Energy Materials Journal Issue: 26 Vol. 10; ISSN 1614-6832

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Kelvin probe
metal halide perovskite
surface photovoltage
ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy

Title: Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy and Kelvin Probe Measurements on Metal Halide Perovskites: Advantages and Pitfalls

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