Atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts for fuel cells: advances in catalyst design, electrode performance, and durability improvement

He, Yanghua; Liu, Shengwen; Priest, Cameron; Shi, Qiurong; Wu, Gang

doi:10.1039/c9cs00903e

Title: Atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts for fuel cells: advances in catalyst design, electrode performance, and durability improvement

Abstract

The urgent need to address the high-cost issue of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technologies, particularly for transportation applications, drives the development of simultaneously highly active and durable platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts and electrodes. The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in exploring PGM-free cathode catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to overcome sluggish kinetics and catalyst instability in acids. Among others, scientists have identified the newly emerging atomically dispersed transition metal (M: Fe, Co, or/and Mn) and nitrogen co-doped carbon (M–N–C) catalysts as the most promising alternative to PGM catalysts. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of significant breakthroughs, remaining challenges, and perspectives regarding the M–N–C catalysts in terms of catalyst activity, stability, and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance. A variety of novel synthetic strategies demonstrated effectiveness in improving intrinsic activity, increasing active site density, and attaining optimal porous structures of catalysts. Rationally designing and engineering the coordination environment of single metal MN_x sites and their local structures are crucial for enhancing intrinsic activity. Increasing the site density relies on the innovative strategies of restricting the migration and agglomeration of single metal sites into metallic clusters. Relevant understandings provide the correlations among the nature of active sites,more »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Liu, Shengwen ^[1]; Priest, Cameron ^[1]; Shi, Qiurong ^[1];

^[1]

Univ. at Buffalo, NY (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering

Publication Date:: Tue Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Giner, Inc., Newton, MA (United States); Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States); Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Fuel Cell Technologies Office; USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1799421

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1616328

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008075; EE0008076; EE0008417

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Chemical Society Reviews

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 49; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 0306-0012

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    He, Yanghua, Liu, Shengwen, Priest, Cameron, Shi, Qiurong, and Wu, Gang. Atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts for fuel cells: advances in catalyst design, electrode performance, and durability improvement.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1039/c9cs00903e.

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                    He, Yanghua, Liu, Shengwen, Priest, Cameron, Shi, Qiurong, & Wu, Gang. Atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts for fuel cells: advances in catalyst design, electrode performance, and durability improvement.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00903e

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                    He, Yanghua, Liu, Shengwen, Priest, Cameron, Shi, Qiurong, and Wu, Gang. Tue .  
"Atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts for fuel cells: advances in catalyst design, electrode performance, and durability improvement".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00903e.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1799421.

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@article{osti_1799421,

  title        = {Atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon catalysts for fuel cells: advances in catalyst design, electrode performance, and durability improvement},

  author       = {He, Yanghua and Liu, Shengwen and Priest, Cameron and Shi, Qiurong and Wu, Gang},

  abstractNote = {The urgent need to address the high-cost issue of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technologies, particularly for transportation applications, drives the development of simultaneously highly active and durable platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts and electrodes. The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in exploring PGM-free cathode catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to overcome sluggish kinetics and catalyst instability in acids. Among others, scientists have identified the newly emerging atomically dispersed transition metal (M: Fe, Co, or/and Mn) and nitrogen co-doped carbon (M–N–C) catalysts as the most promising alternative to PGM catalysts. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of significant breakthroughs, remaining challenges, and perspectives regarding the M–N–C catalysts in terms of catalyst activity, stability, and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance. A variety of novel synthetic strategies demonstrated effectiveness in improving intrinsic activity, increasing active site density, and attaining optimal porous structures of catalysts. Rationally designing and engineering the coordination environment of single metal MNx sites and their local structures are crucial for enhancing intrinsic activity. Increasing the site density relies on the innovative strategies of restricting the migration and agglomeration of single metal sites into metallic clusters. Relevant understandings provide the correlations among the nature of active sites, nanostructures, and catalytic activity of M–N–C catalysts at the atomic scale through a combination of experimentation and theory. Current knowledge of the transferring catalytic properties of M–N–C catalysts to MEA performance is limited. Rationally designing morphologic features of M–N–C catalysts play a vital role in boosting electrode performance through exposing more accessible active sites, realizing uniform ionomer distribution, and facilitating mass/proton transports. We outline future research directions concerning the comprehensive evaluation of M–N–C catalysts in MEAs. The most considerable challenge of current M–N–C catalysts is the unsatisfied stability and rapid performance degradation in MEAs. Therefore, we further discuss practical methods and strategies to mitigate catalyst and electrode degradation, which is fundamentally essential to make M–N–C catalysts viable in PEMFC technologies.},

  doi          = {10.1039/c9cs00903e},

  journal      = {Chemical Society Reviews},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 49,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Tue Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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Citation Formats

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Surface Fluorination to Boost the Stability of the Fe/N/C Cathode in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, November 2017

Cobalt Single Atoms Immobilized N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Bifunctional Catalysis toward Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions journal, June 2018

Constructing a Triple-Phase Interface in Micropores to Boost Performance of Fe/N/C Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells journal, February 2017

In situ electrochemical quantification of active sites in Fe–N/C non-precious metal catalysts journal, October 2016

Active and stable carbon nanotube/nanoparticle composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction journal, May 2013

Activity, Performance, and Durability for the Reduction of Oxygen in PEM Fuel Cells, of Fe/N/C Electrocatalysts Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Metal-Organic-Framework and Iron Porphyrin Precursors journal, March 2015

Determination of the Electron Transfer Number for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: From Theory to Experiment journal, June 2016

The Effect of Impurity Cations on the Oxygen Reduction Kinetics at Platinum Electrodes Covered with Perfluorinated Ionomer journal, July 2001

ElectroCat: DOE's approach to PGM-free catalyst and electrode R&D journal, June 2018

Mesoporous Metal–Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, October 2013

Highly efficient nonprecious metal catalyst prepared with metal–organic framework in a continuous carbon nanofibrous network journal, August 2015

Critical advancements in achieving high power and stable nonprecious metal catalyst–based MEAs for real-world proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications journal, March 2018

Platinum-group-metal catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: From catalyst design to electrode structure optimization journal, January 2020

Oxygen reduction reaction in acid medium at iron phthalocyanine dispersed on high surface area carbon substrate: tolerance to methanol, stability and kinetics journal, April 2005

Structure of the catalytic sites in Fe/N/C-catalysts for O2-reduction in PEM fuel cells journal, January 2012

Resolving Challenges of Mass Transport in Non Pt-Group Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, January 2018

Isolated Fe and Co dual active sites on nitrogen-doped carbon for a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction journal, January 2018

Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis Methods of Nitrogen Reduction for Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis journal, October 2018

Atomically dispersed manganese catalysts for oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells journal, October 2018

Sensitivity of Density Functional Theory Methodology for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Predictions on Fe–N 4 -Containing Graphitic Clusters journal, December 2016

Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Fe–N/C Electrocatalysts by Silica-Coating-Mediated Synthesis for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, September 2018

New Approaches to Non-PGM Electrocatalysts Using Porous Framework Materials conference, January 2010

Nanowire-Directed Templating Synthesis of Metal–Organic Framework Nanofibers and Their Derived Porous Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Electrocatalysis journal, October 2014

Density-Functional-Theory Calculation Analysis of Active Sites for Four-Electron Reduction of O 2 on Fe/N-Doped Graphene journal, October 2014

Ordered Pt 3 Co Intermetallic Nanoparticles Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction journal, June 2018

Exploring Fe-N x for Peroxide Reduction: Template-Free Synthesis of Fe-N x Traumatized Mesoporous Carbon Nanotubes as an ORR Catalyst in Acidic and Alkaline Solutions journal, July 2018

Bimetallic−organic framework-derived hierarchically porous Co-Zn-N-C as efficient catalyst for acidic oxygen reduction reaction journal, May 2019

One-Pot Fabrication of Mesoporous Core–Shell Au@PtNi Ternary Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Efficiency for Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, February 2016

PEM fuel cell electrodes journal, May 2004

3D polymer hydrogel for high-performance atomic iron-rich catalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media journal, December 2017

Phosphorus-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Grown In Situ on Carbon-Fiber Paper: Flexible and Reversible Oxygen Electrodes journal, December 2014

Progress in preparation of non-noble electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell reactions journal, June 2006

Hierarchically Porous M-N-C (M = Co and Fe) Single-Atom Electrocatalysts with Robust MN x Active Moieties Enable Enhanced ORR Performance journal, August 2018

Modeling Hierarchical Non-Precious Metal Catalyst Cathodes for PEFCs Using Multi-Scale X-ray CT Imaging journal, August 2014

Dioxygen electrocatalysis: mechanisms in relation to catalyst structure journal, November 1986

Effect of Acid-Washing on the Nature of Bulk Characteristics of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts in Acidic Media journal, September 2018

A Modified Pore-Filling Isotherm for Liquid-Phase Adsorption in Activated Carbon journal, March 2001

Stability of iron species in heat-treated polyaniline–iron–carbon polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode catalysts journal, November 2013

Revealing the Role of the Metal in Non-Precious-Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction via Selective Removal of Fe journal, March 2018

Synergetic Contribution of Boron and Fe–N x Species in Porous Carbons toward Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, November 2017

Ambient Synthesis of Single‐Atom Catalysts from Bulk Metal via Trapping of Atoms by Surface Dangling Bonds journal, September 2019

A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell journal, March 2008

Templated growth of Fe/N/C catalyst on hierarchically porous carbon for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells journal, August 2019

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber catalyst for ORR in PEM fuel cell stack: Performance, durability and market application aspects journal, October 2016

Cationic Contamination Effects on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Performance journal, January 2011

O-, N-Atoms-Coordinated Mn Cofactors within a Graphene Framework as Bioinspired Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts journal, May 2018

Tunable Synthesis of Hollow Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Capsules for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysis in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, June 2019

A CeO2 modified phenylenediamine-based Fe/N/C with enhanced durability/stability as non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction journal, March 2018

Engineered architecture of nitrogenous graphene encapsulating porous carbon with nano-channel reactors enhancing the PEM fuel cell performance journal, December 2017

Metal-organic framework derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon@graphene sandwich-like structured composites as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions journal, September 2016

Well-elaborated, mechanochemically synthesized Fe-TPP⊂ZIF precursors (Fe-TPP = tetraphenylporphine iron) to atomically dispersed iron–nitrogen species for oxygen reduction reaction and Zn-air batteries journal, October 2018

A Review on Recent Progress in the Aspect of Stability of Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Quantum Mechanics and Experimental Approaches journal, June 2019

A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets journal, August 2009

Stability of Fe-N-C Catalysts in Acidic Medium Studied by Operando Spectroscopy journal, August 2015

Insight into the Rapid Degradation Behavior of Nonprecious Metal Fe–N–C Electrocatalyst-Based Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, September 2019

Atomically Dispersed Iron Cathode Catalysts Derived from Binary Ligand-Based Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks with Enhanced Stability for PEM Fuel Cells journal, January 2019

Highly Hydrophobic Carbon Black Obtained by Covalent Linkage of Perfluorocarbon and Perfluoropolyether Chains on the Carbon Surface journal, October 2009

High-Performance Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Precious-Metal-Free Cathode journal, June 2016

A specific demetalation of Fe–N 4 catalytic sites in the micropores of NC_Ar + NH 3 is at the origin of the initial activity loss of the highly active Fe/N/C catalyst used for the reduction of oxygen in PEM fuel cells journal, January 2018

Templated bi-metallic non-PGM catalysts for oxygen reduction journal, October 2012

Oxygen Reduction Reactions on Single‐ or Few‐Atom Discrete Active Sites for Heterogeneous Catalysis journal, September 2019

Long-Range Electron Transfer over Graphene-Based Catalyst for High-Performing Oxygen Reduction Reactions: Importance of Size, N-doping, and Metallic Impurities journal, June 2014

Pt alloy oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts: Synthesis, structure, and property journal, May 2020

Synergistic Effects between Atomically Dispersed Fe−N−C and C−S−C for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acidic Media journal, September 2017

Cyanamide-derived non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction journal, December 2010

Directly converting Fe-doped metal–organic frameworks into highly active and stable Fe-N-C catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid journal, July 2016

Phosphate-Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Catalysts journal, August 2014

Understanding Oxygen Activation on Metal- and Nitrogen-Codoped Carbon Catalysts journal, August 2018

Fe–N–C Catalyst Graphitic Layer Structure and Fuel Cell Performance journal, June 2017

In Situ Polymer Graphenization Ingrained with Nanoporosity in a Nitrogenous Electrocatalyst Boosting the Performance of Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Fuel Cells journal, December 2016

Organic dyestuffs as catalysts for fuel cells book, January 1976

Electronic structure engineering to boost oxygen reduction activity by controlling the coordination of the central metal journal, January 2018

Manganese and Cobalt in the Nonheme-Metal-Binding Site of a Biosynthetic Model of Heme-Copper Oxidase Superfamily Confer Oxidase Activity through Redox-Inactive Mechanism journal, August 2017

Molecule-Level g-C 3 N 4 Coordinated Transition Metals as a New Class of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electrode Reactions journal, February 2017

Bio-inspired FeN 5 moieties anchored on a three-dimensional graphene aerogel to improve oxygen reduction catalytic performance journal, January 2018

Carbon‐Rich Nonprecious Metal Single Atom Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution journal, May 2019

Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer
journal, January 2019

Surface Fluorination to Boost the Stability of the Fe/N/C Cathode in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, November 2017

Cobalt Single Atoms Immobilized N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Bifunctional Catalysis toward Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
journal, June 2018

Constructing a Triple-Phase Interface in Micropores to Boost Performance of Fe/N/C Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
journal, February 2017

In situ electrochemical quantification of active sites in Fe–N/C non-precious metal catalysts
journal, October 2016

Active and stable carbon nanotube/nanoparticle composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction
journal, May 2013

Activity, Performance, and Durability for the Reduction of Oxygen in PEM Fuel Cells, of Fe/N/C Electrocatalysts Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Metal-Organic-Framework and Iron Porphyrin Precursors
journal, March 2015

Determination of the Electron Transfer Number for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: From Theory to Experiment
journal, June 2016

The Effect of Impurity Cations on the Oxygen Reduction Kinetics at Platinum Electrodes Covered with Perfluorinated Ionomer
journal, July 2001

ElectroCat: DOE's approach to PGM-free catalyst and electrode R&D
journal, June 2018

Mesoporous Metal–Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, October 2013

Highly efficient nonprecious metal catalyst prepared with metal–organic framework in a continuous carbon nanofibrous network
journal, August 2015

Critical advancements in achieving high power and stable nonprecious metal catalyst–based MEAs for real-world proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications
journal, March 2018

Platinum-group-metal catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: From catalyst design to electrode structure optimization
journal, January 2020

Oxygen reduction reaction in acid medium at iron phthalocyanine dispersed on high surface area carbon substrate: tolerance to methanol, stability and kinetics
journal, April 2005

Structure of the catalytic sites in Fe/N/C-catalysts for O2-reduction in PEM fuel cells
journal, January 2012

Resolving Challenges of Mass Transport in Non Pt-Group Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, January 2018

Isolated Fe and Co dual active sites on nitrogen-doped carbon for a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction
journal, January 2018

Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis Methods of Nitrogen Reduction for Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis
journal, October 2018

Atomically dispersed manganese catalysts for oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
journal, October 2018

Sensitivity of Density Functional Theory Methodology for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Predictions on Fe–N ₄ -Containing Graphitic Clusters
journal, December 2016

Promoting Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Fe–N/C Electrocatalysts by Silica-Coating-Mediated Synthesis for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, September 2018

New Approaches to Non-PGM Electrocatalysts Using Porous Framework Materials
conference, January 2010

Nanowire-Directed Templating Synthesis of Metal–Organic Framework Nanofibers and Their Derived Porous Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Electrocatalysis
journal, October 2014

Density-Functional-Theory Calculation Analysis of Active Sites for Four-Electron Reduction of O ₂ on Fe/N-Doped Graphene
journal, October 2014

Ordered Pt ₃ Co Intermetallic Nanoparticles Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction
journal, June 2018

Exploring Fe-N _x for Peroxide Reduction: Template-Free Synthesis of Fe-N _x Traumatized Mesoporous Carbon Nanotubes as an ORR Catalyst in Acidic and Alkaline Solutions
journal, July 2018

Bimetallic−organic framework-derived hierarchically porous Co-Zn-N-C as efficient catalyst for acidic oxygen reduction reaction
journal, May 2019

One-Pot Fabrication of Mesoporous Core–Shell Au@PtNi Ternary Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Efficiency for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, February 2016

PEM fuel cell electrodes
journal, May 2004

3D polymer hydrogel for high-performance atomic iron-rich catalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media
journal, December 2017

Phosphorus-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Grown In Situ on Carbon-Fiber Paper: Flexible and Reversible Oxygen Electrodes
journal, December 2014

Progress in preparation of non-noble electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell reactions
journal, June 2006

Hierarchically Porous M-N-C (M = Co and Fe) Single-Atom Electrocatalysts with Robust MN _x Active Moieties Enable Enhanced ORR Performance
journal, August 2018

Modeling Hierarchical Non-Precious Metal Catalyst Cathodes for PEFCs Using Multi-Scale X-ray CT Imaging
journal, August 2014

Dioxygen electrocatalysis: mechanisms in relation to catalyst structure
journal, November 1986

Effect of Acid-Washing on the Nature of Bulk Characteristics of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts in Acidic Media
journal, September 2018

A Modified Pore-Filling Isotherm for Liquid-Phase Adsorption in Activated Carbon
journal, March 2001

Stability of iron species in heat-treated polyaniline–iron–carbon polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathode catalysts
journal, November 2013

Revealing the Role of the Metal in Non-Precious-Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction via Selective Removal of Fe
journal, March 2018

Synergetic Contribution of Boron and Fe–N _x Species in Porous Carbons toward Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, November 2017

Ambient Synthesis of Single‐Atom Catalysts from Bulk Metal via Trapping of Atoms by Surface Dangling Bonds
journal, September 2019

A review of water flooding issues in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell
journal, March 2008

Templated growth of Fe/N/C catalyst on hierarchically porous carbon for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
journal, August 2019

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber catalyst for ORR in PEM fuel cell stack: Performance, durability and market application aspects
journal, October 2016

Cationic Contamination Effects on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Performance
journal, January 2011

O-, N-Atoms-Coordinated Mn Cofactors within a Graphene Framework as Bioinspired Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts
journal, May 2018

Tunable Synthesis of Hollow Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Capsules for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysis in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, June 2019

A CeO2 modified phenylenediamine-based Fe/N/C with enhanced durability/stability as non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, March 2018

Engineered architecture of nitrogenous graphene encapsulating porous carbon with nano-channel reactors enhancing the PEM fuel cell performance
journal, December 2017

Metal-organic framework derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon@graphene sandwich-like structured composites as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions
journal, September 2016

Well-elaborated, mechanochemically synthesized Fe-TPP⊂ZIF precursors (Fe-TPP = tetraphenylporphine iron) to atomically dispersed iron–nitrogen species for oxygen reduction reaction and Zn-air batteries
journal, October 2018

A Review on Recent Progress in the Aspect of Stability of Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Quantum Mechanics and Experimental Approaches
journal, June 2019

A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets
journal, August 2009

Stability of Fe-N-C Catalysts in Acidic Medium Studied by Operando Spectroscopy
journal, August 2015

Insight into the Rapid Degradation Behavior of Nonprecious Metal Fe–N–C Electrocatalyst-Based Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, September 2019

Atomically Dispersed Iron Cathode Catalysts Derived from Binary Ligand-Based Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks with Enhanced Stability for PEM Fuel Cells
journal, January 2019

Highly Hydrophobic Carbon Black Obtained by Covalent Linkage of Perfluorocarbon and Perfluoropolyether Chains on the Carbon Surface
journal, October 2009

High-Performance Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with Precious-Metal-Free Cathode
journal, June 2016

A specific demetalation of Fe–N ₄ catalytic sites in the micropores of NC_Ar + NH ₃ is at the origin of the initial activity loss of the highly active Fe/N/C catalyst used for the reduction of oxygen in PEM fuel cells
journal, January 2018

Templated bi-metallic non-PGM catalysts for oxygen reduction
journal, October 2012

Oxygen Reduction Reactions on Single‐ or Few‐Atom Discrete Active Sites for Heterogeneous Catalysis
journal, September 2019

Long-Range Electron Transfer over Graphene-Based Catalyst for High-Performing Oxygen Reduction Reactions: Importance of Size, N-doping, and Metallic Impurities
journal, June 2014

Pt alloy oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts: Synthesis, structure, and property
journal, May 2020

Synergistic Effects between Atomically Dispersed Fe−N−C and C−S−C for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acidic Media
journal, September 2017

Cyanamide-derived non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction
journal, December 2010

Directly converting Fe-doped metal–organic frameworks into highly active and stable Fe-N-C catalysts for oxygen reduction in acid
journal, July 2016

Phosphate-Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
journal, August 2014

Understanding Oxygen Activation on Metal- and Nitrogen-Codoped Carbon Catalysts
journal, August 2018

Fe–N–C Catalyst Graphitic Layer Structure and Fuel Cell Performance
journal, June 2017

In Situ Polymer Graphenization Ingrained with Nanoporosity in a Nitrogenous Electrocatalyst Boosting the Performance of Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, December 2016

Organic dyestuffs as catalysts for fuel cells
book, January 1976

Electronic structure engineering to boost oxygen reduction activity by controlling the coordination of the central metal
journal, January 2018

Manganese and Cobalt in the Nonheme-Metal-Binding Site of a Biosynthetic Model of Heme-Copper Oxidase Superfamily Confer Oxidase Activity through Redox-Inactive Mechanism
journal, August 2017

Molecule-Level g-C ₃ N ₄ Coordinated Transition Metals as a New Class of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electrode Reactions
journal, February 2017

Bio-inspired FeN ₅ moieties anchored on a three-dimensional graphene aerogel to improve oxygen reduction catalytic performance
journal, January 2018

Carbon‐Rich Nonprecious Metal Single Atom Electrocatalysts for CO ₂ Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution
journal, May 2019

Electrochemical ammonia synthesis through N2 and H2O under ambient conditions: Theory, practices, and challenges for catalysts and electrolytes
journal, March 2020

FeCo–Nx embedded graphene as high performance catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction
journal, February 2013

Sulfuration of an Fe-N-C Catalyst Containing Fe _x C/Fe Species to Enhance the Catalysis of Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media and for Use in Flexible Zn-Air Batteries
journal, October 2018