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Title: Sub-particle reaction and photocurrent mapping to optimize catalyst-modified photoanodes

Abstract

The splitting of water photoelectrochemically into hydrogen and oxygen represents a promising technology for converting solar energy to fuel. The main challenge is to ensure that photogenerated holes efficiently oxidize water, which generally requires modification of the photoanode with an oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) to increase the photocurrent and reduce the onset potential. However, because excess OEC material can hinder light absorption and decrease photoanode performance, its deposition needs to be carefully controlled—yet it is unclear which semiconductor surface sites give optimal improvement if targeted for OEC deposition, and whether sites catalysing water oxidation also contribute to competing charge-carrier recombination with photogenerated electrons. Surface heterogeneity exacerbates these uncertainties, especially for nanostructured photoanodes benefiting from small charge-carrier transport distances. In this study, we use super-resolution imaging, operated in a chargecarrier- selective manner and with a spatiotemporal resolution of approximately 30 nanometres and 15 milliseconds, to map both the electron- and hole-driven photoelectrocatalytic activities on single titanium oxide nanorods. We then map, with sub-particle resolution (about 390 nanometres), the photocurrent associated with water oxidation, and find that the most active sites for water oxidation are also the most important sites for charge-carrier recombination. Site-selective deposition of an OEC, guided by the activitymore » maps, improves the overall performance of a given nanorod—even though more improvement in photocurrent efficiency correlates with less reduction in onset potential (and vice versa) at the subparticle level. Moreover, the optimal catalyst deposition sites for photocurrent enhancement are the lower-activity sites, and for onset potential reduction the optimal sites are the sites with more positive onset potential, contrary to what is obtainable under typical deposition conditions. These findings allow us to suggest an activity-based strategy for rationally engineering catalyst-improved photoelectrodes, which should be widely applicable because our measurements can be performed for many different semiconductor and catalyst materials.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  2. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States); National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States)
  3. Colorado Mesa Univ., Grand Junction, CO (United States)
  4. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division; US Army Research Office (ARO); National Science Foundation (NSF); Petroleum Research Foundation
OSTI Identifier:
1774980
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0004911; FG02-10ER16199; 63767-CH; 65814-CH; CBET-1263736; CHE-1137217; DMR-1063059; DMR-1120296; ECCS-15420819; 54289-ND7
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature (London)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 530; Journal Issue: 7588; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats

Sambur, Justin B., Chen, Tai-Yen, Choudhary, Eric, Chen, Guanqun, Nissen, Erin J., Thomas, Elayne M., Zou, Ningmu, and Chen, Peng. Sub-particle reaction and photocurrent mapping to optimize catalyst-modified photoanodes. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1038/nature16534.
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Sambur, Justin B., Chen, Tai-Yen, Choudhary, Eric, Chen, Guanqun, Nissen, Erin J., Thomas, Elayne M., Zou, Ningmu, & Chen, Peng. Sub-particle reaction and photocurrent mapping to optimize catalyst-modified photoanodes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16534
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Sambur, Justin B., Chen, Tai-Yen, Choudhary, Eric, Chen, Guanqun, Nissen, Erin J., Thomas, Elayne M., Zou, Ningmu, and Chen, Peng. Wed . "Sub-particle reaction and photocurrent mapping to optimize catalyst-modified photoanodes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16534. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1774980.
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@article{osti_1774980,
title = {Sub-particle reaction and photocurrent mapping to optimize catalyst-modified photoanodes},
author = {Sambur, Justin B. and Chen, Tai-Yen and Choudhary, Eric and Chen, Guanqun and Nissen, Erin J. and Thomas, Elayne M. and Zou, Ningmu and Chen, Peng},
abstractNote = {The splitting of water photoelectrochemically into hydrogen and oxygen represents a promising technology for converting solar energy to fuel. The main challenge is to ensure that photogenerated holes efficiently oxidize water, which generally requires modification of the photoanode with an oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) to increase the photocurrent and reduce the onset potential. However, because excess OEC material can hinder light absorption and decrease photoanode performance, its deposition needs to be carefully controlled—yet it is unclear which semiconductor surface sites give optimal improvement if targeted for OEC deposition, and whether sites catalysing water oxidation also contribute to competing charge-carrier recombination with photogenerated electrons. Surface heterogeneity exacerbates these uncertainties, especially for nanostructured photoanodes benefiting from small charge-carrier transport distances. In this study, we use super-resolution imaging, operated in a chargecarrier- selective manner and with a spatiotemporal resolution of approximately 30 nanometres and 15 milliseconds, to map both the electron- and hole-driven photoelectrocatalytic activities on single titanium oxide nanorods. We then map, with sub-particle resolution (about 390 nanometres), the photocurrent associated with water oxidation, and find that the most active sites for water oxidation are also the most important sites for charge-carrier recombination. Site-selective deposition of an OEC, guided by the activity maps, improves the overall performance of a given nanorod—even though more improvement in photocurrent efficiency correlates with less reduction in onset potential (and vice versa) at the subparticle level. Moreover, the optimal catalyst deposition sites for photocurrent enhancement are the lower-activity sites, and for onset potential reduction the optimal sites are the sites with more positive onset potential, contrary to what is obtainable under typical deposition conditions. These findings allow us to suggest an activity-based strategy for rationally engineering catalyst-improved photoelectrodes, which should be widely applicable because our measurements can be performed for many different semiconductor and catalyst materials.},
doi = {10.1038/nature16534},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7588,
volume = 530,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Feb 03 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Wed Feb 03 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
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    Reaction systems for solar hydrogen production via water splitting with particulate semiconductor photocatalysts
    journal, March 2019

    Imaging the chemical activity of single nanoparticles with optical microscopy
    journal, January 2018

    Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting of hematite multilayer nanowire photoanodes by tuning the surface state via bottom-up interfacial engineering
    journal, January 2017

    • Tang, PengYi; Xie, HaiBing; Ros, Carles
    • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 10
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7ee01475a

    Monitoring the dynamic photocatalytic activity of single CdS nanoparticles by lighting up H 2 nanobubbles with fluorescent dyes
    journal, January 2018

    • Su, Hua; Fang, Yimin; Chen, Fangyuan
    • Chemical Science, Vol. 9, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04684g

    Imaging photogenerated charge carriers on surfaces and interfaces of photocatalysts with surface photovoltage microscopy
    journal, January 2018

    • Chen, Ruotian; Fan, Fengtao; Dittrich, Thomas
    • Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, Issue 22
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00320c

    Nanoscale electrochemical movies and synchronous topographical mapping of electrocatalytic materials
    journal, January 2018

    • Bentley, Cameron L.; Unwin, Patrick R.
    • Faraday Discussions, Vol. 210
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00028j

    Nanoscale electrochemical kinetics & dynamics: the challenges and opportunities of single-entity measurements
    journal, January 2018

    • Edwards, M. A.; Robinson, D. A.; Ren, H.
    • Faraday Discussions, Vol. 210
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00134k

    Direct SERS tracking of a chemical reaction at a single 13 nm gold nanoparticle
    journal, January 2019

    • Zhang, Kun; Liu, Yujie; Wang, Yuning
    • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04496a

    Advanced space- and time-resolved techniques for photocatalyst studies
    journal, January 2020

    • Gao, Yuying; Nie, Wei; Wang, Xiuli
    • Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, Issue 7
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07128h

    Construction of a triple sequential junction for efficient separation of photogenerated charges in photocatalysis
    journal, January 2020

    • Li, Chun; Yang, Xia; Chen, Xuebing
    • Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08013a

    Rational design of functional materials guided by single particle chemiluminescence imaging
    journal, January 2019

    • Kong, Weijun; Li, Qi; Wang, Wei
    • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 21
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00954j

    Single nanoparticle photoelectrochemistry: What is next?
    journal, November 2019

    • Wang, Li; Schmid, Merranda; Sambur, Justin B.
    • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 151, Issue 18
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5124710

    Intermittent photocatalytic activity of single CdS nanoparticles
    journal, September 2017

    • Fang, Yimin; Li, Zhimin; Jiang, Yingyan
    • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 40
    • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708617114

    Direct high-resolution mapping of electrocatalytic activity of semi-two-dimensional catalysts with single-edge sensitivity
    journal, May 2019

    • Sun, Tong; Wang, Dengchao; Mirkin, Michael V.
    • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821091116

    Single-molecule and -particle probing crystal edge/corner as highly efficient photocatalytic sites on a single TiO 2 particle
    journal, September 2019

    • Wang, Wei-Kang; Chen, Jie-Jie; Lou, Zai-Zhu
    • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 38
    • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907122116

    The 2018 correlative microscopy techniques roadmap
    journal, August 2018

    • Ando, Toshio; Bhamidimarri, Satya Prathyusha; Brending, Niklas
    • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 44
    • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aad055

    Roadmap on plasmonics
    journal, March 2018

    • Stockman, Mark I.; Kneipp, Katrin; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.
    • Journal of Optics, Vol. 20, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/aaa114

    Tunable dextran retention of MXene-TiO 2 mesoporous membranes by adjusting the 2D MXene content
    journal, July 2018

    Review—Electrochemistry's Potential to Reach the Ultimate Sensitivity in Measurement Science
    journal, November 2019

    • Goines, Sondrica; Dick, Jeffrey E.
    • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1149/2.0052003jes

    Correlated Single-Molecule Reaction Imaging and Photocurrent Measurements Reveal Underlying Rate Processes in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
    journal, January 2019

    • Sambur, Justin B.; Shepherd, Douglas P.; Hesari, Mahdi
    • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1149/2.040195jes

    Efficiency and Bond Selectivity in Plasmon-Induced Photochemistry
    journal, June 2017

    Observing the Reversible Single Molecule Electrochemistry of Alexa Fluor 647 Dyes by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
    journal, August 2019

    • Fan, Sanjun; Webb, James E. A.; Yang, Ying
    • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 41
    • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907298

    Plasmonic hot electron transport drives nano-localized chemistry
    journal, March 2017

    • Cortés, Emiliano; Xie, Wei; Cambiasso, Javier
    • Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14880

    Charge separation via asymmetric illumination in photocatalytic Cu2O particles
    journal, July 2018

    The 2018 correlative microscopy techniques roadmap
    collection, January 2018

    • Ando, Toshio; Bhamidimarri, Satya Prathyusha; Brending, Niklas
    • Universität des Saarlandes
    • DOI: 10.22028/d291-29241

    Tunneling Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Probing Electrochemical Processes at Single Nanoparticles
    journal, May 2018

    • Sun, Tong; Wang, Dengchao; Mirkin, Michael V.
    • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 25
    • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801115

    Total Internal Reflection-Based Extinction Spectroscopy of Single Nanoparticles
    journal, November 2018

    Observing the Reversible Single Molecule Electrochemistry of Alexa Fluor 647 Dyes by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
    journal, August 2019

    • Fan, Sanjun; Webb, James E. A.; Yang, Ying
    • Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 41
    • DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907298

    Rationalizing Acid Zeolite Performance on the Nanoscale by Correlative Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy
    journal, July 2017

    Bimetallic Effect of Single Nanocatalysts Visualized by Super-Resolution Catalysis Imaging
    journal, November 2017

    Single Molecule Nanospectroscopy Visualizes Proton-Transfer Processes within a Zeolite Crystal
    journal, October 2016

    • Ristanović, Zoran; Kubarev, Alexey V.; Hofkens, Johan
    • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 41
    • DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06083

    Reversible and Site-Dependent Proton-Transfer in Zeolites Uncovered at the Single-Molecule Level
    journal, October 2018

    • Ristanović, Zoran; Chowdhury, Abhishek Dutta; Brogaard, Rasmus Y.
    • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 43
    • DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08041

    Crystalline TiO2 protective layer with graded oxygen defects for efficient and stable silicon-based photocathode
    journal, September 2018

    Deciphering nanoconfinement effects on molecular orientation and reaction intermediate by single molecule imaging
    journal, October 2019

    Ultrathin Hematite Photoanode with Gradient Ti Doping
    journal, January 2020

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