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Title: Rewired phenolic metabolism and improved saccharification efficiency of a Zea mays cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (zmcad2) mutant

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant byproduct from cereal crops that can potentially be valorized as a feedstock to produce biomaterials. Zea mays CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 2 (ZmCAD2) is involved in lignification, and is a promising target to improve the cellulose–to–glucose conversion of maize stover. Here, we analyzed a field–grown zmcad2 Mutator transposon insertional mutant. Zmcad2 mutant plants had an 18% lower Klason lignin content, whereas their cellulose content was similar to that of control lines. The lignin in zmcad2 mutants contained increased levels of hydroxycinnamaldehydes, i.e. the substrates of ZmCAD2, ferulic acid and tricin. Ferulates decorating hemicelluloses were not altered. Phenolic profiling further revealed that hydroxycinnamaldehydes are partly converted into (dihydro)ferulic acid and sinapic acid and their derivatives in zmcad2 mutants. Syringyl lactic acid hexoside, a metabolic sink in CAD–deficient dicot trees, appeared not to be a sink in zmcad2 maize. The enzymatic cellulose–to–glucose conversion efficiency was determined after 10 different thermochemical pre–treatments. Zmcad2 yielded significantly higher conversions compared with controls for almost every pre–treatment. However, the relative increase in glucose yields after alkaline pre–treatment was not higher than the relative increase when no pre–treatment was applied, suggesting that the positive effect of the incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes was leveled offmore » by the negative effect of reduced p–coumarate levels in the cell wall. Here, taken together, our results reveal how phenolic metabolism is affected in CAD–deficient maize, and further support mutating CAD genes in cereal crops as a promising strategy to improve lignocellulosic biomass for sugar–platform biorefineries.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Ghent Univ. (Belgium); VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent (Belgium)
  2. Ghent Univ. (Belgium); VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent (Belgium)
  3. Ghent Univ. (Belgium); VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent (Belgium); VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent (Belgium)
  4. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Wisconsin Energy Inst., Madison, WI (United States)
  5. Biogemma, Chappes (France)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Chinese Scholarship Council; Univ. Gent
OSTI Identifier:
1764738
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0018409; 251132 (SUNLIBB); G0C1914N; AUGE/014
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Plant Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 105; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 0960-7412
Publisher:
Society for Experimental Biology
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; Lignin; CAD; brown midrib; bm1; maize; field-grown; saccharification; pretreatment; metabolomics; phenolic profiling

Citation Formats

Liu, Xinyu, Van Acker, Rebecca, Voorend, Wannes, Pallidis, Andreas, Goeminne, Geert, Pollier, Jacob, Morreel, Kris, Kim, Hoon, Muylle, Hilde, Bosio, Mickael, Ralph, John, Vanholme, Ruben, and Boerjan, Wout. Rewired phenolic metabolism and improved saccharification efficiency of a Zea mays cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (zmcad2) mutant. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. doi:10.1111/tpj.15108.
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Liu, Xinyu, Van Acker, Rebecca, Voorend, Wannes, Pallidis, Andreas, Goeminne, Geert, Pollier, Jacob, Morreel, Kris, Kim, Hoon, Muylle, Hilde, Bosio, Mickael, Ralph, John, Vanholme, Ruben, & Boerjan, Wout. Rewired phenolic metabolism and improved saccharification efficiency of a Zea mays cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (zmcad2) mutant. United States. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15108
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Liu, Xinyu, Van Acker, Rebecca, Voorend, Wannes, Pallidis, Andreas, Goeminne, Geert, Pollier, Jacob, Morreel, Kris, Kim, Hoon, Muylle, Hilde, Bosio, Mickael, Ralph, John, Vanholme, Ruben, and Boerjan, Wout. Tue . "Rewired phenolic metabolism and improved saccharification efficiency of a Zea mays cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (zmcad2) mutant". United States. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15108. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1764738.
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@article{osti_1764738,
title = {Rewired phenolic metabolism and improved saccharification efficiency of a Zea mays cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (zmcad2) mutant},
author = {Liu, Xinyu and Van Acker, Rebecca and Voorend, Wannes and Pallidis, Andreas and Goeminne, Geert and Pollier, Jacob and Morreel, Kris and Kim, Hoon and Muylle, Hilde and Bosio, Mickael and Ralph, John and Vanholme, Ruben and Boerjan, Wout},
abstractNote = {Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant byproduct from cereal crops that can potentially be valorized as a feedstock to produce biomaterials. Zea mays CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 2 (ZmCAD2) is involved in lignification, and is a promising target to improve the cellulose–to–glucose conversion of maize stover. Here, we analyzed a field–grown zmcad2 Mutator transposon insertional mutant. Zmcad2 mutant plants had an 18% lower Klason lignin content, whereas their cellulose content was similar to that of control lines. The lignin in zmcad2 mutants contained increased levels of hydroxycinnamaldehydes, i.e. the substrates of ZmCAD2, ferulic acid and tricin. Ferulates decorating hemicelluloses were not altered. Phenolic profiling further revealed that hydroxycinnamaldehydes are partly converted into (dihydro)ferulic acid and sinapic acid and their derivatives in zmcad2 mutants. Syringyl lactic acid hexoside, a metabolic sink in CAD–deficient dicot trees, appeared not to be a sink in zmcad2 maize. The enzymatic cellulose–to–glucose conversion efficiency was determined after 10 different thermochemical pre–treatments. Zmcad2 yielded significantly higher conversions compared with controls for almost every pre–treatment. However, the relative increase in glucose yields after alkaline pre–treatment was not higher than the relative increase when no pre–treatment was applied, suggesting that the positive effect of the incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes was leveled off by the negative effect of reduced p–coumarate levels in the cell wall. Here, taken together, our results reveal how phenolic metabolism is affected in CAD–deficient maize, and further support mutating CAD genes in cereal crops as a promising strategy to improve lignocellulosic biomass for sugar–platform biorefineries.},
doi = {10.1111/tpj.15108},
journal = {The Plant Journal},
number = 5,
volume = 105,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2020},
month = {Tue Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2020}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15108
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