3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications

Lazarian, Alex; Eyink, Gregory L.; Jafari, Amir; Kowal, Grzegorz; Li, Hui; Xu, Siyao; Vishniac, Ethan T.

doi:10.1063/1.5110603

Title: 3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications

Abstract

Magnetic reconnection, topological changes in magnetic fields, is a fundamental process in magnetized plasmas. It is associated with energy release in regions of magnetic field annihilation, but this is only one facet of this process. Astrophysical fluid flows normally have very large Reynolds numbers and are expected to be turbulent, in agreement with observations. In strong turbulence, magnetic field lines constantly reconnect everywhere and on all scales, thus making magnetic reconnection an intrinsic part of the turbulent cascade. We note in particular that this is inconsistent with the usual practice of magnetic field lines as persistent dynamical elements. A number of theoretical, numerical, and observational studies starting with the paper done by Lazarian and Vishniac [Astrophys. J. 517, 700–718 (1999)] proposed that 3D turbulence makes magnetic reconnection fast and that magnetic reconnection and turbulence are intrinsically connected. In particular, we discuss the dramatic violation of the textbook concept of magnetic flux-freezing in the presence of turbulence. We demonstrate that in the presence of turbulence, the plasma effects are subdominant to turbulence as far as the magnetic reconnection is concerned. The latter fact justifies a magnetohydrodynamiclike treatment of magnetic reconnection on all scales much larger than the relevant plasma scales. Wemore »« less

Authors:

Lazarian, Alex ^[1]; Eyink, Gregory L. ^[2];

^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[1];

^[2]

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Univ. de Sao Paolo (Brazil)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2020

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES); US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)

OSTI Identifier:: 1764228

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1595866

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-20-28591
Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X; TRN: US2206155

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001; AR0000565; FG02-04ER5475; 1914599; FA9550-11-1-0184

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physics of Plasmas

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 27; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Magnetic reconnection; magnetohydrodynamics; circuit theorems; magnetic energy; plasmas; cosmic rays; stochastic processes; magnetic fields; star formation; solar wind

Citation Formats


                    Lazarian, Alex, Eyink, Gregory L., Jafari, Amir, Kowal, Grzegorz, Li, Hui, Xu, Siyao, and Vishniac, Ethan T. 3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5110603.

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                    Lazarian, Alex, Eyink, Gregory L., Jafari, Amir, Kowal, Grzegorz, Li, Hui, Xu, Siyao, & Vishniac, Ethan T. 3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110603

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                    Lazarian, Alex, Eyink, Gregory L., Jafari, Amir, Kowal, Grzegorz, Li, Hui, Xu, Siyao, and Vishniac, Ethan T. Wed .  
"3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110603.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1764228.

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@article{osti_1764228,

  title        = {3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications},

  author       = {Lazarian, Alex and Eyink, Gregory L. and Jafari, Amir and Kowal, Grzegorz and Li, Hui and Xu, Siyao and Vishniac, Ethan T.},

  abstractNote = {Magnetic reconnection, topological changes in magnetic fields, is a fundamental process in magnetized plasmas. It is associated with energy release in regions of magnetic field annihilation, but this is only one facet of this process. Astrophysical fluid flows normally have very large Reynolds numbers and are expected to be turbulent, in agreement with observations. In strong turbulence, magnetic field lines constantly reconnect everywhere and on all scales, thus making magnetic reconnection an intrinsic part of the turbulent cascade. We note in particular that this is inconsistent with the usual practice of magnetic field lines as persistent dynamical elements. A number of theoretical, numerical, and observational studies starting with the paper done by Lazarian and Vishniac [Astrophys. J. 517, 700–718 (1999)] proposed that 3D turbulence makes magnetic reconnection fast and that magnetic reconnection and turbulence are intrinsically connected. In particular, we discuss the dramatic violation of the textbook concept of magnetic flux-freezing in the presence of turbulence. We demonstrate that in the presence of turbulence, the plasma effects are subdominant to turbulence as far as the magnetic reconnection is concerned. The latter fact justifies a magnetohydrodynamiclike treatment of magnetic reconnection on all scales much larger than the relevant plasma scales. We discuss the numerical and observational evidence supporting the turbulent reconnection model. In particular, we demonstrate that the tearing reconnection is suppressed in 3D, and unlike the 2D settings, 3D reconnection induces turbulence that makes magnetic reconnection independent of resistivity. We show that turbulent reconnection dramatically affects key astrophysical processes, e.g., star formation, turbulent dynamo, and acceleration of cosmic rays. We provide criticism of the concept of “reconnection-mediated turbulence” and explain why turbulent reconnection is very different from enhanced turbulent resistivity and hyper-resistivity and why the latter have fatal conceptual flaws.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5110603},

  journal      = {Physics of Plasmas},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 27,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2020},

  month        = {Wed Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2020}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

Reconnection-Controlled Decay of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and the Role of Invariants
journal, October 2021

Hosking, David N.; Schekochihin, Alexander A.
Physical Review X, Vol. 11, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.11.041005

Self-organized Criticality in Multi-pulse Gamma-Ray Bursts
preprint, January 2020

Lyu, Fen; Li, Ya-Ping; Hou, Shu-Jin
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2009.06180

Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized plasmas
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Ni, Lei; Ji, Hantao; Murphy, Nicholas A.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2003.13233

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Title: 3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications

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Fast reconnection in high-Lundquist-number plasmas due to the plasmoid Instability journal, November 2009

Spectral and Intermittency Properties of Relativistic Turbulence journal, December 2012

Compressible Sub-Alfvenic MHD turbulence in Low-beta Plasmas text, January 2002

Strong Imbalanced Turbulence journal, August 2008

Magnetic Reconnection, Helicity Dynamics, and Hyper-Diffusion journal, September 2012

Electron acceleration in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a guide field journal, October 2015

Magnetic turbulence in cool cores of galaxy clusters journal, June 2006

Reconnection in a Weakly Stochastic Field journal, June 1999

Turbulent Dynamo in a Conducting Fluid and a Partially Ionized gas journal, December 2016

Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence journal, February 2018

New constraints on modelling the random magnetic field of the MW journal, May 2016

A model of nonlinear evolution and saturation of the turbulent MHD dynamo journal, January 2002

Collisionless Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic and Kinetic Turbulence journal, December 2017

Statistics of Reconnection-driven Turbulence journal, March 2017

The Small-Scale Dynamo and Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics in Primordial star Formation journal, July 2012

An update on the energy dissipation rate in isotropic turbulence journal, February 1998

The Turbulence Velocity Power Spectrum of Neutral Hydrogen in the Small Magellanic Cloud text, January 2015

Fluctuation dynamo and turbulent induction at small Prandtl number journal, October 2010

Turbulent Dynamo in a Weakly Ionized Medium journal, February 2019

Efficient acceleration and radiation in Poynting flux powered GRB outflows journal, August 2002

Testing Magnetic star Formation Theory journal, February 2009

Tracing Magnetic Fields with Spectroscopic Channel Maps journal, January 2018

Self-Generated Turbulence in Magnetic Reconnection journal, June 2015

Toward a theory of interstellar turbulence. 2: Strong alfvenic turbulence journal, January 1995

Pinch Sheets and Reconnection in Astrophysics journal, September 1981

Simulations of nonhelical hydromagnetic turbulence text, January 2003

Atmospheric Diffusion Shown on a Distance-Neighbour Graph journal, April 1926

Flux-freezing breakdown in high-conductivity magnetohydrodynamic turbulence journal, May 2013

Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission journal, March 2016

Magnetic Field Structure and Stochastic Reconnection in a Partially Ionized Gas journal, March 2004

Testing Magnetic Star Formation Theory text, January 2008

Simulations of Electron Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence text, January 2009

Why fast magnetic reconnection is so prevalent journal, January 2018

The mechanisms of electron heating and acceleration during magnetic reconnection journal, September 2014

Inertial-Range Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and in the Solar Wind journal, July 2015

Magnetohydrodynamics in the extreme relativistic limit journal, March 1998

Numerical Tests of fast Reconnection in Weakly Stochastic Magnetic Fields journal, June 2009

Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and turbulent dynamo in partially ionized plasma journal, June 2017

Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Interstellar Plasmas journal, November 2001

Magnetic reconnection as the origin of X-ray jets and Hα surges on the Sun journal, May 1995

Bi-directional plasma jets produced by magnetic reconnection on the Sun journal, April 1997

Self-Consistent Dynamolike Activity in Turbulent Plasmas journal, July 1986

Studying Turbulence using Doppler-broadened lines: Velocity Coordinate Spectrum text, January 2005

Magnetization of Cloud Cores and Envelopes and Other Observational Consequences of Reconnection Diffusion journal, September 2012

The role of kink instability in Poynting-flux dominated jets conference, January 2006

On Turbulent Reconnection text, January 2001

Reconnection current sheet structure in a turbulent medium journal, January 2012

Secondary Magnetic Islands Generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a Reconnecting Current Sheet journal, June 2012

Chromospheric anemone jets and magnetic reconnection in partially ionized solar atmosphere journal, November 2011

Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Plasmoid-mediated Regime journal, February 2018

The relation between ion temperature anisotropy and formation of slow shocks in collisionless magnetic reconnection: SLOW SHOCKS AND TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPY journal, January 2012

Coarse-grained incompressible magnetohydrodynamics: analyzing the turbulent cascades journal, February 2017

Onset of fast reconnection in Hall magnetohydrodynamics mediated by the plasmoid instability journal, July 2011

Fully kinetic simulations of undriven magnetic reconnection with open boundary conditions journal, July 2006

On the synchrotron spectrum of GRB prompt emission text, January 2017

The Collapse of Turbulent Cores and Reconnection Diffusion journal, October 2013

A loop-top hard X-ray source in a compact solar flare as evidence for magnetic reconnection journal, October 1994

A turbulent model for the interstellar medium. 1: Threshold star formation and self-gravity journal, March 1995

Scaling of Sweet–Parker reconnection with secondary islands journal, December 2009

A Fundamental Plane of black hole activity journal, November 2003

Disruption of sheet-like structures in Alfvénic turbulence by magnetic reconnection journal, March 2017

Particle Acceleration in Reconnecting Current Sheets with a Nonzero Magnetic Field journal, May 1996

Numerical Simulations of Driven Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence journal, December 2011

Star Formation in Magnetic Dust Clouds journal, October 1956

Three-Dimensional Spontaneous Magnetic Reconnection journal, December 2016

Magnetic Reconnection May Control the Ion-Scale Spectral Break of Solar Wind Turbulence text, January 2018

AlfvÉNic Turbulence Beyond the Ambipolar Diffusion Scale journal, May 2015

Diffusion regions and 3D energy mode development in spontaneous reconnection text, January 2019

Electron acceleration in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a guide field preprint, January 2015

Diffusion of Magnetic Field and Removal of Magnetic flux from Clouds via Turbulent Reconnection journal, April 2010

Tiny‐Scale Atomic Structure and the Cold Neutral Medium journal, May 1997

The Current Sheet Associated with the 2003 November 4 Coronal Mass Ejection: Density, Temperature, Thickness, and Line Width
journal, October 2008

Magnetic Fields in Interstellar Clouds from Zeeman Observations: Inference of Total Field Strengths by Bayesian Analysis
journal, November 2010

Physical Origin of the Quadrupole Out-of-Plane Magnetic Field in Hall-MHD Reconnection
text, January 2006

The Power Spectrum of Supersonic Turbulence in Perseus
journal, November 2006

Relativistic Reconnection and Particle Acceleration
journal, September 2012

Reconnection in weakly stochastic B-fields in 2D
text, January 2009

Fast reconnection in high-Lundquist-number plasmas due to the plasmoid Instability
journal, November 2009

Spectral and Intermittency Properties of Relativistic Turbulence
journal, December 2012

Compressible Sub-Alfvenic MHD turbulence in Low-beta Plasmas
text, January 2002

Strong Imbalanced Turbulence
journal, August 2008

Magnetic Reconnection, Helicity Dynamics, and Hyper-Diffusion
journal, September 2012

Electron acceleration in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a guide field
journal, October 2015

Magnetic turbulence in cool cores of galaxy clusters
journal, June 2006

Reconnection in a Weakly Stochastic Field
journal, June 1999

Turbulent Dynamo in a Conducting Fluid and a Partially Ionized gas
journal, December 2016

Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence
journal, February 2018

New constraints on modelling the random magnetic field of the MW
journal, May 2016

A model of nonlinear evolution and saturation of the turbulent MHD dynamo
journal, January 2002

Collisionless Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic and Kinetic Turbulence
journal, December 2017

Statistics of Reconnection-driven Turbulence
journal, March 2017

The Small-Scale Dynamo and Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics in Primordial star Formation
journal, July 2012

An update on the energy dissipation rate in isotropic turbulence
journal, February 1998

The Turbulence Velocity Power Spectrum of Neutral Hydrogen in the Small Magellanic Cloud
text, January 2015

Fluctuation dynamo and turbulent induction at small Prandtl number
journal, October 2010

Turbulent Dynamo in a Weakly Ionized Medium
journal, February 2019

Efficient acceleration and radiation in Poynting flux powered GRB outflows
journal, August 2002

Testing Magnetic star Formation Theory
journal, February 2009

Tracing Magnetic Fields with Spectroscopic Channel Maps
journal, January 2018

Self-Generated Turbulence in Magnetic Reconnection
journal, June 2015

Toward a theory of interstellar turbulence. 2: Strong alfvenic turbulence
journal, January 1995

Pinch Sheets and Reconnection in Astrophysics
journal, September 1981

Simulations of nonhelical hydromagnetic turbulence
text, January 2003

Atmospheric Diffusion Shown on a Distance-Neighbour Graph
journal, April 1926

Flux-freezing breakdown in high-conductivity magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
journal, May 2013

Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
journal, March 2016

Magnetic Field Structure and Stochastic Reconnection in a Partially Ionized Gas
journal, March 2004

Testing Magnetic Star Formation Theory
text, January 2008

Simulations of Electron Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
text, January 2009

Why fast magnetic reconnection is so prevalent
journal, January 2018

The mechanisms of electron heating and acceleration during magnetic reconnection
journal, September 2014

Inertial-Range Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and in the Solar Wind
journal, July 2015

Magnetohydrodynamics in the extreme relativistic limit
journal, March 1998

Numerical Tests of fast Reconnection in Weakly Stochastic Magnetic Fields
journal, June 2009

Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and turbulent dynamo in partially ionized plasma
journal, June 2017

Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Interstellar Plasmas
journal, November 2001

Magnetic reconnection as the origin of X-ray jets and Hα surges on the Sun
journal, May 1995

Bi-directional plasma jets produced by magnetic reconnection on the Sun
journal, April 1997

Self-Consistent Dynamolike Activity in Turbulent Plasmas
journal, July 1986

Studying Turbulence using Doppler-broadened lines: Velocity Coordinate Spectrum
text, January 2005

Magnetization of Cloud Cores and Envelopes and Other Observational Consequences of Reconnection Diffusion
journal, September 2012

The role of kink instability in Poynting-flux dominated jets
conference, January 2006

On Turbulent Reconnection
text, January 2001

Reconnection current sheet structure in a turbulent medium
journal, January 2012

Secondary Magnetic Islands Generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a Reconnecting Current Sheet
journal, June 2012

Chromospheric anemone jets and magnetic reconnection in partially ionized solar atmosphere
journal, November 2011

Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Plasmoid-mediated Regime
journal, February 2018

The relation between ion temperature anisotropy and formation of slow shocks in collisionless magnetic reconnection: SLOW SHOCKS AND TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPY
journal, January 2012

Coarse-grained incompressible magnetohydrodynamics: analyzing the turbulent cascades
journal, February 2017

Onset of fast reconnection in Hall magnetohydrodynamics mediated by the plasmoid instability
journal, July 2011

Fully kinetic simulations of undriven magnetic reconnection with open boundary conditions
journal, July 2006

On the synchrotron spectrum of GRB prompt emission
text, January 2017

The Collapse of Turbulent Cores and Reconnection Diffusion
journal, October 2013

A loop-top hard X-ray source in a compact solar flare as evidence for magnetic reconnection
journal, October 1994

A turbulent model for the interstellar medium. 1: Threshold star formation and self-gravity
journal, March 1995

Scaling of Sweet–Parker reconnection with secondary islands
journal, December 2009

A Fundamental Plane of black hole activity
journal, November 2003

Disruption of sheet-like structures in Alfvénic turbulence by magnetic reconnection
journal, March 2017

Particle Acceleration in Reconnecting Current Sheets with a Nonzero Magnetic Field
journal, May 1996

Numerical Simulations of Driven Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
journal, December 2011

Star Formation in Magnetic Dust Clouds
journal, October 1956

Three-Dimensional Spontaneous Magnetic Reconnection
journal, December 2016

Magnetic Reconnection May Control the Ion-Scale Spectral Break of Solar Wind Turbulence
text, January 2018

AlfvÉNic Turbulence Beyond the Ambipolar Diffusion Scale
journal, May 2015

Diffusion regions and 3D energy mode development in spontaneous reconnection
text, January 2019

Electron acceleration in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a guide field
preprint, January 2015

Diffusion of Magnetic Field and Removal of Magnetic flux from Clouds via Turbulent Reconnection
journal, April 2010

Tiny‐Scale Atomic Structure and the Cold Neutral Medium
journal, May 1997

UHECRs from magnetic reconnection in relativistic jets: UHECRs from magnetic reconnection in jets
journal, August 2010

Two-Fluid Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection
journal, April 2009

Reconnection in a Weakly Stochastic Field
text, January 1998