Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D

Hollmann, E. M.; Shiraki, D.; Baylor, L.; Bykov, I.; Eidietis, N. W.; Golovkin, I.; Herfindal, J. L.; Lvovskiy, A.; McLean, A.; Moyer, R. A.; O’Gorman, T.; Parks, P. B.; Popović, Ž.

doi:10.1088/1741-4326/abc409

Title: Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D

Abstract

Formation of non-thermal (hot) electrons is studied during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection (SPI) discharge shutdowns in the DIII-D tokamak. Both pure neon and mixed neon/deuterium shutdowns are studied. High-energy radiation (SXR and EUV) brightness levels show indications of non-thermal electron formation during the TQ. The non-thermal densities are of order 10¹⁸ m^–3 and non-thermal temperatures are estimated to be of order 10 keV. The non-thermal electrons appear to be mostly lost during the subsequent current quench, as no signal of relativistic runaway electrons is typically seen at the end of the current quench. In conclusion, the non-thermals appear to have an effect on the deposition profile of the SPI pellets, especially at the end of the TQ, due to increased pellet ablation.

Authors:

^[1]; Shiraki, D. ^[2]; Baylor, L. ^[2]; Bykov, I. ^[1];

^[3]; Golovkin, I. ^[4];

^[2];

^[3]; McLean, A. ^[5]; Moyer, R. A. ^[1]; O’Gorman, T. ^[3]; Parks, P. B. ^[3]; Popović, Ž. ^[1]

Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)
Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, WI (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: 2020-11-30

Research Org.:: General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1730928

Grant/Contract Number:: FC02-04ER54698; FG02-07ER54917; AC05-00OR22725; AC52-07NA27344; FG02-04ER54744; AC05-06OR23100

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nuclear Fusion

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 61; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0029-5515

Publisher:: IOP Science

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; Tokamak; disruptions; shattered pellet injection; runaway electrons

Citation Formats


                    Hollmann, E. M., Shiraki, D., Baylor, L., Bykov, I., Eidietis, N. W., Golovkin, I., Herfindal, J. L., Lvovskiy, A., McLean, A., Moyer, R. A., O’Gorman, T., Parks, P. B., and Popović, Ž. Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1088/1741-4326/abc409.

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                    Hollmann, E. M., Shiraki, D., Baylor, L., Bykov, I., Eidietis, N. W., Golovkin, I., Herfindal, J. L., Lvovskiy, A., McLean, A., Moyer, R. A., O’Gorman, T., Parks, P. B., & Popović, Ž. Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abc409

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                    Hollmann, E. M., Shiraki, D., Baylor, L., Bykov, I., Eidietis, N. W., Golovkin, I., Herfindal, J. L., Lvovskiy, A., McLean, A., Moyer, R. A., O’Gorman, T., Parks, P. B., and Popović, Ž. Mon .  
"Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abc409.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1730928.

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@article{osti_1730928,

  title        = {Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D},

  author       = {Hollmann, E. M. and Shiraki, D. and Baylor, L. and Bykov, I. and Eidietis, N. W. and Golovkin, I. and Herfindal, J. L. and Lvovskiy, A. and McLean, A. and Moyer, R. A. and O’Gorman, T. and Parks, P. B. and Popović, Ž.},

  abstractNote = {Formation of non-thermal (hot) electrons is studied during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection (SPI) discharge shutdowns in the DIII-D tokamak. Both pure neon and mixed neon/deuterium shutdowns are studied. High-energy radiation (SXR and EUV) brightness levels show indications of non-thermal electron formation during the TQ. The non-thermal densities are of order 1018 m–3 and non-thermal temperatures are estimated to be of order 10 keV. The non-thermal electrons appear to be mostly lost during the subsequent current quench, as no signal of relativistic runaway electrons is typically seen at the end of the current quench. In conclusion, the non-thermals appear to have an effect on the deposition profile of the SPI pellets, especially at the end of the TQ, due to increased pellet ablation.},

  doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/abc409},

  journal      = {Nuclear Fusion},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 61,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2020},

  month        = {11}

}

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Title: Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D

Abstract

Citation Formats

Comparison of He I line intensity ratio method and electrostatic probe for electron density and temperature measurements in NAGDIS-II journal, January 2006

Kinetic modelling of runaway electrons in dynamic scenarios journal, July 2016

The role of kinetic instabilities in formation of the runaway electron current after argon injection in DIII-D journal, November 2018

Shattered pellet penetration in low and high energy plasmas on DIII-D journal, February 2020

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Status of research toward the ITER disruption mitigation system journal, November 2014

Experimental Pellet Shatter Thresholds and Analysis of Shatter Tube Ejecta for Disruption Mitigation Cryogenic Pellets journal, June 2020

A design retrospective of the DIII-D tokamak journal, May 2002

High fusion performance in Super H-mode experiments on Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D journal, June 2019

Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions journal, December 1999

0-D Modeling of Fast Radiative Shutdown of Tokamak Discharges Following Massive Gas Injection journal, March 2008

Plasma–surface interactions during tokamak disruptions and rapid shutdowns journal, August 2011

Shattered pellet injection technology design and characterization for disruption mitigation experiments journal, April 2019

Hot tail runaway electron generation in tokamak disruptions journal, July 2008

Thermal quench mitigation and current quench control by injection of mixed species shattered pellets in DIII-D journal, June 2016

Determination of the Electron Temperature by the Line-Ratio Method in SNF Plasma Separator journal, December 2018

Spectroscopic measurement of atomic and molecular deuterium fluxes in the DIII-D plasma edge journal, July 2006

Deployment of multiple shattered pellet injection systems in KSTAR journal, May 2020

Calibrated simulations of Z opacity experiments that reproduce the experimentally measured plasma conditions journal, February 2016

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Design and Commissioning of a Three-Barrel Shattered Pellet Injector for DIII-D Disruption Mitigation Studies journal, June 2017

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First demonstration of rapid shutdown using neon shattered pellet injection for thermal quench mitigation on DIII-D journal, March 2016

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3D non-linear MHD simulation of the MHD response and density increase as a result of shattered pellet injection journal, October 2018

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Comparison of He I line intensity ratio method and electrostatic probe for electron density and temperature measurements in NAGDIS-II
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The role of kinetic instabilities in formation of the runaway electron current after argon injection in DIII-D
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Shattered pellet penetration in low and high energy plasmas on DIII-D
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journal, October 2007

Injection of multiple shattered pellets for disruption mitigation in DIII-D
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A numerical investigation of the effects of impurity penetration depth on disruption mitigation by massive high-pressure gas jet
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Status of research toward the ITER disruption mitigation system
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A design retrospective of the DIII-D tokamak
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High fusion performance in Super H-mode experiments on Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D
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Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions
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