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Title: Organic Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future

Journal Article · · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research

With the rapid development of energy storage systems in power supplies and electrical vehicles, the search for sustainable cathode materials to enhance the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become the focus in both academic and industrial studies. Currently, the widely utilized inorganic cathode materials suffer from drawbacks such as limited capacity, high energy consumption in production, safety hazards, and high-cost raw materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop green and sustainable cathode materials with higher specific capacity, better safety properties, and more abundant natural resources. As alternatives, organic cathode materials possess the advantages of high theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness, flexible structure design, systemic safety, and natural abundance, making them a promising class of energy storage materials. Herein, the development history of the organic cathode materials and recent research developments are reviewed, introducing several categories of typical organic compounds as cathode materials for LIBs, including conductive polymers, organosulfur compounds, radical compounds, carbonyl compounds, and imine compounds. The electrochemical performance, electrode reaction mechanism, and pros and cons of different organic cathode materials are comparatively analyzed to identify the challenges to be addressed. Finally, the future research and improvement directions of the organic cathode materials are also proposed.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725
OSTI ID:
1712496
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1763470; OSTI ID: 1786084
Journal Information:
Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1; ISSN 2699-9412
Publisher:
WileyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Carbonyls: Powerful Organic Materials for Secondary Batteries journal April 2015
A Dual‐Ion Organic Symmetric Battery Constructed from Phenazine‐Based Artificial Bipolar Molecules journal July 2019
Synthesis and Reaction Mechanism of Novel Fluorinated Carbon Fiber as a High-Voltage Cathode Material for Rechargeable Na Batteries journal February 2016
Polymer-Bound Pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone for Fast-Charge and -Discharge Lithium-Ion Batteries with High Capacity journal November 2012
In Situ Electropolymerization Enables Ultrafast Long Cycle Life and High‐Voltage Organic Cathodes for Lithium Batteries journal May 2020
Highly dispersed sulfur in a porous aromatic framework as a cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2013
Polythiophene coated aromatic polyimide enabled ultrafast and sustainable lithium ion batteries journal January 2017
Tuning the Chemistry of Organonitrogen Compounds for Promoting All‐Organic Anionic Rechargeable Batteries journal October 2019
Reaction of trialkyl phosphites with organic trisulfides. Synthetic and mechanistic aspects journal November 1979
Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymer Mediators for Rapid Electrocatalytic Charging of Lithium Metal Oxides journal August 2019
High-capacity organic electrode material calix[4] quinone/CMK-3 nanocomposite for lithium batteries journal April 2018
Polyanthraquinone as a Reliable Organic Electrode for Stable and Fast Lithium Storage journal September 2015
High-Power-Density Organic Radical Batteries journal February 2017
Raising the redox potential in carboxyphenolate-based positive organic materials via cation substitution journal October 2018
Aligning academia and industry for unified battery performance metrics journal December 2018
An Environmentally Friendly and Flexible Aqueous Zinc Battery Using an Organic Cathode journal August 2018
Multivalent rechargeable batteries journal July 2019
Triple Layer Tungsten Trioxide, Graphene, and Polyaniline Composite Films for Combined Energy Storage and Electrochromic Applications journal December 2019
Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks Containing Reversible Disulfide Linkages as Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries journal March 2020
How we made the Li-ion rechargeable battery journal March 2018
Recent progress in advanced electrode materials, separators and electrolytes for lithium batteries journal January 2018
Prospects of organic electrode materials for practical lithium batteries journal February 2020
Conductive metal–organic framework with redox metal center as cathode for high rate performance lithium ion battery journal July 2019
Nanostructured Metal–Organic Conjugated Coordination Polymers with Ligand Tailoring for Superior Rechargeable Energy Storage journal October 2019
A Self‐Polymerized Nitro‐Substituted Conjugated Carbonyl Compound as High‐Performance Cathode for Lithium‐Organic Batteries journal January 2020
Quasi-Solid-State Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries with a Calix[4]quinone Cathode and Gel Polymer Electrolyte journal July 2013
A novel polyquinone cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries journal July 2013
Organic-Catholyte-Containing Flexible Rechargeable Lithium Batteries journal August 2015
Two-dimensional porous transition metal organic framework materials with strongly anchoring ability as lithium-sulfur cathode journal March 2020
30 Years of Lithium-Ion Batteries journal June 2018
A solid future for battery development journal September 2016
Function-oriented design of conjugated carbonyl compound electrodes for high energy lithium batteries journal January 2013
Low-Temperature Fluorination of Soft-Templated Mesoporous Carbons for a High-Power Lithium/Carbon Fluoride Battery journal October 2011
Cathode Characteristics of Organic Electron Acceptors for Lithium Batteries journal January 1984
Carbon composite spun fibers with in situ formed multicomponent nanoparticles for a lithium-ion battery anode with enhanced performance journal January 2016
Sulfur-rich polymeric materials with semi-interpenetrating network structure as a novel lithium–sulfur cathode journal January 2014
Highly reliable quinone-based cathodes and cellulose nanofiber separators: toward eco-friendly organic lithium batteries journal June 2020
Insights into the Enhanced Cycle and Rate Performances of the F‐Substituted P2‐Type Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries journal March 2020
Nanosize Effect on High-Rate Li-Ion Intercalation in LiCoO 2 Electrode journal June 2007
Mesoporous Carbon Materials: Synthesis and Modification journal May 2008
The rechargeable revolution: A better battery journal March 2014
Nanostructured Antimony/carbon Composite Fibers as Anode Material for Lithium-ion Battery journal January 2015
A Lithium‐Organic Primary Battery journal December 2019
High-Rate LiFePO 4 Lithium Rechargeable Battery Promoted by Electrochemically Active Polymers journal December 2008
A Class of Organopolysulfides As Liquid Cathode Materials for High-Energy-Density Lithium Batteries journal June 2018
Polyphenylene Tetrasulfide as an Inherently Flexible Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries journal October 2018
Organic batteries: reversible n- and p- type electrochemical doping of polyacetylene, (CH) x journal January 1981
A Dual−Ion Battery Cathode via Oxidative Insertion of Anions in a Metal–Organic Framework journal October 2015
Cost‐Effective Biomass Carbon/Calix[4]Quinone Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries journal October 2019
Synthesis and application of Calix[6]quinone as a high-capacity organic cathode for plastic crystal electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries journal April 2020
Mechanistic understanding of the Sulfurized-Poly(acrylonitrile) cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries journal April 2020
Universal quinone electrodes for long cycle life aqueous rechargeable batteries journal June 2017
Toward a High-Performance All-Plastic Full Battery with a'Single Organic Polymer as Both Cathode and Anode journal April 2018
Molecular Design Strategy for High‐Redox‐Potential and Poorly Soluble n‐Type Phenazine Derivatives as Cathode Materials for Lithium Batteries journal February 2020
Positioning Organic Electrode Materials in the Battery Landscape journal September 2018
Synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoplates and the enhancement of their electrochemical performance by Zn 2+ doping for high-rate and long-life lithium-ion batteries journal January 2017
Fe(CN)6−4-doped polypyrrole: a high-capacity and high-rate cathode material for sodium-ion batteries journal January 2012
Energetics of Defects on Graphene through Fluorination journal February 2014
Synergistic Effects of Mixing Sulfone and Ionic Liquid as Safe Electrolytes for Lithium Sulfur Batteries journal November 2014
Characterization of PEDOT-Quinone conducting redox polymers in water-in-salt electrolytes for safe and high-energy Li-ion batteries journal August 2019
High-Energy and High-Power Nonaqueous Lithium-Ion Capacitors Based on Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotube Composites as Pseudocapacitive Cathodes journal April 2019
Two‐Dimensional (2D) Covalent Organic Framework as Efficient Cathode for Binder‐free Lithium‐Ion Battery journal December 2019
Perylene-Based All-Organic Redox Battery with Excellent Cycling Stability journal August 2016
Surface controlled pseudo-capacitive reactions enabling ultra-fast charging and long-life organic lithium ion batteries journal January 2020
Organic electrode materials with solid-state battery technology journal January 2019
An All-Organic Non-aqueous Lithium-Ion Redox Flow Battery journal June 2012
High-Potential Reversible Li Deintercalation in a Substituted Tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone Dilithium Salt: An Experimental and Theoretical Study journal June 2012
MATERIALS SCIENCE: Toward Flexible Batteries journal February 2008