Ensemble from coarse graining: Reconstructing the interior of an evaporating black hole
Abstract
In understanding the quantum physics of a black hole, nonperturbative aspects of gravity play important roles. In particular, huge gauge redundancies of a gravitational theory at the nonperturbative level, which are much larger than the standard diffeomorphism and relate even spaces with different topologies, allow us to take different descriptions of a system. While the physical conclusions are the same in any description, the same physics may manifest itself in vastly different forms in descriptions based on different gauge choices. In this paper, we explore the relation between two such descriptions, which we refer to as the global gauge and unitary gauge constructions. The former is based on the global spacetime of general relativity, in which understanding unitarity requires the inclusion of subtle nonperturbative effects of gravity. The latter is based on a distant view of the black hole, in which unitarity is manifest but the existence of interior spacetime is obscured. These two descriptions are complementary. In this paper, we initiate the study of learning aspects of one construction through the analysis of the other. We find that the existence of near empty interior spacetime manifest in the global gauge construction is related to the maximally chaotic, fast scrambling,more »
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1690333
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1737631
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231; SC0019380
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review. D.
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Physical Review. D. Journal Volume: 102 Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Citation Formats
Langhoff, Kevin, and Nomura, Yasunori. Ensemble from coarse graining: Reconstructing the interior of an evaporating black hole. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.102.086021.
Langhoff, Kevin, & Nomura, Yasunori. Ensemble from coarse graining: Reconstructing the interior of an evaporating black hole. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.086021
Langhoff, Kevin, and Nomura, Yasunori. Tue .
"Ensemble from coarse graining: Reconstructing the interior of an evaporating black hole". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.086021.
@article{osti_1690333,
title = {Ensemble from coarse graining: Reconstructing the interior of an evaporating black hole},
author = {Langhoff, Kevin and Nomura, Yasunori},
abstractNote = {In understanding the quantum physics of a black hole, nonperturbative aspects of gravity play important roles. In particular, huge gauge redundancies of a gravitational theory at the nonperturbative level, which are much larger than the standard diffeomorphism and relate even spaces with different topologies, allow us to take different descriptions of a system. While the physical conclusions are the same in any description, the same physics may manifest itself in vastly different forms in descriptions based on different gauge choices. In this paper, we explore the relation between two such descriptions, which we refer to as the global gauge and unitary gauge constructions. The former is based on the global spacetime of general relativity, in which understanding unitarity requires the inclusion of subtle nonperturbative effects of gravity. The latter is based on a distant view of the black hole, in which unitarity is manifest but the existence of interior spacetime is obscured. These two descriptions are complementary. In this paper, we initiate the study of learning aspects of one construction through the analysis of the other. We find that the existence of near empty interior spacetime manifest in the global gauge construction is related to the maximally chaotic, fast scrambling, and universal dynamics of the horizon in the unitary gauge construction. We use the complementarity of the gauge choices to understand the ensemble nature of the gravitational path integral in global spacetime in terms of coarse graining and thermality in a single unitary theory that does not involve any ensemble nature at the fundamental level. We also discuss how the interior degrees of freedom are related with those in the exterior in the two constructions. This relation emerges most naturally as entanglement wedge reconstruction and the effective theory of the interior in the respective constructions.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.102.086021},
journal = {Physical Review. D.},
number = 8,
volume = 102,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Tue Oct 27 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.086021
Works referenced in this record:
Comment on "Entropy Evaporated by a Black Hole"
journal, March 1983
- Page, Don N.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 50, Issue 13
Information in black hole radiation
journal, December 1993
- Page, Don N.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 71, Issue 23
Quantum extremal surfaces: holographic entanglement entropy beyond the classical regime
journal, January 2015
- Engelhardt, Netta; Wall, Aron C.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 1
Violations of the Equivalence Principle by a Nonlocally Reconstructed Vacuum at the Black Hole Horizon
journal, January 2014
- Bousso, Raphael
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 4
Black holes as mirrors: quantum information in random subsystems
journal, September 2007
- Hayden, Patrick; Preskill, John
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2007, Issue 09
Entanglement wedge reconstruction and the information paradox
journal, September 2020
- Penington, Geoffrey
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 9
Relative entropy and the Bekenstein bound
journal, September 2008
- Casini, H.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 25, Issue 20
Black Hole Interior in Quantum Gravity
journal, May 2015
- Nomura, Yasunori; Sanches, Fabio; Weinberg, Sean J.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 20
Volume inside old black holes
journal, November 2016
- Christodoulou, Marios; De Lorenzo, Tommaso
- Physical Review D, Vol. 94, Issue 10
Islands in asymptotically flat 2D gravity
journal, July 2020
- Hartman, Thomas; Shaghoulian, Edgar; Strominger, Andrew
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 7
An apologia for firewalls
journal, September 2013
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Marolf, Donald; Polchinski, Joseph
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 9
Gauge theory correlators from non-critical string theory
journal, May 1998
- Gubser, S. S.; Klebanov, I. R.; Polyakov, A. M.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 428, Issue 1-2
Eigenstate Thermalization and Disorder Averaging in Gravity
journal, July 2020
- Pollack, Jason; Rozali, Moshe; Sully, James
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 125, Issue 2
Coarse-graining holographic states: A semiclassical flow in general spacetimes
journal, October 2020
- Murdia, Chitraang; Nomura, Yasunori; Rath, Pratik
- Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 8
Symmetries and strings in field theory and gravity
journal, April 2011
- Banks, Tom; Seiberg, Nathan
- Physical Review D, Vol. 83, Issue 8
Multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics
journal, February 2012
- Bousso, Raphael; Susskind, Leonard
- Physical Review D, Vol. 85, Issue 4
Breakdown of predictability in gravitational collapse
journal, November 1976
- Hawking, S. W.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 14, Issue 10
Evaporation of large black holes in AdS: coupling to the evaporon
journal, August 2008
- Rocha, Jorge V.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2008, Issue 08
Fast scramblers
journal, October 2008
- Sekino, Yasuhiro; Susskind, L.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2008, Issue 10
An infalling observer in AdS/CFT
journal, October 2013
- Papadodimas, Kyriakos; Raju, Suvrat
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 10
The entropy of bulk quantum fields and the entanglement wedge of an evaporating black hole
journal, December 2019
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Engelhardt, Netta; Marolf, Donald
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 12
The large $N$ limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity
journal, January 1998
- Maldacena, Juan
- Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 2
Remarks on the necessity and implications of state-dependence in the black hole interior
journal, April 2016
- Papadodimas, Kyriakos; Raju, Suvrat
- Physical Review D, Vol. 93, Issue 8
Violations of the Born rule in cool state-dependent horizons
journal, January 2016
- Marolf, Donald; Polchinski, Joseph
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 1
Bulk locality and quantum error correction in AdS/CFT
journal, April 2015
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Dong, Xi; Harlow, Daniel
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 4
Anti de Sitter space and holography
journal, January 1998
- Witten, Edward
- Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 2
Maximin surfaces, and the strong subadditivity of the covariant holographic entanglement entropy
journal, November 2014
- Wall, Aron C.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 31, Issue 22
Information flow in black hole evaporation
journal, March 2020
- Chen, Hong Zhe; Fisher, Zachary; Hernandez, Juan
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 3
Information radiation in BCFT models of black holes
journal, May 2020
- Rozali, Moshe; Sully, James; Van Raamsdonk, Mark
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 5
A covariant holographic entanglement entropy proposal
journal, July 2007
- Hubeny, Veronika E.; Rangamani, Mukund; Takayanagi, Tadashi
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2007, Issue 07
Reconstruction of Bulk Operators within the Entanglement Wedge in Gauge-Gravity Duality
journal, July 2016
- Dong, Xi; Harlow, Daniel; Wall, Aron C.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 2
Gravity/ensemble duality
journal, September 2020
- Bousso, Raphael; Wildenhain, Elizabeth
- Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 6
Physical theories, eternal inflation, and the quantum universe
journal, November 2011
- Nomura, Yasunori
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2011, Issue 11
Spacetime and universal soft modes: Black holes and beyond
journal, March 2020
- Nomura, Yasunori
- Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 6
Entanglement islands in higher dimensions
journal, January 2020
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Mahajan, Raghu; Santos, Jorge
- SciPost Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 1
On the Weight of Heat and Thermal Equilibrium in General Relativity
journal, April 1930
- Tolman, Richard C.
- Physical Review, Vol. 35, Issue 8
Relative entropy equals bulk relative entropy
journal, June 2016
- Jafferis, Daniel L.; Lewkowycz, Aitor; Maldacena, Juan
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 6
The Page curve of Hawking radiation from semiclassical geometry
journal, March 2020
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Mahajan, Raghu; Maldacena, Juan
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 3
Entropy Evaporated by a Black Hole
journal, December 1982
- Zurek, W. H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 49, Issue 23
The gravity dual of a density matrix
journal, July 2012
- Czech, Bartłomiej; Karczmarek, Joanna L.; Nogueira, Fernando
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 29, Issue 15
Islands and Page curves for evaporating black holes in JT gravity
journal, August 2020
- Hollowood, Timothy J.; Kumar, S. Prem
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 8
Spacetime from unentanglement
journal, May 2018
- Nomura, Yasunori; Rath, Pratik; Salzetta, Nico
- Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 10
Gauge-Gravity Duality and the Black Hole Interior
journal, October 2013
- Marolf, Donald; Polchinski, Joseph
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 17
Replica wormholes and the entropy of Hawking radiation
journal, May 2020
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Hartman, Thomas; Maldacena, Juan
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 5
Black hole information, unitarity, and nonlocality
journal, November 2006
- Giddings, Steven B.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 74, Issue 10
A bound on chaos
journal, August 2016
- Maldacena, Juan; Shenker, Stephen H.; Stanford, Douglas
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 8
Interior of a unitarily evaporating black hole
journal, July 2020
- Nomura, Yasunori
- Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 2
The stretched horizon and black hole complementarity
journal, October 1993
- Susskind, Leonard; Thorlacius, Lárus; Uglum, John
- Physical Review D, Vol. 48, Issue 8
A single quantum cannot be cloned
journal, October 1982
- Wootters, W. K.; Zurek, W. H.
- Nature, Vol. 299, Issue 5886
The world as a hologram
journal, November 1995
- Susskind, Leonard
- Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 36, Issue 11
Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction via Universal Recovery Channels
journal, July 2019
- Cotler, Jordan; Hayden, Patrick; Penington, Geoffrey
- Physical Review X, Vol. 9, Issue 3
The black hole interpretation of string theory
journal, April 1990
- 't Hooft, G.
- Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 335, Issue 1
Black holes: complementarity or firewalls?
journal, February 2013
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Marolf, Donald; Polchinski, Joseph
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 2
Cool horizons for entangled black holes
journal, August 2013
- Maldacena, J.; Susskind, L.
- Fortschritte der Physik, Vol. 61, Issue 9
The Large-N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity
journal, January 1999
- Maldacena, Juan
- International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 38, Issue 4, p. 1113-1133
The Ryu–Takayanagi Formula from Quantum Error Correction
journal, May 2017
- Harlow, Daniel
- Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 354, Issue 3
State-dependent bulk-boundary maps and black hole complementarity
journal, April 2014
- Papadodimas, Kyriakos; Raju, Suvrat
- Physical Review D, Vol. 89, Issue 8
Universal upper bound on the entropy-to-energy ratio for bounded systems
journal, January 1981
- Bekenstein, Jacob D.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 23, Issue 2
Action integrals and partition functions in quantum gravity
journal, May 1977
- Gibbons, G. W.; Hawking, S. W.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 15, Issue 10
Thermo-field dynamics of black holes
journal, May 1976
- Israel, W.
- Physics Letters A, Vol. 57, Issue 2
Particle creation by black holes
journal, June 1976
- Hawking, S. W.
- Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 2
How big is a black hole?
journal, March 2015
- Christodoulou, Marios; Rovelli, Carlo
- Physical Review D, Vol. 91, Issue 6
Holographic Derivation of Entanglement Entropy from the anti–de Sitter Space/Conformal Field Theory Correspondence
journal, May 2006
- Ryu, Shinsei; Takayanagi, Tadashi
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 96, Issue 18
Causality & holographic entanglement entropy
journal, December 2014
- Headrick, Matthew; Hubeny, Veronika E.; Lawrence, Albion
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 12
The holographic principle
journal, August 2002
- Bousso, Raphael
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 74, Issue 3
Learning the Alpha-bits of black holes
journal, December 2019
- Hayden, Patrick; Penington, Geoffrey
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 12
The ghost in the radiation: robust encodings of the black hole interior
journal, June 2020
- Kim, Isaac; Tang, Eugene; Preskill, John
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 6
Gedanken experiments involving black holes
journal, January 1994
- Susskind, Leonard; Thorlacius, Lárus
- Physical Review D, Vol. 49, Issue 2
Constraints on Symmetries from Holography
journal, May 2019
- Harlow, Daniel; Ooguri, Hirosi
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 19
The information paradox: a pedagogical introduction
journal, October 2009
- Mathur, Samir D.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 26, Issue 22
Holographic quantum error-correcting codes: toy models for the bulk/boundary correspondence
journal, June 2015
- Pastawski, Fernando; Yoshida, Beni; Harlow, Daniel
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 6
Black hole complementarity versus locality
journal, December 1995
- Lowe, David A.; Polchinski, Joseph; Susskind, Leonard
- Physical Review D, Vol. 52, Issue 12
Reanalyzing an evaporating black hole
journal, April 2019
- Nomura, Yasunori
- Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 8
Notes on black-hole evaporation
journal, August 1976
- Unruh, W. G.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 14, Issue 4
Notes on islands in asymptotically flat 2d dilaton black holes
journal, July 2020
- Anegawa, Takanori; Iizuka, Norihiro
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 7
Particle creation by black holes
journal, August 1975
- Hawking, S. W.
- Communications In Mathematical Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 3
Black hole entanglement and quantum error correction
journal, October 2013
- Verlinde, Erik; Verlinde, Herman
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 10
Toward a holographic theory for general spacetimes
journal, April 2017
- Nomura, Yasunori; Salzetta, Nico; Sanches, Fabio
- Physical Review D, Vol. 95, Issue 8
Quantum corrections to holographic entanglement entropy
journal, November 2013
- Faulkner, Thomas; Lewkowycz, Aitor; Maldacena, Juan
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 11
Linearity of holographic entanglement entropy
journal, February 2017
- Almheiri, Ahmed; Dong, Xi; Swingle, Brian
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 2
Pulling the boundary into the bulk
journal, July 2018
- Nomura, Yasunori; Rath, Pratik; Salzetta, Nico
- Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 2
Transcending the ensemble: baby universes, spacetime wormholes, and the order and disorder of black hole information
journal, August 2020
- Marolf, Donald; Maxfield, Henry
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 8