The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting

Shrestha, Shreetu; Tsai, Hsinhan; Yoho, Michael; Ghosh, Dibyajyoti; Liu, Fangze; Lei, Yusheng; Tisdale, Jeremy; Baldwin, Jon; Xu, Sheng; Neukirch, Amanda J.; Tretiak, Sergei; Vo, Duc; Nie, Wanyi

doi:10.1021/acsami.0c11805

Title: The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting

Abstract

Halide perovskites are promising optoelectronic semiconductors. For applications in solid-state detectors that operate in low photon flux counting mode, blocking interfaces are essential to minimize the dark current noise. Here, we investigate the interface between methylammonium lead tri-iodide (MAPbI₃) single crystals and commonly used high and low work function metals to achieve photon counting capabilities in a solid-state detector. Using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we observe a large Schottky barrier at the MAPbI₃/Pb interface, which efficiently blocks dark current. Moreover, the shape of the photocurrent profile indicates that the MAPbI₃ single-crystal surface has a deep fermi level close to that of Au. Rationalized by first-principle calculations, we attribute this observation to the defects due to excess iodine on the surface underpinning emergence of deep band-edge states. The photocurrent decay profile yields a charge carrier diffusion length of 10–25 μm. Using this knowledge, we demonstrate a single-crystal MAPbI₃ detector that can count single γ-ray photons by producing sharp electrical pulses with a fast rise time of <2 μs. Overall, our study indicates that the interface plays a crucial role in solid-state detectors operating in photon counting mode.

Authors:

^[1]; Tsai, Hsinhan ^[1]; Yoho, Michael ^[1];

^[1]; Liu, Fangze ^[1]; Lei, Yusheng ^[2]; Tisdale, Jeremy ^[1]; Baldwin, Jon ^[3]; Xu, Sheng ^[2];

^[1];

^[1]; Vo, Duc ^[1];

^[3]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)

Publication Date:: Fri Sep 04 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1671095

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-20-21817
Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 12; Journal Issue: 40; Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Perovskite; scanning photocurrent microscopy; metal-semiconductor interface; Schottky junction; solid-state detector; photonics; interfaces; gold; defects

Citation Formats


                    Shrestha, Shreetu, Tsai, Hsinhan, Yoho, Michael, Ghosh, Dibyajyoti, Liu, Fangze, Lei, Yusheng, Tisdale, Jeremy, Baldwin, Jon, Xu, Sheng, Neukirch, Amanda J., Tretiak, Sergei, Vo, Duc, and Nie, Wanyi. The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acsami.0c11805.

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                    Shrestha, Shreetu, Tsai, Hsinhan, Yoho, Michael, Ghosh, Dibyajyoti, Liu, Fangze, Lei, Yusheng, Tisdale, Jeremy, Baldwin, Jon, Xu, Sheng, Neukirch, Amanda J., Tretiak, Sergei, Vo, Duc, & Nie, Wanyi. The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11805

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                    Shrestha, Shreetu, Tsai, Hsinhan, Yoho, Michael, Ghosh, Dibyajyoti, Liu, Fangze, Lei, Yusheng, Tisdale, Jeremy, Baldwin, Jon, Xu, Sheng, Neukirch, Amanda J., Tretiak, Sergei, Vo, Duc, and Nie, Wanyi. Fri .  
"The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11805.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1671095.

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@article{osti_1671095,

  title        = {The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting},

  author       = {Shrestha, Shreetu and Tsai, Hsinhan and Yoho, Michael and Ghosh, Dibyajyoti and Liu, Fangze and Lei, Yusheng and Tisdale, Jeremy and Baldwin, Jon and Xu, Sheng and Neukirch, Amanda J. and Tretiak, Sergei and Vo, Duc and Nie, Wanyi},

  abstractNote = {Halide perovskites are promising optoelectronic semiconductors. For applications in solid-state detectors that operate in low photon flux counting mode, blocking interfaces are essential to minimize the dark current noise. Here, we investigate the interface between methylammonium lead tri-iodide (MAPbI3) single crystals and commonly used high and low work function metals to achieve photon counting capabilities in a solid-state detector. Using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we observe a large Schottky barrier at the MAPbI3/Pb interface, which efficiently blocks dark current. Moreover, the shape of the photocurrent profile indicates that the MAPbI3 single-crystal surface has a deep fermi level close to that of Au. Rationalized by first-principle calculations, we attribute this observation to the defects due to excess iodine on the surface underpinning emergence of deep band-edge states. The photocurrent decay profile yields a charge carrier diffusion length of 10–25 μm. Using this knowledge, we demonstrate a single-crystal MAPbI3 detector that can count single γ-ray photons by producing sharp electrical pulses with a fast rise time of <2 μs. Overall, our study indicates that the interface plays a crucial role in solid-state detectors operating in photon counting mode.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acsami.0c11805},

  journal      = {ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces},

  number       = 40,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Sep 04 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Fri Sep 04 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

Copy to clipboard

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Title: The Role of Metal-Semiconductor Interface in Hybrid Perovskite Devices for High-Performance Radiation Photon Counting

Abstract

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Single crystals of caesium formamidinium lead halide perovskites: solution growth and gamma dosimetry journal, April 2017

Resolving the Energy of γ-Ray Photons with MAPbI 3 Single Crystals journal, September 2018

High spectral resolution of gamma-rays at room temperature by perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals journal, April 2018

Methylammonium Lead Tribromide Single Crystal Detectors towards Robust Gamma‐Ray Photon Sensing journal, March 2020

The working principle of hybrid perovskite gamma-ray photon counter journal, July 2020

Performance of Perovskite CsPbBr 3 Single Crystal Detector for Gamma-Ray Detection journal, February 2020

Photoemission Spectroscopy Characterization of Halide Perovskites journal, May 2020

Synergistic Interface Energy Band Alignment Optimization and Defect Passivation toward Efficient and Simple‐Structured Perovskite Solar Cell journal, March 2020

Perovskite–Perovskite Homojunctions via Compositional Doping journal, May 2018

Scanning Photocurrent Imaging and Electronic Band Studies in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors journal, July 2005

Electric Field Dependent Photocurrent Decay Length in Single Lead Sulfide Nanowire Field Effect Transistors journal, February 2011

Local photocurrent mapping as a probe of contact effects and charge carrier transport in semiconductor nanowire devices journal, January 2006

Photovoltaic Measurements in Single-Nanowire Silicon Solar Cells journal, February 2008

Imaging Ultrafast Carrier Transport in Nanoscale Field-Effect Transistors journal, October 2014

Diameter dependence of the minority carrier diffusion length in individual ZnO nanowires journal, June 2010

Elucidating the Photoresponse of Ultrathin MoS 2 Field-Effect Transistors by Scanning Photocurrent Microscopy journal, July 2013

Imaging Schottky Barriers and Ohmic Contacts in PbS Quantum Dot Devices journal, January 2012

Limits of Carrier Diffusion in n -Type and p -Type CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite Single Crystals journal, August 2016

Imaging the Long Transport Lengths of Photo-generated Carriers in Oriented Perovskite Films journal, December 2016

Photocurrent Mapping in Single-Crystal Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanostructures journal, November 2016

Dynamic Electronic Junctions in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites journal, July 2017

Charge-Carrier Mobilities in Metal Halide Perovskites: Fundamental Mechanisms and Limits journal, June 2017

Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μm in solution-grown CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 single crystals journal, January 2015

Unraveling the Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites with Surface Photovoltage in Photoemission Studies journal, May 2019

Termination Dependence of Tetragonal CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Surfaces for Perovskite Solar Cells journal, August 2014

Influence of Surface Termination on the Energy Level Alignment at the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite/C60 Interface journal, January 2017

Atomic Structures of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (001) Surfaces journal, December 2015

Real-Space Imaging of the Atomic Structure of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite journal, December 2015

Charge Carrier Trapping at Surface Defects of Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers: A First-Principles Study journal, January 2017

First-Principles Modeling of Defects in Lead Halide Perovskites: Best Practices and Open Issues journal, August 2018

Electrothermal Dynamics of Semiconductor Nanowires under Local Carrier Modulation journal, September 2011

Type-inversion as a working mechanism of high voltage MAPbBr 3 (Cl)-based halide perovskite solar cells journal, January 2017

Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals journal, January 2015

High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization journal, July 2015

Two-Inch-Sized Perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Crystals: Growth and Characterization journal, August 2015

Efficient inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors
journal, May 2013

Methodologies toward Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, February 2018

Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite
journal, August 2014

Interfacial Control Toward Efficient and Low-Voltage Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes
journal, February 2015

Low-temperature solution-processed wavelength-tunable perovskites for lasing
journal, March 2014

Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors
journal, April 2015

Crystal Growth of the Perovskite Semiconductor CsPbBr ₃ : A New Material for High-Energy Radiation Detection
journal, June 2013

Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination
journal, August 2015

Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Efficient X-ray Energy Conversion
journal, November 2015

Detection of X-ray photons by solution-processed lead halide perovskites
journal, May 2015

Sensitive X-ray detectors made of methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite single crystals
journal, March 2016

A Review on Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photodetectors: Device Engineering and Fundamental Physics
journal, September 2017

Cs2AgBiBr6 single-crystal X-ray detectors with a low detection limit
journal, October 2017

High-performance direct conversion X-ray detectors based on sintered hybrid lead triiodide perovskite wafers
journal, June 2017

Monolithic integration of hybrid perovskite single crystals with heterogenous substrate for highly sensitive X-ray imaging
journal, April 2017

Printable organometallic perovskite enables large-area, low-dose X-ray imaging
journal, October 2017

A sensitive and robust thin-film x-ray detector using 2D layered perovskite diodes
journal, April 2020

Frequency- and Power-Dependent Photoresponse of a Perovskite Photodetector Down to the Single-Photon Level
journal, February 2020

Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites
journal, July 2016

Solution-Grown CsPbBr ₃ Perovskite Single Crystals for Photon Detection
journal, November 2016

Dopant compensation in alloyed CH3NH3PbBr3−xClx perovskite single crystals for gamma-ray spectroscopy
journal, July 2017

Single crystals of caesium formamidinium lead halide perovskites: solution growth and gamma dosimetry
journal, April 2017

Resolving the Energy of γ-Ray Photons with MAPbI ₃ Single Crystals
journal, September 2018

High spectral resolution of gamma-rays at room temperature by perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals
journal, April 2018

Methylammonium Lead Tribromide Single Crystal Detectors towards Robust Gamma‐Ray Photon Sensing
journal, March 2020

The working principle of hybrid perovskite gamma-ray photon counter
journal, July 2020

Performance of Perovskite CsPbBr ₃ Single Crystal Detector for Gamma-Ray Detection
journal, February 2020

Photoemission Spectroscopy Characterization of Halide Perovskites
journal, May 2020

Synergistic Interface Energy Band Alignment Optimization and Defect Passivation toward Efficient and Simple‐Structured Perovskite Solar Cell
journal, March 2020

Perovskite–Perovskite Homojunctions via Compositional Doping
journal, May 2018

Scanning Photocurrent Imaging and Electronic Band Studies in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors
journal, July 2005

Electric Field Dependent Photocurrent Decay Length in Single Lead Sulfide Nanowire Field Effect Transistors
journal, February 2011

Local photocurrent mapping as a probe of contact effects and charge carrier transport in semiconductor nanowire devices
journal, January 2006

Photovoltaic Measurements in Single-Nanowire Silicon Solar Cells
journal, February 2008

Imaging Ultrafast Carrier Transport in Nanoscale Field-Effect Transistors
journal, October 2014

Diameter dependence of the minority carrier diffusion length in individual ZnO nanowires
journal, June 2010

Elucidating the Photoresponse of Ultrathin MoS ₂ Field-Effect Transistors by Scanning Photocurrent Microscopy
journal, July 2013

Imaging Schottky Barriers and Ohmic Contacts in PbS Quantum Dot Devices
journal, January 2012

Limits of Carrier Diffusion in n -Type and p -Type CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite Single Crystals
journal, August 2016

Imaging the Long Transport Lengths of Photo-generated Carriers in Oriented Perovskite Films
journal, December 2016

Photocurrent Mapping in Single-Crystal Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanostructures
journal, November 2016

Dynamic Electronic Junctions in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites
journal, July 2017

Charge-Carrier Mobilities in Metal Halide Perovskites: Fundamental Mechanisms and Limits
journal, June 2017

Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μm in solution-grown CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ single crystals
journal, January 2015

Unraveling the Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites with Surface Photovoltage in Photoemission Studies
journal, May 2019

Termination Dependence of Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Surfaces for Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, August 2014

Influence of Surface Termination on the Energy Level Alignment at the CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite/C60 Interface
journal, January 2017

Atomic Structures of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ (001) Surfaces
journal, December 2015

Real-Space Imaging of the Atomic Structure of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite
journal, December 2015

Charge Carrier Trapping at Surface Defects of Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers: A First-Principles Study
journal, January 2017

First-Principles Modeling of Defects in Lead Halide Perovskites: Best Practices and Open Issues
journal, August 2018

Electrothermal Dynamics of Semiconductor Nanowires under Local Carrier Modulation
journal, September 2011

Type-inversion as a working mechanism of high voltage MAPbBr ₃ (Cl)-based halide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2017

Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals
journal, January 2015

High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization
journal, July 2015

Two-Inch-Sized Perovskite CH ₃ NH ₃ PbX ₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) Crystals: Growth and Characterization
journal, August 2015